💻 How Are Microchips Made?
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- čas přidán 15. 05. 2024
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💻 How Are Microchips Made?
Ever wondered how those tiny marvels powering our electronic world are made? From silicon-rich sand to intricate layers crammed with billions of transistors, the journey of a microchip is a fascinating tale of innovation and precision. Join us as we dive into the high-tech world of microchip manufacturing, where every step counts in creating the brains behind our devices. Stay tuned for a glimpse into one of our most complex feats of technology, where advancements are happening every day.
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🎬 Main topics of the video:
📌 Microchip Production Process: Overview of how microchips are made, starting from the extraction of silicon from sand to the final testing and separation of individual chips.
📌 Silicon's Role: Silicon is highlighted as a crucial semiconductor material due to its ability to have its properties altered by adding impurities, making it suitable for various electronic devices.
📌 Manufacturing Steps: The process involves several critical steps such as deposition, lithography, exposure, doping, and etching, all performed in sterile conditions to avoid contamination.
📌 Component Composition: Microchips consist of capacitors, resistors, and transistors, with more advanced chips containing billions of transistors to enhance computational power.
📌 Moore's Law: The concept of Moore's Law, which predicts the doubling of transistor counts every two years, is mentioned as a driving force behind the continuous advancement in chip manufacturing technology.
📌 Technological Advancements: Despite the complexity of microchip manufacturing, continuous innovations have led to the production of more powerful chips with smaller transistor sizes, enabling enhanced performance in various electronic devices.
📌 Impact: Microchip manufacturing is portrayed as one of the most complex technological feats, with its advancements contributing significantly to the improvement of everyday devices like phones, computers, and gaming consoles.
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🎥 Key Video Chapters:
0:00 - How long it takes to make a microchip
0:11 - How many transistors can be packed into a fingernail-sized area
0:26 - Why silicon is used to make microchips
1:15 - How ultrapure silicon is produced
1:39 - Typical diameter of silicon wafers
1:59 - Importance of sterile conditions in microchip production
2:18 - First step of the microchip production process (deposition)
2:43 - How the chip's blueprint is transferred to the wafer (lithography)
3:00 - How the electrical conductivity of chip parts is altered (doping)
3:35 - How individual chips are separated from the wafer (sawing)
3:47 - Basic components of a microchip
4:05 - Number of transistors on high-end graphics cards
4:54 - Size of the smallest transistors today
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A
5:00
Sometimes I'm really terrified how human can progress so vigorously from 1900 to 2000s, any of our modern technology is easily seen as black magic back in the days.
Black Monolith Swiss Army Knife a reality.
because it is
1877sjdbdfdjsj?
@@lindamcdingdong557 but it isn't
Reverse engineering alien technology, its been exposed already for a long time, the resistor capacitors and transistors took us ages into the future
I majored in Computer Science, and I always tell people "However complicated you imagine computers to be, the reality is much MUCH worse." I am continually astounded that anything this complicated ever works correctly.
Isn’t computer science extremely saturated
@@Karuska22ps no. Lot of demand bc so much innovation.
@@KyleCOOLman then why are a lot of companies no longer hiring
@@Karuska22ps mostly economy I'd say. I work in a big company as an engineer. They had a huge hiring pool. We'll probably see demand go back to normal when the economy picks back up. But relatively, I'd say it's more in demand than other job fields.
Its complicated and astounding and it works correctly because of computerized machines making them to perfection.
Maybe computer science isnt your thing. l2p.
This is surely the greatest or at least most intricate feat of engineering that humanity has produced
Thats easy to say when you live in the present. In the future they would laugh at how primitive we are, bragging about your feats. Even worse, aliens civilizations.
@@frozzytango9927 what a fatuous comment. Everyone, by definition, ‘lives in the present’. By that line of reasoning, no one could ever appreciate the quality of anything as it would seem ‘primitive’ to the hypothetical populous of the future.
@@JackT13 I agree!
