All of Proto-Indo-European in less than 12 minutes
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- čas přidán 27. 04. 2024
- PIE-- the largest and most diverse offshoot from Proto-World. As there are a lot of people who don't know linguistics, I was being very facetious there. "Proto-World," the idea that all language share an ancestor, is a very naive theory that has next to no supporting evidence. And Indo-European languages are certainly not the most diverse language family- even though they might be the most widely spoken, both in terms of area and population. This description is falling apart. Okay
Sources:
alic.sites.unlv.edu/chapter-1...
lrc.la.utexas.edu/books/piep/...
ahdictionary.com/word/indoeur...
www.ling.upenn.edu/~kroch/cou...
www.ling.upenn.edu/~rnoyer/co...
gucorpling.org/amir/IE_Glossa...
0:00 Introduction
0:41 Phonology
4:10 Vowels and Ablaut
5:42 Ablaut example
6:52 Roots vs. Words
7:22 Lexemes vs. Words
7:57 Verb Inflection
9:16 Noun Inflection
11:31 Example Sentence
evil jan misali (uses light theme)
jan mal or whatever the word is
Jan Ike @@zidanidane
light mode is good
@@zidanidane
show me the bibliography 🙄
Naj Ilasim
PIE is the quantum physics of linguistics
No, if you're going to compare to QM, then PIE is the Hidden-Variable Theory of linguistics :P
wait till you get to the other deep proto-languages
Then what is the equivalent of Palawa-kani?
I had a similar thought: I'd argue that PIE is the Particle Zoo of linguistics. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo
nothing is special about proto indo european. there are other languages family.
wow you sure did pronounce those sounds!
That was the pronunciation of a language ever.
As a speaker of languages that still use the "bh", "dh" and "gh" (Hindi and Marathi), it was nothing less than an experience watching him trying to pronounce those sounds haha
@@noobguyadvanced4735 as someone who struggles a lot with aspirated voices stops, i feel better about myself
the guh guh GUH took me out
Too much
amazing all of your plain plosives are aspirated and your aspirated plosives sound like you're choking this is a fantastic video
So true
Yeah. If I remember correctly, in initial position, unvoiced stops are aspirated, and voiced stops are very close to what other languages would call a plain stop. Dr Lindsey did an excellent video on this called "Speech is really SBEECH". I'll link it in an additional comment following this one, as CZcams likes to shadowban comments with links.
m.czcams.com/video/U37hX8NPgjQ/video.html
m.czcams.com/video/U37hX8NPgjQ/video.html
thats we aspirated-language people's skill issue. i speak turkic, i cant fuqing make unaspirated plain unvoiced stops
That's actually a three hour lecture in 12 minutes.
I'd say it's more like a three semester course sequence in 12 minutes
timeline of video
0:00 intro
2:40 guh guh GUH
3:07 hhereeeeee haaaaahhh
4:33 yuh yuh
5:20 m()n ģ(')rh²()nts d()nģhw(') h²s
11:30 got bored and skipped to end to hear the Dark Speech of Hell
youre welcome
Thank you. This has been a real eye opener for me and my family. Because of you I have had the opportunity to do so many great things. I am now a multi millionaire and own several companies. My mental health has improved significantly. I found this comment at the right place, at the right time. Again I say: Thank you for everything birdwalkin.
@@livelikelokth this is a very touching story Sir and I don't like to be touched
"the neuter gender plural suffix *-egh becomes *-agh in the past tense, except when it's raining, then it becomes *-ngh, or alternately *-ngwr when used in the interrogative case during the first quarter of the Moon, except when the speaker is an elderly upper-class female, then it becomes *-ngwah..."
@@mosquitobight But in early PIE there was no /a/?
@@cuitaro “in early PIE there was no /a/?” - probably not, phonemically. It's rare in late PIE, too.
I like how in the final reconstruction you can clearly see "big"'s evolution to "mega" in later Greek.
and *píph₃eti turned into → beverage | beer ; *ǵʰós-tos → 'горсть' (slavic for 'a handful')
@@KolasName Also in hindi the word for "drink" is "piina" or "pyew"
@@KolasNamemore like russian, or east slavic
@@aarpftsz you caught me, its russian/ukranian orthography. Let's add 'hrst' for Czech, 'garść' for Polish and 'гршт' for Serbian
@@KolasNameSerbian? Boo. Gršt for Croatian.
I gonna force my gf to watch this with me again and she wont enjoy it but she loves me
Good
True love
Remember to explain why hands are feminine.
