Making YBCO superconductor
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- čas přidán 17. 07. 2024
- How to make and test your own pieces of YBCO superconductor.
Best how-to resources for YBCO:
physlab.org/wp-content/uploads...
www.futurescience.com/scpart1....
pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/... -- I couldn't get this to work.
All chemical purchased on eBay.
The kiln that I used: www.sheffield-pottery.com/PAR...
Colored ferrofluid: www.amazon.com/Emerald-Green-...
Pax temperature logger: paxinstruments.com/products/sk...
Keithly SMU: www.tek.com/keithley-source-m...
Applied Science on Patreon: / appliedscience - Věda a technologie
Never heard of flux pinning. This is so cool. Awesome project.
Because there is a slight inaccuacy in calling it flux pinning.
In short: type 2 superconductor have 3 states :
*not superconducting and letting magnetic flux through.
*superconducting and exhibiting the meisner effect like type 1 superconductors
*"Abrikosov stage" where magnetic flux penetrates the superconductor, but around each penetration point there are created internal current vortecis which canel the feild that has penetrated.
Imagine a rectangular slab in external nagbetuc feild and narrow needles of this magnetic feild penetrare the slab, around each needle there are created internal current vortecies to cancel the magneric feild.
However pinning is thing that exists in superconductors. Imagine you pass currebt through a superconductor in this abrikosov stage - you will have Lorentz force acting on these vortecies, they would want to move however because of crystal defects and such they will be pinned in place and not move. Until you apply a string enough current to make these vortecies to creep, they will create EMF effectively acting as resistance.
It's a pretty common phrase used to help laypeople visualise what's going on. It tends to get bashed by pedants for being inaccurate, but it nevertheless remains a well-used and helpful phrase for non-physics students.
Pasha I thought flux pinning was a word for what you describe at the end...it seems you’ve described a lot well! but what’s your qualification?
I am so happy that we live in a world where supernerds get the attention they deserve. Also glad that so many people consider science as super cool stuff
They aren't levitating. They just fail to fall.
Awesome process! I have to try this one. Thanks for going through the troubleshooting for the rest of us, I know I'm not the only one to find this useful
Good to see you here Sir.
@@Seismic_0 they can definitely be used with electromagnets, to levitate an electromagnet. I'm not sure what would happen if you coiled a cold wire made of YBCO around a ferric Core? But good question. Maybe it hasn't been done yet, I imagine the heating and cooling of a complex shape like a coil would break in a mold unless you could find the TEC of YBCO (Thermal Expansion Coefficient) then find a mold material that matched it.
Superconductor are doable in the home lab. Needs a hell of a home lab :)
They are doable in a home lab...
Shows equipment worth 20k
Yeah... If you say so
Home, lab, massive garage, fume extractor and $1m worth of gear.
Well, it's not that bad. I'd say it can be done for less than $1000, including the liquid nitrogen:
1. You can do the experiment outside instead of using a fume extractor.
2. You can make a furnace/kiln for less than $100.
3. The hydraulic press isn't really necessary, but you can also make one for cheap if you want.
4. Buy a liquid nitrogen dewar ($200-300) and look for someplace where you can get LN2 or get a cryocooler (Ben got it for $400, though I can't find any). This is probably the most difficult and expensive step!
@@GRBtutorials Damn I see a lot of crying from little babies going on around here. Liquid Nitrogen is not difficult or expensive to make at home. Get out of the damn box you're in man. The Dewars and cryo-cooler are free and easy to make all day long in any city or the country but one has to use his hands and brains at the same time. I know a place that sells them everyday for pennies on the original but they are not needed for someone who is real. All this complaining about this guys low-grade beginners home-lab makes my balls itch. A guys shot is his home-lab and everything you listed should have been installed in the walls on the first day of framing and you forgot central Vacuum and oxygen and a few other things that should be right next to the compressed air hookups. Seriously though if you want those lab items all you have to do is ask and I can show you to them. the whole world is crashing on it's head at exponential speed because the pre-scriptured end is upon us and all these lab things are damn near free everyday but the tools to make your own nitrogen are free every single day. Just because I did not tell you "what and how" does not make me a liar and so in that spirit I'll also say this. Lithium Batteries are free every single day for anyone in this country and if you know "why, how and where" then just apply that thinking to your nitrogen dilema and voila!
Personally all this super-conductor crap is a joke and nowhere near as interesting as...say....uhhmmmm a Bedini wheel (any of the hundreds he made). Or how about a complete GEET system? Super-conducting was nothing but a dry hollow bone that never had any meat on it ....thrown out to the boxed up (schools of lower learning a.k.a. the nimrod schools of Tyranny) minds of humanity. Geet is where it has always been to those in the know, and once you have built your own and understand everything that must take place simultaneously for it to de-bond all matter and then recombine it harmonically....well you will throw away all the worthless science books you own and be pissed the rest of you life at the sorry excuse for knowledge that mankind has settled for. 100 bucks and a trip to the local hardware box/shop anywhere in the world...can get you all your energy for free and add 25% oxygen back into the atmosphere as the exhaust product of it. Geet can power your home and lab and the exhaust pipes which glow see-thru red hot using the highest of man's low learning.....now can be used to keep both the shop and the home nice and cold.
