How to air layer any tree, super easy step by step!

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  • čas přidán 9. 07. 2024
  • In this video, I will show you how to air layer (Marcott) a blackjack fig. The process is the same for any woody tree. I will show you what supplies you will need, when to do it and when not to do it, 2 different methods one using rooting pods and one on the cheap with zip lock bags, and dispelling the myths out there that just are not true!
    I will do follow-up videos and eventually demonstrate how to remove and pot up air layers so they don't get killed in the process. there is a lot of good info in this video so stick around to the end.

Komentáře • 209

  • @doreenhagen5290
    @doreenhagen5290 Před měsícem +4

    Thank you for your very detailed clear instructions to air layer, it makes such a positive difference when it is explained so thoroughly. Thank you so much. Your a great instructor!!!

  • @lujitsu1251
    @lujitsu1251 Před 7 měsíci +5

    Good Job, thank you. The bag instructions were excellent.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 7 měsíci +1

      Thanks for watching! Let me know how it goes. Yours was the comment of the day! I love it when I can help people. 😊

  • @edibletropicaltrees
    @edibletropicaltrees Před rokem +6

    I'm in Mesa, Arizona, and I love doing do lots of airlayerings. I like the pods that are clear at least on one side, so you can see the roots, without removing the pod to look. I also volunteer at a community garden near McKellips and Mesa Drive. I take several of the airlayerings there to plant.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem +1

      That's great! What kind of trees do you air layer?

    • @edibletropicaltrees
      @edibletropicaltrees Před rokem +4

      @@edibles_and_exotics Right now I have airlayerings on Lemon, Ice Cream Bean, Strawberry tree, Navel Orange, Indian Cluster Fig, Barbados Cherry, Zutano Avocado, White Asian Guava, Ruby Supreme Guava, Bartlett Pear, Macadamia, and Sabara Jaboticaba.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem +4

      @Mel Palmer
      Oh wow, you have a food forest going!!!
      Air layering is great, so easy to do. Most of the plants I sell are from air layers.

  • @KarenLubangas-hj7hf
    @KarenLubangas-hj7hf Před 8 měsíci +4

    very clear and easy to folly,thank you very much sir.God bless you more

  • @Eric-gi9kg
    @Eric-gi9kg Před 3 měsíci +3

    Kurt..
    AWESOME VIDEO
    I've watched many, and you have done the best in describing in great detail the basics. Your approach with the 2 styles and showing the simplicity is outstanding.
    THANK YOU

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 3 měsíci

      Thanks so much for the complement! You made my day! I'm so glad it helps let me know how it goes for you I would love to hear the results.

    • @secretdad544
      @secretdad544 Před 2 měsíci

      Thanks very kindly- once you hit into it all my questions were answered and I learned a lot. Thanks again

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 2 měsíci

      @@secretdad544 you're very welcome!!

  • @garystaud5022
    @garystaud5022 Před 4 měsíci +2

    Excellent Tutorial! Straight to the point, well narrated.

  • @user-ps6me8cz1s
    @user-ps6me8cz1s Před 11 měsíci +3

    Love this. I'm also in the East Valley and hoping to try this on my pomegranates and citrus. Now I just need to get up the nerve to ask a neighbor, with a very well established Fig, if I can do this on their tree ! LOL

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 11 měsíci +1

      Thanks!
      If you do some air layers, I would wait until the temps come down into the lower 90s. I have some air layers that are doing good but not rooted out enough, and in this heat, they aren't doing much. I've also lost a couple from last spring with these rediclous temps. I know it sucks having to wait, but it will work out better. 😊
      Keep us posted on how they do!

    • @user-ps6me8cz1s
      @user-ps6me8cz1s Před 11 měsíci

      @@edibles_and_exotics I sure will, thank you!

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 11 měsíci

      @@user-ps6me8cz1s
      Awesome!!!

  • @francescazuniga8788
    @francescazuniga8788 Před 21 dnem

    Thank you so much for sharing this information. I have a lemon tree and it split at the trunk, now a shoot has sprouted from the trunk and now I’m going to try to air layer it

  • @socorrogonzalez5891
    @socorrogonzalez5891 Před 9 měsíci

    I love your videos! So practical and informative. Also love your humor!

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 9 měsíci +1

      Thanks!!! That was the comment of the day for sure. That totally made my day. Thanks for watching, I love the support!!!!!

  • @dougreynolds2813
    @dougreynolds2813 Před 4 měsíci +5

    great video, now i KNOW i can do this. there are old apple trees that i'm going to do this with, they're from an old homestead; everything else is gone, but not these delicious apples. soon i'll be growing these trees on my homestead, thanks Edibles And Exotics LLC!