ITYM she will have used to have loved me (that's the ex-dative case)
I lied. I don't have Netflix. Take your shoes off, we're learning Proto Indo-European to make learning Ancient Greek easier.
Spanish: Shows Spanish flag
English: Shows American flag
I know it's probably not even meant as a joke or anything, I just found it funny.
what's weird about using spain for spanish
@@skinkroot new world vs old world flags. he's a stickler for consistency
@@mr.booboo1 Plus, if the narrator was gonna use any proper flag for English, he should have used a Jesus flag, cuz as all Americans know, Jesus spoke and wrote in English. That's how the King James Bible came to be. Of course. /snark/
Yeah, we Spanish speakers should find an internet logo of Spanish. The flags are so lame, there are too many Spanish-speaking countries.
@@Amadis691 I find resorting to what is the modern-day equivalent of the geographical source of the langue works sufficiently. If one wants to specify that this is a dialect from a specific country, then you can use the flag from there. This is also often done, when there are more versions of each language available in a selection screen.
Me: Japanese is not an Indo European language.
Zzineohp: I threw in Japanese for no reason.
Me: **puts away keyboard. **...😢.
Unfathomably impressive, dense and academic walkthrough of an extremely dry and difficult topic without being boring at any point. Best youtube recommendation I have gotten in years.
@ea-nasir420 obviously this video was made using quality copper
This is the proof I would use anything to procrastinate homework
I have no idea how you have so few views. Incredible video. Subscribed.
It was published 6 hours before your comment
With all those hard ejective and aspired phonemes, I gather the video ended cuz you passed out. 😆 Excellent job, and you gave it your all!
Didn't expect much from a video with less than 1,000 views but this is... really good. The pacing was good, the small jokes were funny, and it was generally educationally. awesome
my boy is on the rise 🔥🔥🗣
6:12 I love that diagram! In general I like it when the progression of a word/phrase from PIE to a modern language has the phenomenon that caused the change clearly explained. All too often people just show each stage without commentary so the progression of the language looks like a series of entirely arbitrary changes to someone without linguistics training. Aside from that, that thing about most word roots not being usable on their own and needing a suffix explains is fascinating! This is a nice quick rundown of how PIE works, and how we figured some of it out. Nice work demystifying it.
8:20 Naive question: If there are 216 possible inflections (and some impossible in practice), how could PIE get more that 250 out of it? Or was that a typo and should it be 150?
i knew someone would catch that but I was too lazy to fix it...😭
@@zzineohpit’s cool you gave it the old college try and it’s a good video.
0:02 why did you say Gujarati with an Italian accent?
🤌🤌Ita justa sounded right🤌🤌
Because it sounds like Maserati
Gujaratti
Well expect for that rr. I guess it was perfect.
Bro used the Twitter Gujaratimaxxed Yamnaya phenotype 💀
He bulks with phonetics and cuts with semantics, dry scoops etymology as pre-workout
9:14 why did you pronounce that e wrong? Everyone know the e makes a e sound. LOL! Western liberals these days really don't understand anything
Bro responded to his own video and liked his own comment ☠
when you make an 11 minute video people can't even look away from I think you can spare a single mispronounced syllable, loved the video!
@@iumiforgot no that's how your supposed to pronounce it, the h³ changes the way you pronounce e
@@zzineohpDamn bro did you just pretend to be a snarky commenter calling you out just to set up a pedagogical correction of said satirical self-correction? This is weapons grade meme/youtube educational content crossover!
cringe as fuck.
I feel a deep longing in my chest whenever i hear spoken reconstructions of PIE
I loved this video! The energy and humour stayed immaculate throughout, and I learnt a great deal about PIE. This deserves a sub!! Great job!
PROUD INDO EUROPEAN SPEAKER HERE ❤ I AM KURDISH! , unfortunately our language is dying out i am trying my best to keep it alive
Its not dying out at all in bashur or rojhelat which combined have a population of about 18 milion
this is a masterpiece. please continue making these!!!
this is such a cool video on a topic that I didn't know much about, you deserve more views and likes for this masterpiece
it is not weird that all your examples revolve around drinking water, as it is very important to stay well hydrated !
thanks for the video btw, pie is a fascinating topic that I didn't know enough about
This video is so good. I'll recommend it to anyone who asks me about PIE. I've been reading about this language and its speakers for 2 years and barely understanding any of the linguistics, getting discouraged, and moving onto something else, but my fascination with my long-dead ancestors is stubborn so I keep coming back to it and getting overwhelmed again by the awful wikipedia articles. I learned more from this 11 minute video (finally understanding ablaut for example) than in the last 2 years combined. So many elusive concepts resolved in my head into a coherent picture. A university would be wise to hire you...