@@frozzytango9927 i dont think so, we archaeologists still praise how sofisticated some ceramic or metal production technologies used to be, specially in the americas, many procedures requiring special steps and controlled temperatures, lack of contaminants or special material ratios
@@waterbox4202 that would be just a very few and most people dont even remember ps1.
My IT career was working for chip manufacturers. I've been in several front end (chips) and backend (test and assembly) factories. It is amazing. As the video explains, the scales are incredible but unlike a car or toaster assembly line, the wafer can go through the line dozens of times and there are hundreds of different types of chips on their own wafers going through the factory at any time. Each wafer requiring its own 'recipe'. Some of the processes can handle many wafers at the same time, like diffusion, other processes are done one wafer at a time. It's crazy. And as they alluded to in the video, if something is wrong, you might not know for 12 or more weeks. The quality control is amazing. I feel very lucky to have been a small part of it.
🙏
Sir I also want to go in this field of manufacturing processors...so can you please tell what type of engineering is required for this?
@@indranilgupta0530
Ece
My brain cannot wrap itself around this at all.
same
amen
I work in one of these facilities and I have to say it's by far the coolest place I've ever worked and ever will. Photolithography is by far the quickest process in making wafers, which means I handle hundreds of lots (typically and up to 25 wafers per lot) every night I go into work.
Where are the PS5's
@@thegamersden4824
already in your den.
@@Lights480 I wish they were.
People who work in this kind of places are truly modern day heroes.
I give u employment....give contact
If this technology hadn’t already been developed, I’d have said it’s not possible! I just am totally amazed that it is possible, and it even continues to advance. Mind boggling.
This is only the beginning when it comes to nanotechnology. Prepare to have your mind blown again over and over in the not-so-far future!
It's just lithography, same as Andy Warhol did, raster, develop it ...
I can imagine a machine programmed to move tiniest movement still its a lot. 26 weeks... Explains everything except the magic on screen puts me back to square 1.
@@renx81yea, 10-20 years from now will look insane to us cavemen
Microchips, also known as integrated circuits, are made using a complex process called semiconductor fabrication or "wafer fabrication". Here are the general steps involved in making microchips:
Design: The first step is to design the microchip using computer-aided design (CAD) software.
Wafer preparation: A silicon wafer is prepared by cleaning and polishing it to a mirror finish. The wafer is then coated with a layer of photoresist.
Photolithography: Photolithography is a process used to transfer the design onto the wafer. The wafer is exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask, which creates a pattern on the photoresist layer.
Etching: The wafer is then etched with chemicals to remove the portions of the photoresist layer that were not exposed to light. This leaves a patterned layer of photoresist on the surface of the wafer.
Doping: Doping is the process of adding impurities to the wafer to create regions with different electrical properties. This is done by introducing a gas containing the desired impurities into a high-temperature furnace where the wafer is heated.
Deposition: Thin layers of metal, oxide, or other materials are deposited on the wafer using techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD).
Planarization: Planarization is a process used to create a flat surface on the wafer by removing excess material. This is done using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
Metallization: Metal contacts are deposited on the wafer to provide electrical connections to the circuit.
Testing: Finally, the wafer is tested to ensure that the circuits are functioning correctly.
Once the wafer has been tested, it is cut into individual chips, which are then packaged for use in electronic devices.
Thank you
Chatgpt?
Respect for you to share such a description 🙌🙌 thanks
@@atulkumar943 no
Thanks for this
basically they make microchips for machines that make even smaller microchips
And toasters :)
Washing machines. 😳
I Understood nothing in video
I had a similar thought. What about the microchips in the machines making them? What came first; the chicken or the egg.? Anyhow, it's absolutely amazing how they do that.
When I hear about how a fabrication machines makes some end product, it always makes me think "Okay, but how was the fabrication machine fabricated?"
1:35 One step is skipped - after removal from the melt, the boule then goes through what is known as zone melting to further purify the silicon. It's not ready after coming out of the melt, as it's 99.9% pure silicon - it needs to be more like 99.999% pure (note - not sure on actual percentages, but before any silicon is made into a microchip, it has to be hyperpure.)