  • @Chubbbbyyyyyy
    @Chubbbbyyyyyy Před 9 měsíci +1

    Great tutorial ❤
    Straight to the point ❤
    Thank you for your honesty. ❤
    ❤❤❤❤❤❤

  • @ommi9283
    @ommi9283 Před rokem +1

    Excellent step by step tutorial lesson, thanks...!!

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem

      Thanks for the compliment, and thanks for watching!!!! I tried to keep it as simple as possible.

  • @miguelporras563
    @miguelporras563 Před 3 měsíci

    First video that explains everything ! nice job!!!!

  • @matshagstrom9839
    @matshagstrom9839 Před 2 měsíci +1

    Excellent.
    I have found layering early spring is just after bud break is ideal. I live in a cooler and wetter environment. I use sphagnum moss. I find the xylem delivers plenty of moisture. I’m in San Francisco with very different weather.
    I find 5” stretch wrap is one of the easiest materials to cover the layer.
    Try using scissors or shears to cut the bark. Just open the scissors and twist.
    For junipers some people claim girdling with a wire or zip tie is better than cutting the bark.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 2 měsíci

      In a cooler climate, early spring is a great time here in the phoenix metro area. we usually go from winter to summer in a couple of weeks, not enough time for the air layer to take. I mostly do them in late fall which gives enough time for the air layers to root out, be removed and put in a pot to root out the pot before spring comes and as temps warm up its fully rooted out and ready to fruit and grow!
      I have tried the plastic wrap but don't have much luck with it, as I mostly do it alone and use peat moss.

  • @RemsFamily
    @RemsFamily Před 3 měsíci +2

    Been watching a lot of videos about this lately. I have a bunch of those pods as well and want to start doing apple trees. There are tons of wild apple trees around here and I want to start my own orchard. Thanks for sharing!

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 3 měsíci +2

      Thanks for watching! Let me know how it goes. I love hearing people's secuss stories!

    • @RemsFamily
      @RemsFamily Před 3 měsíci +2

      @@edibles_and_exotics I’ll try to remember to let you know 😂 I will post updates on my channel for sure and that should be in July at some point.

    • @Chriszlaststand
      @Chriszlaststand Před 3 měsíci +1

      Craigslist or co-operative for residential Tree & plant enthusiasts only ,buy sell trade. Who can afford plant
      nurseries? 15 gallon trees starting @ $250.00. This engineered Inflation scam is outrageous! Cool plan, EE's cool.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 3 měsíci +1

      @@Chriszlaststand thanks!

  • @wayneguppy1667
    @wayneguppy1667 Před 5 měsíci +2

    I enjoyed watching this.

  • @branchingoutpermaculturewi4766

    just subscribed your making good videos on propagation im learning alot

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem

      Thanks brother! I also subscribed to your channel I'll check out your videos tonight!

  • @floragomez1300
    @floragomez1300 Před měsícem

    Just subscribed! Your explanation is so simple and detailed. Thanks.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před měsícem

      You're welcome. Thanks for the wonderful comment! Let me know how it works out for you!

  • @carlosantomero503
    @carlosantomero503 Před měsícem

    What a complete explanation man.wish you do videos on everything else ..you excellent and your voice is so calming and soothing ..love your videos thanks so much may good keep you strong so much

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před měsícem

      Thank you so much that comment made my day!!!
      Any other videos you would like to see?

  • @JimBrideau
    @JimBrideau Před měsícem +1

    thanks for the video. I am going to try this and this is the best explanation by far. I am in Canada and it is late spring. I am going to try apple tree and a couple shrubs. I hope there is enough time for them to root before winter.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 29 dny

      You should be totally OK in late spring just keep them in the shade for the summer and then get them used to full sun in the fall don't rush it just let them do their thing.

  • @johnhulo2748
    @johnhulo2748 Před měsícem

    Thank you. Will definitely do this.

  • @kiwilaurel
    @kiwilaurel Před 2 měsíci

    Very clear and helpful. Thanks.

  • @bobmarley965
    @bobmarley965 Před 2 dny

    Beloved thank you i dont have any fancy stuff i did it before and used ordinary soil with horse manure thats well cured and i had good results so i plant to keep right on doing this.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 2 dny

      @bobmarley965 that's awesome! Thanks for the comment, and thanks for watching!!!!!