10/10 video. You have earned a subscriber. Keep it up, I'm eager to watch more! (Gonna go through the catalogue later)
I have no idea what I just watched, but I enjoyed every minute of it.
You are clearly extremely well versed in this subject. That was an excellent video.
@ everyone complaining he used an American flag for English: have we considered that the guy with an American accent who constantly makes jokes about living in America might use an American flag for English because it’s the language he speaks in American?
no i did specifically to annoy people
I burst out laughing every time you say the breathy vowels😂😂 I don't think you need that much pressure or explosiveness
To be fair to the guy, English speakers (including me) generally can't perceive the difference between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, so he had to exaggerate the difference so that it could be heard at all. Apparently, according to commenters of Indo-Iranian background, when he was pronouncing them normally, he was actually already aspirating those consonants the whole time, which leads me to believe that the distinction between b and bh and p and ph just isn't big enough to even be made. It just needlessly complicates matters and leads to insecurity among learners of these languages that make the distinction by overcompensating and exaggerating the difference just so they can hear it for themselves.
@@miro.georgiev97 That can't be right. English has both types of plosives.
map: unaspirated p, appear: aspirated p.
English speakers can clearly hear the difference when they hear a non-native speaker get it wrong.
I don’t know how this wa recommended to me but this is exaclty the kind of content I like
biblidarion and nativelang are your friends
@@kupkaekmusic669 yeah I’m a long term subscriber to Native Lang
Oh my god, thank you, thank you so much for making this video. I hadn't laughed this hard in ages. My entire body is shaking, and my neck and stomach are hurting. It's like therapy.
I love the effort you put into this video, but you almost took me out on the k-g-gh! 😂 Thank you for your service! I needed the laugh, and the enlightenment.
Answered a lot of questions I've been thinking about for a long time.
i think this is the best >1K subs channel ive ever been recommended
your destined to hit around 300k subscribers in a year or two
Subscribed. Love it!
Longest and most interesting hydration reminder I've ever heard. Thanks!
One of the best thumbnails ive seen
"For that reason, P.I.E. has 14 vowels, except not really . . ."
"So P. I.E. only has seven vowels. Eeeexcept not really. You see . . ."
"So P.I.E. only has five vowels. Except . . . so that's the only reason 'a' exists. But people will take their views on the existence of 'a' to their graves. . ."
"Proto-indoeuropean really only has four vowels."
*beat*
"So you're not going to believe this, but P.I.E. only really has one vowel."
youre person mitchell but better. Please keep these bangers coming 🔥🔥🔥
Absolutely brilliant and so very funny! Great presentation!
The split second frame at 8:03 with the example of dual verb conjugation made me spit with laughter when I finally paused it in time to see it.
Turtledoves and partridge... very well done.
That's a lot of details to pack into 12 minutes, but it's a great overview and pretty entertaining at the same time.
Damn this is an impressive video deadass
Nice summary of the basics. Thanks. I disagree on the sounds of the laryngeals, but where would be the fun in historical linguistics if everyone always agreed. (I think H1 is ɂ (a glottal stop), H2 is χ (a voiceless velar fricative, as in German "Bach"), and H3 is γw (labialized voiced fricative, because it rounds a following [e] into [o] (because it's labialized) and voiced a following consonant (because it voices a following consonant)). But that's a minor disagreement, and I learned some things from the video, so good on you.
In Latvian 🇱🇻 the sentence is:
Es dzēru lielu glāzi ūdeni.
Exact translation:
I drank big glass water.
This is awesome, I'll try to send some views your way
i came this way
@@appleoxide4489When I first read your comment I interpreted it in a VERY different way
I did come this way 😳
@@varoonnone7159and that's ok, we like the way you came
Me: "Yeah, I love linguistics! It's a pretty neat science."
P.I.E.: "Hello there~"
Me: *Screams in Euskara*
Your pronunciations are killing me 😂😂 they're definitely correct, just they way you did it
Wow i might have actually finally sussed out basic grammar cos of this video. probably not but that was probably the best way its been presented to me so far probably... got not idea what was the other mess you were chatting
you can't even imagine how much time you saved me thanks to this video, ❤
Don't think I've ever laughed so much at a linguistics lecture! This is incredible, to the front page with you!