My law: the more impure silicon and the smaller the transistors, the more faulty chips are produce. 😳
Thanks for this extra information, the method of zone-refining is actually very interesting, we had it in our high school chemistry.
The actual percentage is called eleven nines, 99.999999999% pure silicon.
@@tanqs789 did they teach you this in your school/university?
@@tanqs789 Thanks, didn't know the actual purity % - I just knew it was extremely high.
I had no idea that it was so complex to *produce* chips. I knew that designing it and creating a matrix was way complicated and a long process but assumed that once the matrix was done the production was just a matter of "stamp" it like they make plastic injection molding. I am surprised that having so many steps, sophisticated equipment and a lot of time involved those microchips reach the market in such low price! 😮
The process is much more complicated than what is shown. Video is quite simplified for general population to understand.
Well to be fair the price is not so cheap. Even for US citizen which are richer than a lot of parts of the world
even if its hundereds of steps, every layer can be watched and if its not good you wipe it down and do it again. only if the etching is wrong you have some chips fail. but normaly never all. so you always get a high amount of chips of every wafer. and since the wafers are getting bigger and bigger you can make more and more chips on 1 wafer. so the prices are low.
Well they just don't grow on trees that's for sure..
Chinese can made it double and sell it low cost
I praise those who figured out each step of this process.
Having done many chip tape-outs, it makes me more at ease seeing how fab labs take care of making things perfect.
I worked at a semiconductor plant in both wafer fab and final testing. This video doesn't even begin to explain the unreal complexity of a modern semiconductor but I guess that's the point it, would take 2-3 days to explain it all. It's actually some of the most insane tech we have. Imagine dozens of layers with all the transistors, etc. laid out one on top of the other interconnected on a microscopic level. We are talking billions of elements and connections. It's absolutely mind boggling. I don't even know of anything equivalent to compare it to and to think some engineers designed every layer, every connection millions of times and they get it right 99% of the time. It's some of the most mind boggling tech that most people take for granted because they don't understand by no fault of their own how insanely complicated it truly is.
It's mind boggling because it isn't human technology. Ancient civilizations literally all have stories about how the "Gods" or strange visitors "from the sea" etc. etc. were the ones that taught them everything they know. Language, writing, farming, city building, etc. I believe them. If humans couldn't even conceive of farming on their own, I doubt we just came up with microchips on our own either.
What's more complex.... What it is that you're trying to explain or a human being?
I’m glad there’s others as dumbfounded by this technology as I am. Mind boggling is certainly an accurate description. The reliability factor as well, truly staggering to comprehend. It’s as if we’re nearing complete fluidity, as if the chips themselves are alive. Crazy times we live in.
You take that much time to Say how complicated it is without even explaining it. I call it fake
I think equally as fascinating is all the equipment that is used to create these chips, they have to be so precise and exact and have no room for error in such a small surface area, yet they are exactly that precise
I love how complicated it sounds while simultaneously simplifying or skipping several steps lol.
...and he even gets quite a few facts wrong! Quite the achievement. I applaud the effort.
Yeah, It's not really how it's made.
How it's made included lots of failures and lessons learned. Lots of brain storming sessions.
Vigorous R&D. etc.
Seeing how a factory manufacture their product is always interesting but seeing chips manufacture is fascinating it's truly wonderful how such human can develop something like this in just years
Looking at innovations happening at such a small scale reminds me that humans are extraordinary...
IF this was invented by humans in the first place.
GOD created humans, gave us brains to exist & prosper!
@yahya Humans but.. if u ask me about what crazy theory i have well, i think that if there is beings out of this world those are made of light, only possible way to my logic to travel through universe. So light beings "posses" some humans to teach them the thing we humans have learned since only the past century. If u think about it, we have got to a crazy point since 1980 and only in 40 years we have evolve multiple times what we have evolve from thousand of years. But yea humans lol
Exraordinary would be if we are ever able to find peace. If there is one fact about us, it is that we do not know how to do that still. We basically are a virus with feet. All the microchips in the world will never stop of us from consuming this planet. It will just make people enjoy things while they consume it. ;)
@@DarkMorthy exactly what i am saying
I did my engineering in electronics and communication...and I can relate it ..how complex it is to make even a single chip and how complex electronics is!! But fortunately I'm lucky that I have gained a knowledge about electronics components..how it is made and what is the concept behind working of transistors and MOSFETs... by the way electronics is like an ocean as it is containing an uncountable information and beautiful concepts.