  • @andyj256
    @andyj256 Před 8 měsíci +1

    Excellent video thanks for the great details. I’m hoping to do some air layering next spring with oaks and chestnuts. Planning to use 2.5 gallon ziplock bags to allow max root development before removing from tree. Bags are less than 50 cents each on Amazon, so cheap enough.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 8 měsíci +2

      Thanks for watching! Yeah for the bigger brilanches I use the big zip locks too. Just make sure you get long zip ties. It's way easier if they are too long then just bearly long enough. Maximum root development is deffenatly the way to go! If you are doing big air layers make sure you have stakes and something to tie them up with because they have a tendency to twist and lean when potted up which can brake the tender roots off the branch and kill the air layer. If you are doing smaller branches smaller bags are better. They won't weigh down the branch and you can monitor the root growth better. If air layers are left on too long they have problems with drying out and not doing so good.

    • @andyj256
      @andyj256 Před 8 měsíci

      Thank you for all the details and info it all makes good sense. I look forward to trying it out.

  • @deaconseptember2002
    @deaconseptember2002 Před 3 měsíci +1

    After applying the aluminum foil, I place one of those large plastic clips on the branch to keep the pod from slipping down the branch.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 3 měsíci

      If your pod is slipping down the branch you used too big a pod or too small a branch.

  • @lindaallyn4838
    @lindaallyn4838 Před měsícem

    Great trainer 😊👌✅☮️

  • @rjo49
    @rjo49 Před 9 dny

    Random thought: really don't need so much foil over the "pod". It is just reflecting light so it doesn't cook, as you said. In my climate (north-central Florida) I'd need to be careful about the plastic bag method, to keep the open side down so it doesn't fill up with rainwater.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 9 dny

      Here in Arizona, it gets up to 120°f in the summer, so all the protection is a must. I usually dont do much in the yard in summertime, though it's just too draining.

  • @stephenross4333
    @stephenross4333 Před 6 měsíci

    Nice Totem Pole !

  • @thavylor
    @thavylor Před měsícem

    Thank you.

  • @thavylor
    @thavylor Před měsícem

    Fig is very easy to root. I just cut them and stick them in moist soil and keep the soil moist, you'll get roots almost 100%. Persimmon is the hardest cuttings to root. I am trying to do persimmon branch to see if it will work. Again, thank you.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před měsícem +1

      Yeah fig cuttings are pretty easy that's for sure. The one that is super hard for me is Australian green mulberry. I have done lots of cuttings and air layers and they only root 5% of the time. I've never tried persimmon but I'm sure it's a tough one too.

    • @thavylor
      @thavylor Před měsícem

      @@edibles_and_exotics I am not sure about Australian Mulberry, but I took mulberry cuttings from someone's house I visited 2 years ago. They all got roots, like 2 or 3 months later, I forgot. I only planted 3 of them and they fruited this year. However, after I tasted them, I realized I don't like mulberries. I dug them all out last week while I could. Their roots were massive and I am glad I dug them out this year instead of waiting. They are white or light color lilac mulberries. The first time I ever had mulberries and it's the last.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před měsícem +1

      @thavylor don't give up on mulberries they are awesome fruit! Are you local? If so next spring you can stop by my place and pick from the 10 varieties I have growing. They all taste different!

    • @thavylor
      @thavylor Před měsícem

      @@edibles_and_exotics I am in East Texas

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před měsícem +1

      @thavylor I would recommend a Pakistani or morus alba those would do great there and you would fall in love with mulberries after trying either of them.

  • @VictoriaLetourneau
    @VictoriaLetourneau Před 2 měsíci

    I want to thank you from r showing me several ways to do Airlayering . I have med green pods andsy be hard to see into. I may try 1 pod and 1 plastic bag. For my Ruby Red Grapefruit tree. I do have 2 questions. Can I graft a cutting using the pods/ pladtic bag as well? Plus I have sphagnum moss can I use this for rooting and do I still need to add soil? I live in central FL and it's April and already 90 plus degrees. I'm worried about it all drying out. Thinking that the moss will hold the moisture. Thank you

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 2 měsíci

      I'm nor sure what you mean by grafting?
      As far as the temps go if your humidity is high enough you should be OK as long as you give the airlayered branches shade.

  • @J2dadoubleg
    @J2dadoubleg Před 6 měsíci +2

    Hey Man great video, love the details you include for us that are new to growing stuff, I want to propagate a great tangerine tree my neighbor has if I air layer it will it fruit?, I also have seeds from this tangerine tree, what’s the best approach?, thanks.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 6 měsíci +1

      Thanks for the complement, it made my day!
      If you air layer it, it will be a clone of the mature tree, so it should fruit right away for you, all be it not a big crop unless you do a real big air layer. It may take time to grow big enough to put out a decent sized crop. From seed, it's probably not going to produce a tree that's true to type, meaning it probably won't produce the same fruit as what the seed came from. I would stick with the air layer it's your best bet!