I have no idea what I just watched but I loved it
This is beautiful I love it
Using PIE as acronym for Proto Indo European is delightfully delicious
I'm definitely subscribing
Great video, I'm impressed we know so much about proto-indo-european, damn.
The infinitive was not an inflectional category in Proto-Indo-European, but there was a stative verbal paradigm called the perfect (as distinct from the perfective called the aorist)
Really cool video and damn interesting, thank you! Definitely deserves a like.
However, you used the wrong symbol for vocalic consonants, which completely confused me for a while. The right symbol is a vertical line beneath the consonant. The circle marks it as voiceless, which is the opposite of a vowel.
And some further (hopefully) constructive criticism: Better read out the name of sounds with the sound they represent. Naming them by the letter of the English alphabet might misrepresent the sound and at least made me have to think twice about the actual sound you mean. (e.g. Phonetic [a] is not the English alphabet “a”, better read it as “uh”)
But well done, don't you stop making videos 😊
What an elegant sounding language. This must truly be the language of the gods.
Deus Pater in particular.
epic vid nice work
Mid-Atlantic has reverted to the original pronunciation of water...
it seems very strange that a language from so long ago would be so complicated, surely there were many stages before it where it was much less complex (perhaps most of the inflections were just extra words or phrases that add context?)
it's not really any more complicated than modern languages.
It's really not all that strange that an ancient language would be so complicated, since the complexity of a language has nothing to do with the advancement of the culture that speaks it. For example, the Navajo weren't a very advanced culture (by the standards of technology), but their language was fiendishly complicated. On the other hand, America is arguably one of the most scientifically advanced nations in the history of the world, and English has barely any word inflection at all.
However, you are right about the earlier stages of PIE. We just don't know what these earlier stages looked like, since there are no substantiated theories for macrofamilies further back in time than ~6000 years ago, and we'd need to know about PIE"s sister languages to reconstruct anything.
In fact, your idea about inflections being extra words/phrases that added context is a near-perfect expression of the process of grammaticalization, which is when lexical words (i.e. words that have independent meanings) erode and become grammatical markers. We've seen this happen all over the world, and it's happening right now. A good example would be the so-called "Saxon his," which was when speakers of Old English would use the word "his" as a sort of particle for possession, which eventually eroded and became the suffix "-s."
@@mrcolmiyoof course :) all languages go through this cycle eventually: seperate words fuse and grammaticalize, agglutinating and then becoming synthetic, fusional, and then dropping off entirely and being replaced by other words (like the Latin genitive being substituted with "de" in Spanish etc.) Eventually the languages with synthetic grammars will become isolating (sort of like Mandarin or other languages) and then the new grammatical words will again agglutinate onto other words, beginning the cycle again :)
Was not expecting the sudden shoutout to gujaratis 😂😂
Anyways at 9:18 it’s crazy because if I want to say “should I drink water” in Gujarati it’s
“me pani peyam?” peyam which means “should I drink” which is so cool how it has derived from PIE
i am 2 minutes in and having an aneurysm. good job i think i dont know im scared
Small correction (correct me if i am wrong): I'm pretty sure [ph th kh] are the standard english , its just we dont notice because... they're the standard. [p t k] are actually the sounds made when appear after another consonant(and probably in other places) such as in speaks. They sound somewhat simmilar to but they are unvoiced. The way to tell the difference is if you feel a lot of air coming out of your mouth, your doing the ones with the h, if not its the normal one. Look up more videos on the subject if you are interested.
Firstly there are multiple theories on how to realize the PIE plosives, a secondly rather than being accurate it's more important for my English-speaking audience to tell the difference
And for what it's worth, I made one of those "videos on the subject"
@@zzineohp fair enough. I just put in too much effort learning how to pronounce aspirated stops and I need to lord it over even people who probably can >:(
📍 Consider a visual flow/tree charts of PIE:
🔹 common root words, (mother, father, water, fire, sun, moon, earth, sky, night, horse, wheel, tree, gold, etc.)
🔹 branching/deviation, (semantics/zen are cognates *seh₂-)
🔹 dead ends (lost linguistic features)
🔹 word order in sentence structure.
@UsefulCharts collaboration?
❓ Also a secondary LIST of all hypothetical PIE words? I’m thinking along the lines of programming AI for how PIE was reverse-engineered, then use the human mapped models for a larger AI analysis and reconstruction.