I’m considering from switching to Mechanical to electronics given my increase interest in the world of electronics. However, I am still a noob and barely have any knowledge 😔
the touchpad suddenly seem look better
I'll never get over the intricacy and extreme level of technical applications needed to make this a possibility. Humanity truly is incredible!
The machines that do that fine microscopic detailed jobs on those chips blow my mind
wtf builds those machines??
@@weilm Dutch
I want to know who made these machines and how, before this technology came around.
Shortage in the supply of chips are said to halt production of many things like Mobile phones, cars, etc. I used to wonder, why the chip industry giants are unable to produce required quantities sufficiently to meet the demand. After seeing the video, I got answers for almost everything, and astonished to learn that each chip carry capacities upto 28 billion transistors, an unimaginable figure. 🙏🙏🙏
It's a manufactured shortage. Companies took advantage of the scamdemic and controlled the flow of silicon. Slowed production of chips but also have "low quantities" of silicon? Even after lockdowns they still have "low quantities" of silicon. Gpu companies selling low quantities and selling to stores to sell at a considerable amount above msrp. Scalpers getting the product with no issues yet actual loyal customers can't get a single one no matter how much they tried. Out of stock in mere seconds of release. Only a handful sold at a time to real customers and the rest sold to scalpers to sell over 100% above msrp. No preorders available to anyone but scalpers and miners. No preorders to guarantee a person will get one. Even over a year of new products release and absolutely no lockdowns for almost a year they 'can't" keep a product in stock and still going at a criminal amount above msrp. Talking about nvidia obviously. Yet other companies have no problem at keeping products in stock such as intel, apple, qualcomm, samsung, micron, sk hynix, and amd but amd sucks, shit products, abysmal performance. Sorry amd fangirls but no one buys shit products. Why do you think those stay in stock. Go ahead talk about "muh benchmarks", "cheaper for same performance", "less power" blah blah blah. Real world applications, gaming, mining, nvidia and intel are in every way better. But nvidia continues producing gpus that are nearly 3 years old but they for some reason cant make the new gpus that people want? Meaning to tell me they haven't changed the tooling and programming to discontinue the rtx 2000 series in all their factories for nearly 2-3 years? Literally no one wants those when 3000 series are light years faster for similar or a little more at msrp if they were in stock. Also the amount of models like literally! 3050, 3050 ti, 3060, 3060 ti, 3060 super, 3070, 3070 ti, 3070 super, 3080, 3080 ti, 3080 super, 3090, 3090 ti, 3090 super. Can't even make ones they originally released and keep coming out with new models and keep making ones that came out years ago. Sorry for the rant but this stuff is ridiculous lol
@@altonb93 imagine getting so pissed over gpu shortage what a sad life
😂
@@altonb93 "lol" destroys the initial serious mood of this comment.
@@altonb93 You sound like an amazing person to hang around with.
I’m amazed at how these chips are made, but how amazing are the machines that are making the chips!
The crazy thing to think about is that the machines that make the chips are themselves computers with their own chips. You can imagine the step by step advancement that must take place as you need some sort of computerised devices to create more advanced chips that can power further more advanced machinery capable of creating yet more advanced chips.
Non-Biological evolution
This reminds me of a quote, “most people admires the creatures instead of the Creator.”
If we were to admire these amazing technologies, how much more is the Creator of all things are to be admired.
God bless.🙏✝️
Yes. I wonder who built the machines.
@@vuhoang7109 I hate to burst your bubble friend, but it was Prometheus/Lucifer/Satan who gave humanity the "fire of the Gods". It is satan who gives humanity knowledge and technology against the will of God. That's why we're all stuck living in this satan ran world full of corruption and evil. It was Satan betraying God and giving humanity knowledge we weren't supposed to have that got all of us in such deep trouble and why we're all forced to repent and beg for forgiveness.