    • @J2dadoubleg
      @J2dadoubleg Před 6 měsíci +2

      @@edibles_and_exotics perfect I’m going to try the air layering technique 🙏, thanks again!

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 6 měsíci +2

      @@J2dadoubleg let me know how it goes!

  • @colekken
    @colekken Před 7 měsíci +3

    Love your video I learned alot. You mentioned that you can do this year round. I live in Zone 7. Do you think I can still do it year round?

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 7 měsíci

      Thanks for watching!!!!!
      Yes, but if the air layer freezes, it may kill the roots. It usually will be rooted out by mid spring if you do it late fall.

  • @rnskippermiller
    @rnskippermiller Před 7 měsíci +1

    Excellent video - learned more than any I have watched - one question one the wrap though is the shinny side in or on the outside? May not make a difference but I was curious.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 7 měsíci

      In summer, I would do shiny side out to reflect more heat in winter shiny side in to absorb some heat.
      Thanks for watching, and thanks for the compliment!!!!

    • @rnskippermiller
      @rnskippermiller Před 7 měsíci

      Thank you

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 7 měsíci

      @@rnskippermiller
      Let me know how it goes for you. I love hearing from viewers!

  • @MarkHarders-ss4zk
    @MarkHarders-ss4zk Před 2 měsíci

    Can you speak about the roots - how time it takes, when you cut it off, what the roots look like if they are going well? Tks

  • @MellowAlchemist
    @MellowAlchemist Před 3 měsíci

    Spray painting them all at once is also a way to offset the heat.

  • @InfallibleProof
    @InfallibleProof Před 3 měsíci

    How did you know when to open the black rooting pod if you cant see the roots? how long do you wait before you open it? I have a lime tree I want to try rooting pod on for the first time, but dont want to mess it up

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 3 měsíci +1

      On figs usully you start to see roots popping out from the top end of the pod, with a lime it may be tough, the roots are usually finer where as figs are very thick. That's why I don't use the full black pods a lot. You could also try pealing open one side to look for roots.

    • @Pippie5555
      @Pippie5555 Před 3 měsíci

      One month, Infallible.

  • @cindythompson2511
    @cindythompson2511 Před rokem +2

    How long did you say before you should start seeing new roots?

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem +4

      It depends on the time of the year and how warm it is outside. Ideally, air layers should be done when night time temps are above 50°f and when the tree is activly growing, which in my area is about 3 to 4 weeks away from now. They can be done any time of the year but on a dormant tree they won't root out until the tree wakes up and starts growing. During the grow season depending on the type of tree and the size of the air layer it could take from 3 weeks to 2 months.

  • @rockit2664
    @rockit2664 Před 18 hodinami

    Hello I did a couple of branches on a lemon tree at a friend's house and when I came back the bag of soil and roots were kinda dry but I cut the branch anyway and put in a container with soil will that cutting work if rhe bag of soil and roots were dry the branch was very healthy with fruit on it I just cut it 2 days ago

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 15 hodinami +1

      @rockit2664 it's worth a shot. Just keep it in the shade keep the soil moist not wet, and watch that the leaves don't start to wilt.

    • @rockit2664
      @rockit2664 Před 15 hodinami

      @edibles_and_exotics thank u for the reply I will keepnin shade and keep an eye on the leaves if they do start to wilt is there anything I should do & is there any fertilizer I should use I have the Alaska fish emulsion 5-5-5

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 14 hodinami +1

      @rockit2664 don't fertilize for a few months until you get good top growth, and then it slows down.
      If you get wilting make sure the soil is draining good and then remove some leaves and possibly create a more humid environment for them but make sure you still have air flow or they will mold.

  • @user-fu3hd5ts8j
    @user-fu3hd5ts8j Před 9 měsíci +1

    Hi is it possible to air layering the red Robbin tree, Many thanks

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 9 měsíci +1

      You should be able to root any tree with bark. Give it a try. What's the worst that can happen?

    • @user-fu3hd5ts8j
      @user-fu3hd5ts8j Před 9 měsíci

      many thanks.@@edibles_and_exotics

  • @jimtheriac5423
    @jimtheriac5423 Před měsícem

    What is the tree are you working

  • @juanrios9846
    @juanrios9846 Před rokem +5

    Can you "Air Layer"different sections on the same branch to get multiple rootings on one branch????