Fun video! The way vowels are chosen depending on the inflection and suffixes reminds me of Semitic languages. Is it possible that they were related in the distant past?
I think that's just a common way for vowel sounds to develop
Great video! Can't wait to share it with all of my friends who know nothing about linguistics! (They will hate me for the rest of my life)
same
what were u on when you made the "aspect" column lmao. funny video though, i rate it a glottalic theory out of ten.
Love it! Upvote.
ok dude you got my attention at 3:25, (s) alternation. what's your source on that please??? and the skwalos example was really good, I'm convinced
Look up s-mobile
You actually left the little squares of the missing Avestan fonts 2:30
It's good to learn more about my ancestor.
Thank you for explaining lemmas
Subscribed!
Incidentally, I like Old Church Slavonic, or at least certain of its glyphs. Yes, the O's with all the eyes.
0:35 a man of culture
If you grow up hearing this every day I can see how you might be in the mood to conquer parts of Eurasia.
Very good video but I think it'd benefit from better quality audio (recording and/or audio mixing)
yeah people were complaining about my mic being too quiet, apparently this was not the way to fix that
“Water is just an idea, that the glass belongs to, and the water being in the glass is just a product of that” - Zzineohp, 2024
GHÉSOOOOOOR
you have me cracking up
2:53 Ah yes, the famous avestani square... script!
"Lesser-known Armenian consonant shift" is very fun as my dialect of Armenian did it again, this time unvoiced plosives became voiced and voiced ones became voiceless aspirated ones. Also explains why it took me so long to work out what word "ber" represented as we pronounce բեռ as "p_her"
I'd love to see a similar video about finno-ugric languages
Could you explain more about how ablaut rules yield e/o depending on the placement? Reminds me of a obscure theory where actually e=ia and o=ua or something, and the IndIranian branch preserved the "a" only and other branches merged the sounds. (also why non-palatal velars turn into palatals before "e" as that would be gia instead of ge" )
Well, a root is always a single syllable-- it then has suffixes attached to it, which tell the syllable how to ablaut. Looking at the pronunciation of the suffixes doesn't tell you how they'll cause the root to ablaut, you just have to look it up.
bless you
Wow, the entirety of PIE and a bit more in
I always thought it would be cool to learn PIE and wished there was a Duolingo course or something…but now I’m not so sure I want to go through the torture.
Seeing the thumbnail I didn't expect much Eeeeexcept it's really good 😂
I really thought circles under consonants like r or n meant unvoiced, and that the symbol for syllabic was a little vertical dash under the letter
it's confusing but PIE has it's own phonetic notation, like how is actually IPA /j/
I feel like this would be a good video if it was narrated into a modern decent podcaster or streamer microphone (so I could easily hear the differences on the exceptional speakers in my 5-year-old Apple product, and prettymuch every other not-Wish-tier product out there nowadays), instead of a microphone from the 1990s when 320p video was the best we could do.
Ok mean, but honestly deserved, I was trying to fix a different problem, made it worse.
I think it's fascinating how the structure of PIE actually looks pretty reminiscent of a lot of native American languages with how fusional it is.
This begs a very interesting question. Does how a language functions reflect the lifestyle of one who speaks it? The proto indo europeans and a lot of the native Americans would have shared very comparable lifestyles, so this would make sense, but I'm not completely sure 🤔
They also both share a lot of their ancestry. Except that common origin would be tens of thousands of years old by the time indo-European existed and even more since euro-American contact. It’s hard to imagine how languages over such long time frames since we will never have a real example to study like that. Heck, even within Native American language families we can hardly trace common origin and we know they come from a single founding population. But how fascinating would it be if there was a link there!
Eh, slavic languages are still fusional, don't know about other branches. And wouldn't PIEs practice nomadic pastoral lifestyle, which is a bit different from native american groups.
Problems: the alveolar series shown was more likely dental or denti-alveolar (though some generally refer those as alveolar too). R was a trill/tap, not an approximant.
I never pronounced it as an approximant?
Minor correction: english "four" at 2:04 is actually a pretty bad example, since the change from *kʷetwṓr to *petwṓr (before Grimm's Law) is irregular, likely influenced by the p in the word for "five", and had it undergone the regular sound changes, we would expect **hwedwōr in proto-germanic
Wow i would really like to be able to understand this but i definitely need some basics to understand whats going here
I'm impressed
Wonderful.
“And they were actually kyuh guh GYUH”