That was more of an "introduction" than my introduction to digital electronics class. Thank goodness I learned how to calculate voltages at various nodes along a single transistor.
You just left my mouth open , this is incredible
Informative and user-friendly for a layman like me. Appreciate the way you explained it in the video, giving me the basic idea (the animations are also great to help me understand/visualize the processes of making the chips!) but not in a way that I (layman) can't understand.
Thanks for making the good video and sharing it here!
Awesome. Never knew this. It’s so complex creating microchips
Great video I wish they could've gone further and also explained the assembly stage of putting different package types on the parts ie tqfp think quad flat pdip etc...
Just amazing... thanks for sharing...!! ( We take our daily tasks on our devices for granted...all thanks to these incredible " chips..."!!!)
Couldnt have been a better explanation of this topic!!
This is one of the most fundamentally educative source I've came across. Splendid 🔥
Watching this video on my iPhone 12 Pro with A14 Bionic packing 11.8 billion transistors made me appreciate the level of engineering and effort that goes into making these chips.
this video is very straightforward and educational. well done. 👏👏
That's incredible 💥.
I have been searching through internet many times to find out how the chips are made but i finally know now... 🔥
Great video 🔥🔥
I love potato chips too
No one actually knows completely how these are made. It was supernatural knowledge from demons.
Probably the most impressive things ever made
Is there any harm to the human making these things ?
@@staysolid19 No, and they'd be worth the harm anyway.
Amaizing explanation of a very interesting and popular topic! 👌
An advice: when talking about high-end technologies and engineering, maybe it makes more sense to use the metric system.
Thank for your advice, mortal. Scurry along now.
Wdym, clearly we all know the size of a microchip is always measured in football fields
It's all arbitrary anyway
Lmao we (USA) invented nukes, nobody cares about your system. You're welcome for the mercy of American might. Praise Jesus Christ and have a good one
The funny thing is, this is a video showing us microprocessors making microprocessors. I want to see a video of the first microprocessor being made. How did they do that?
Intel 4004, chemical reactions.
you can make your own microprocessor if you wanted to, obviously it would be nowhere near as complex as this but it is possible and many people do it as a hobby, as well as class projects.
That’s what I was thinking as well 😁 these high tech automated machines must use these aswell, so how was the first ever microchip created before these intelligent equipment 🥶
Human created the first and very basic chips with chemical reactions, then used those chips in basic machines that could make better chips, and so on.
It was aliens who gave us the first microchip
What a time to be alive! Microchips truly are beautiful.
The interesting part is the lithography machines use silicon chips to help make more such chips.
"i used the stones to destroy the stones"- Thanos.
@@bikrantjungbudhathoki3687think backward, how these chips are made?
@@bobaGogo interesting. Is it then possible to update the software and make them more efficient?
@@bobaGogo I do not understand it , but can the software be installed on computers which do not have such fancy cpus? Or can the cpu/gpu be upgraded with software from a different manufaccturer?
I would love to know more about the processes such as depositing of SiO2, photographic techniques used for development of the circuits, doping of silicon etc. I think that the manufacturing of microchip is the finest moment of metallurgy.
Incidentally, if a transistor in a Chip measures 8x10-8 (eight multiplied by ten to the power of minus eight), the electron measures 10-19 (ten to the power of minus nineteen). So there’s no danger of these microscopic transistors running out of free electrons.
Size doesn't matter, quantity does. A silicon atom is 2,1 × 10^-10 m across. I has 14 protons, and therefore 14 electrons. I has four electrons available at the last orbital. Considering quantum effects like tunneling, it is in danger of running out of electrons.
@@MrFujinko Yes. I believe we will need a complete change in how transistors are made, or some new component entirely to get much smaller than what we currently have. Now that they are only a few atoms big, we might have to somehow use smaller atoms, or maybe even a chemical that somehow happens to work as the circuitry we need.