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem +3

      Yes, i do it all the time! If you watch my tissue culture mulberry tree video, you will see I have a few air layers on one branch. Most are side shoots and main branches, but you can airlayer the same branch if you leave enough space between each rooting spot.

    • @juanrios9846
      @juanrios9846 Před rokem +1

      @@edibles_and_exotics AWESOME, THANK YOU!!

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem

      @@juanrios9846 my pleasure!
      What are you going to Air layer?

    • @juanrios9846
      @juanrios9846 Před rokem +2

      @@edibles_and_exotics I'm starting with my Mother in laws fig tree and get enough air lawyers so that I can get at least five, for my sisters in law. I'll record the "EXPERIMENT" (I'm a STUMBLING GARDNER) and send it to you.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem +3

      @Juan Rios awesome!
      Figs root out fast through air layers! I bet all will be successful.
      Just make sure not to rush it and cut them off too soon, look for lots of roots before removing it.

  • @MasterFalconer-pv8zb
    @MasterFalconer-pv8zb Před 3 měsíci

    Did you use root hormone? I may have missed it.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 3 měsíci

      No horemone used. I have used fresh aloe and also liquid rooting horemone but on figs its not needed in my opinion.

    • @MasterFalconer-pv8zb
      @MasterFalconer-pv8zb Před 3 měsíci

      @@edibles_and_exotics does aloe act as a rooting hormone?

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 3 měsíci

      @MasterFalconer-pv8zb it supposedly does but I mainly use it for an anti fungal treatment so I don't get rot if it's too damp.

  • @mehranashkanian2747
    @mehranashkanian2747 Před 2 měsíci

    Don't you use rooting hormone for air layering ?

  • @Sudaqly.A
    @Sudaqly.A Před 7 měsíci

    Persimmon cloning.
    Maybe?

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 7 měsíci

      Oh yeah that would work just as good as figs. They root out real easily.

  • @frostylonewolf1700
    @frostylonewolf1700 Před rokem +1

    those air pods sound quite expensive especially trying to get a few the size of a basketball haha i get a kick out of it !

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem

      I do a ton of air layering but no way am I buying one for 25 or 30 bucks that size. I did an air layer on my apple tree for my daughter's house that is about 6 feet tall and maybe 3 feet wide with the zip lock bag it worked out great its leafing out right now should get apples this summer Fter being planted in her yard.

    • @frostylonewolf1700
      @frostylonewolf1700 Před rokem

      @@edibles_and_exotics so i read an article that has to do with science about houseplants and so far it said we have same amount of oxygen in the air basically

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před rokem

      @@frostylonewolf1700
      Yeah pretty much true.

    • @frostylonewolf1700
      @frostylonewolf1700 Před rokem

      @@edibles_and_exotics so i decided not to plant my bananas this year in the ground well except maybe for one the 4 foot veinte if it reaches 6 to 7 feet within 6 months

    • @frostylonewolf1700
      @frostylonewolf1700 Před rokem

      @@edibles_and_exotics is there any plants you don't like? thats overrated in your opinion

  • @Frostypow3r285
    @Frostypow3r285 Před 7 měsíci +1

    i miss our chats

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 7 měsíci +1

      Me too! I'm editing a new video right now. Hope to get it posted tomorrow or Monday.

    • @Frostypow3r285
      @Frostypow3r285 Před 7 měsíci

      @edibles_and_exotics feel free to join im on

  • @stanhill3980
    @stanhill3980 Před 2 měsíci

    Did you not use routing hormones.

  • @Rocco25.6
    @Rocco25.6 Před měsícem

    I’m NEW TOO YOUR Channel I am trying to start a variety of trees so I will be looking at quality of the video than you

  • @NomadicShanko
    @NomadicShanko Před měsícem +4

    Make smaller clips & talk less instead of keep going on & on😂nothing rocket science. Thanks Though

    • @chrisbeckman8181
      @chrisbeckman8181 Před měsícem +1

      Good advice NomadicShanko. He does however have a pleasant voice tho.

    • @xxdonna1959xx
      @xxdonna1959xx Před 29 dny +1

      For those of us who haven’t done this kind of thing before, I personally appreciate his explanations

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 29 dny +2

      Sorry I go into detail for people that want to know the reasons of why it works not just how to do it so they can be more creative.

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 29 dny +1

      @@chrisbeckman8181 thanks I was born with. 😁

    • @edibles_and_exotics
      @edibles_and_exotics  Před 29 dny +2

      @xxdonna1959xx thanks, your comment made my day!!!!!