@@vibaj16 Right now what most excites me is hardware implemented neural nets. The current computing technology perhaps is already enough for a lot of performance with these nets running at hardware level. Hardware level spiking neural nets might solve the power problems, and with the natural falling price of lithography perhaps hitting a tech limit isn't that bad afterall.
Cheers.
interesting point ,only engg can raise
This might also interest you: czcams.com/video/bor0qLifjz4/video.html
One of the shortest chip production videos I have come across on CZcams but explicit. Many i see are like an hour or 2 hrs long.
Really a great video explaining the whole process in detail very easily and understandable by a common man. I had a query regarding the chemicals used in etching and doping and etching process?
A microchip is an amazing piece of technology but you also have to know a machine makes it and someone had to design and build it too, making it even more fascinating.
Its absolutely amazing what us humans can achieve.
Agreed. It's beautiful.
@@astrotelomeres1084 Why focus on the negatives and ignore the positives?
One of the most significant invention in modern history.
The heart of all engineering works.
thank you so much please do more videos about cpu anf gpu chips specific 😊
I loved this I currently work in the field of Semiconductor manufacturing and I'm gonna say this is an awesome summary of the process but it's even more complicated than you could ever imagine
such a short 3 second explanation after boule production, when they get sliced. The Si / SiC ingot gets the ends squared and the OD ground. Then it goes to the multi wire saw for cutting. Si cuts take approx. 3-4 hours but SiC take between 55-100 hours per ingot. The wafers are then placed on a double sided polishing machine that size the 3" to 12" round wafers to nano-meter flatness and size. a nano-meter is about 0.00000039"
Thank You for the education.
That’s an absolutely stunning video. Good creative work and great editing skills. Truly this video is very informative and eye-catching. Looking forward for many more such good videos from you. Good luck and God Bless for your future, life and career...............
Dude just the process of making those silicon boules is blowing my mind
That, actually all makes sense. I have always wondered how it is possible to work on such a small scale but this explains it all.
CNC machines can do some pretty amazing things
Stunning potential of our civilization!
My whole master's (Micro and Nano electronics) in 5:30 minutes.
This process is so complex so we simplified it by supplying the Automotive, Telecommunication, Aerospace, Industrial, MedTech and many more sectors with the help of our state of the art lab for QA
Your presentation is highly interesting to watch. Thank you very much.
Dunno what's more mind blowing, Microchip or the machine that made the Microchip or the machine that made the machine that made the Microchip.
This is the most nerdiest feat by Humans. From Architecture to Design to fabrication to testing it just is WOW!!
Waoh! This is amazing! Any advice about small chips in dental device?
that part about "after further processing" theres the rub, the genius, the nadness
This is a great learning material, thank you!,
But how did people build the silicone wafers at first when there were no microchips to operate the precise machinery?
Its an evolution, took 30/40 years to get to that precision..
you start with really oversized things to build machinery capable of building smaller and more precise ones, and then spend decades downscaling.
I mean back in the day things still ran on vacuum tubes in place of transistors and a computer the size of a house wouldn't come close to out-computing a modern graphing calculator.
That's just it... They weren't precise at all, compared to today. But they gradually shrunk the process down, iteration after iteration. The silicon wasn't as pure back then either, but it didn't matter as much because they were making much larger chips that could tolerate such defects.
At first computers weren't built on silicon wafers but instead built by using massive tube based transistors
Befeore microchips, there were.... chips
Take a shot every time he says silicon….you’re gonna be hammered
I have been working for more than 10 years in ONSemiConductor in Dendermonde Belgium and i must say, working there isnt as hightech this video portrays it to be. Sure the tech is high end, but working on the wafers is pretty much the same as working on a car in a factory. All the magical things happen behind glasses and everything is automated, thats why the job prescription is 'process-operator' for both jobs. You operate (pre-configs and you just choose the right setting) a machine which has a whole process (like a machine cleaning and bathing the wafers in different solutions, like putting it into an 'oven' and let the silicone cook to get it thicker, etc.). So all in all, they only take graduates etc to work there but a car mechanic man can as easely work there as a graduate. In fact, the car mechanic will be preferred since he could also step in and fix small issues on the machine he operates. Every other technical issue is solved by an engineer, and not a regular mechanic like they are in a car factory.
45, 5, or 3nm technology does not mean the transistor is that large... It refers to the minimal size of the channel length of the mosfet.
Edit: 2nm does not even exist (yet)
Excellent knowledge for STEM futures
Lot of information & knowledge to take in
Thank you. Think I might to watch this multiple times because it was a lot for me.
What is easier? 8x10^-8 in vs 2 nm
Metric for the win😎
I'm a day smarter! Love from India!
That UV reticle is just mind boggling to look at and even more so when you understand why it zig zags so many times.
This video was very good (even if they skipped one step). They took the time to explain what was going on,,,, unlike so many youtube vids where they put down some funky music and let you figure out the details??? I prefer more details.
There's also a different lithography technique, I I think it's called reverse photolithography where the places exposed to liight remain while the dark places are etched away by the chemical.
I believe it is the same photolithographic process. However using a negative photoresist instead of a positive, will result in the reverse pattern being exposed.
@@mathiasdam9607 Yeah, sounds about right. Thanks!
Batik
Great video! I wish they could’ve gone further and also explained the assembly stage of putting different package types on the parts. IE: TQFP Thin Quad Flat Pack, PDIP, etc.
I was hoping for this.
They put the die in to the package and then have to connect up the lead frame to the bonding pads around the edge of the die.
Very fine gold wire is used which, when I was involved in this, was fused to the bonding pad using a high voltage.
There isn't much to it.
Then the chip individually retested +(again)
The dies are individually tested when part of the wafer, before being sliced up
Very good video with good explanation.
Thank you so muchm this is exactly what I needed
"Microchips are made in extremely sterile conditions". No they are not. There is a difference between clean and sterile, hence the name cleanroom...:-)
Bacteria can also be considered particles and will not penetrate the HEPA filters of a decent clean room.
Older clean rooms were often more strict than the newer of today.
I worked in class 10 and even class 1 clean rooms. Later in a newer factory it was a class 1000 clean room (less clean) but the wafers where housed in air tight pods (also shown in the video) that function as a tiny clean room for the wafers.
Try coughing on a silicon wafer and see how quickly you're kicked out I dare you
@@Alucard-gt1zf
What if a surgeon coughs above a wound during surgery. An operation room is also not sterile. Only the instruments that the surgeon uses are steril.
In a clean room, your mouth and nose are covered. In a modern clean room the wafers are in pods, you can't cough on a wafer.
@@Richard-bq3ni the reason why surgeons wear surgical masks
@@Richard-bq3ni Ohh, you could cough on a wafer, but you would have to take it out of the pod first, which takes special tools at a special station - that's a lot of effort for a silly reason to be fired. 😛
While most bacteria will probably get stuck in the filters, some of the smaller ones will probably get through and many viruses will also get through. The people inside the room will also constantly shed viruses and bacteria that they carry - most will get stuck in the mask, but not all of them. The room is clean, not sterile. There is no effort to kill those bacteria and viruses in semiconductor fabs - pharma clean rooms do ionize the air and/or use biocides in addition to filters.
Very complex topic explained in short and nicely. I hope this information will be very useful for country like India eyeing to step into chip manufacturing soon
As long as we Dutch have the sort of monopoly on building the machines that can create chips ;) ASML, they have some nice videos too if you are interested.
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Didn't you hear ? Tata backed out. They said they will do chip repackaging instead. Which is virtually useless. And knowing my country men and women, the clean room will be full of paan and gutka, Carelessness, unionism, vandalisms etc. That's why no one is risking manufacturing in India.
@@nlx78 I have seen lots of ASML videos already. Including the latest which uses mirror instead of lens for exposure
@@SF-li9kh hmm really paan & gutka stopped chip production? or india lacks technology & know-how.
you forgot to mention that we've got the size limit for how small we cab get transitors. So Moores law follows an exponential growth at first but it's peaking out
And that is why they make the big bucks. They make a incredible product that is used in a device which people are willing to buy. The engineering behind all this is absolutely unbelievable.
To me, weirdly enough, I find the silicone wafers to be the most beautiful thing to gaze upon.
They DO look nice, don't they?
Amazing explanation. One thing I noticed is that Americans never miss out an opportunity to quote measurements in inch, foot, galon etc etc unlike every other country in the world
How much does it bother you scale of 1 to 10
Proud to be AMERICA🇺🇲 PROUD TO BE CHRISTIANS SCIENTIST
intresting this is that the transistor size is very small , in huge number and works perfectly fine.
Best illustration. Microchips are also the basis of microelectronics and bioelectronics. I hope you will present how the properties and functions of microchips are altered when reduced to nanochips. Thanks.
Understandable how you make the chip. But how do you make those small things planted on the chip. I'm more interested to know that.
pile different materials on the top of silicon. Most of materials is like metal(thin film process). Actually the process is much more than your imagination.
They build it one layer at a time with lots of washing with very expensive ultra pure water....wash, photo resist, mask, wash, etich, wash, deposit layer, polish repeat. The limiting factor is the wave length of light....well some of the realy small stuff needs to acount for interference patterns and quantum effects.
Look for some of the videos released by actual manufacturers (like "Sand to silicon") - they take a bit more time and explain more details with fewer mistakes.
Who the hell thought of this 🤔
Explanation is so good I will try to do process in home
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years.
Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend.
Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production.
The transistor size is given in inches (8 x 10 power -8) and metres (2 nm). Do chip makers work with inches?
Of course not, they are using metric system like the rest of the world. Inches was used to describe it to american audience, but they may also say "very small".
probably just written so that it makes sense to americans
@@ciarangale4738 Do you think the average american know what "8x10^-8 inches" is? lol!
@@kord2003 a tiny bit of a tomato*
2 nm? So its dissolved in liquid and flows into your blood? Lol
Curious to know how the first microchip was made since the machinery that makes microchips would need a whole heap of them
Look up Jack Kilby and Texas Instruments.
how do you design the circuits?
Silicon's property that It can be altered at the areas where you want current to flow and where to stop makes it most advantageous for computers
surface level info, I was expecting how the transistor are made on chips on that large scale and that small and that accuracy
I'm looking forward to the future chips that will be made for quantum computing. I wonder how different manufacturing quantum chips would be like compared to current chips. Hmmm.
I would not expect that to be significantly different from other chip manufacturing. After all the good old MOSFET is a device that uses quantum effects to switch on and off.
Currently quantum computing devices are made using technology that moves single atoms around for the critical parts. For it to scale to mass production they'll have to find a way to structure the material in a way that can use normal production equipment. It's hard, but not impossible.
Fascinating and mind boggling.
This really informative and beautiful
0:54 I laughed so hard at this.
That's SILICONE, not SILICON.
The final E makes it a completely different material.
While the main chain of common organic synthetic polymers consists of repeating carbon (C) atoms, silicone is an "inorganic synthetic polymer" whose main chain is made of polysiloxane, which is the repetition of silicon(Si) and oxygen(O) atoms
@@rokas8594 Precisely. Silicon and Silicone and completely different materials. One is an element, the other is a compound. One is a metal, the other is a polymer. Different chemical formulas, different properties, different everything.
It's like comparing water with hydrogen, they couldn't be more different.
He is talking about Silicon as an element on the planet, also Silicon is not a metal.
When did he ever said anything about silicone? Are you braindead?
@@starcraft2f2p77 Yep, he talks about silicon as an element and shows silicone in a mixing machine. Let's call this a "creative mistake".
Silicon, the element, has more in common with other metals than with most non-metals: it is silvery grey (silvery enough to think "metal" and grey enough to have some slight doubt). It feels cold to the touch. In its impure elemental form (99% or less) it is a weak conductor. It easily alloys with other metals - much more easily than carbon. And it exists in a typical metal-like crystal lattice. There is some justification to call it a metal, although it is clearly an outlier amongst the metals.