Everything the universities teach is a lie and worthless distraction away from the basics which Paul Pantone taught and proved for the last 40 years of his short life. Consider that Yahweh has just recently unveiled a trillion times more proof that he is real and made everything................including all the free energy we all burrn. If you understand that the creator's name is Yahwerh and then see if you can find one single thing that the universities teach that promotes the Holy Inspired Scriptures. I promise you will not be able to because their whole design is the plans and actions of Hill.
@@sizzlean9459 So, TL;DR for your comment + my comments in brackets:
1. I can make lab equipment for very cheap [if it's so easy, why don't you show it to us on your channel?] or get it from someone that lives near me. [If that's true, it's most likely because either the one who sells it to you has no idea of how much they can be sold for, is very generous or is a complete idiot]. Ah, and according to a book ("scriptures") I believe in, the world will end soon, hence the prices. [Yes, it's possible that humanity goes extinct, but that has nothing to do with your book, and it's not very probable it will before 2100]
2. Free energy is real, and science is not. [Now I know that you will reject all science, so I won't bother trying to explain to you the laws of thermodynamics. Instead, I'll ask you: if such a thing exists, why don't electrical utilities use it to make more money?]
3. I'm an apologetic Christian, and Yahweh, the god I believe in, has unveiled a ton of evidence of its existence, so everyone should believe the same thing as me. [Mind showing us such evidence? If it exists, that is. And even if it existed, I don't want to praise such a selfish and self-centred god. I bet hell would actually be better than heaven!]
Humm why the citric acid ignition? Those nitrates all break down at temp into the oxides so simply heating I. The furnace should drive off the nitrogen. Also I want to see a wire made out of the stuff!
Still under the Acid effects, Cody? ;)
YBCO is highly anisotropic, so it carries current only in one crystallographic plane. Grain boundaries or other perturbations in the lattice will kill your critical current instantly. This is why Powders in cables didn't work historically and wires from YBCO are now made as highly textured coatings on buffered tapes so the current carrying plane stretches throughout the tape.
Carl Bühler
dang, I guess there is no making a nitrogen dewar into a superconducting magnet then. Guess I will have to continue my research into making liquid hydrogen.
You could still buy the tape if you dont't need long lengths it might not be too expensive. For low-temperature superconductors, maybe you could get some Nb and Ti and alloy and then draw it yourself to form some type of wires? Or buy it from one of the big suppliers. Whats your take on making liquid Hydrogen though?
At this process the citric acid is a gelatin agent, means it creates strong chemical bonds with metal cations forming homogeneous gel kind of thing. this gel keeps homogeneity of matter till ignition. If u take just oxides or hydroxides of metals u will never get chemically homogeneous material since each metal has unique pH of crystallization from solution. If u use dissolved mixture of different nitrates with different decomposition temperatures and different solubilities u will get something inhomogeneous, clear. The second reason of the use of cit acid is to speed up the reaction due to increase the temperature since u have to "froze" metastable structure of amorphous oxides mixture to get proper material.
A disturbance in the matrix at 8:18 :) Very informative video! Thanks for sharing
Air Command Rockets good catch
This is why I read the comments
The material in the bottles must be interacting in some weird way.
Air Command Rockets
Whoa, what just happened?
I think it was a film edit/retake.
I observed it. But never thought someone will comment it.
wow, this is maybe the most inspirational channel ever.
im finishing my master degree in physics, and i am amazed by what you are able to do at home. i have a small lab at my apartment, but this!! i will aspire to have a garage like your in the future! step by step
So was just rewatching this since it's fun watching the mixture ignite, but I noticed something. Your crucible is distinctly blue. Like, electric blue. I think as a side product you made something similar to a newish blue pigment called YInMn blue. But then it could also be sapphire ish since you could be melting the aluminum oxide slightly and the copper and other salts could dissolve into it to form a sort of sapphire. Probably not useful, but still just something I noticed I thought you may find interesting
I swear if I could understand 1/4 of what you just said or 1/4 of what you say in your videos I'd be a genius
@@acompletelynormalhuman6392 You just need to study
@@asdfjkli It's not just about studying its about having an interest in that field. I'm pretty sure Thought Emporiuum would have trouble understanding something like astrophysics even when he has zero trouble reading an entire research paper on how bacteria reproduce.
@@milesedgeworth132 He just gotta study
I may be mistaken but did I see the copper oxide was that blue color by itself while he was mixing it in the crucible?
We made one of these superconductors is physics class when i was in high school in the 80s. We used the mixing chemical method, not the pyro method and after a few tries we got one to work. I remember that the quantity of the chemicals had to be exact and mixed perfectly. We built a computer controlled kiln where a computer program monitored the output of the thermocouple that was placed near the sample. The computer just switched on and off the mains power to the kiln to allow for a perfect programmed temperature profile. The software took into account the thermal interia of the kiln and switch the power in such a way as the temperature drop was very gradule. From memory, we did the bake at one temp, drop to another and hold and then it reduced the temp right down to room temp at a gradual rate over a day or two. Your experiment really brings back some memories.
What the hell kind of highschool did you go to? The nobel for YBCO was only given out in 1987 and a highschool of all things was playing around with it within a couple of years? Unless you are making it up you need to give serious kudos to your physics teacher.
aleksander suur i was in final year in 1988 and we were probably doing it in my final year or the year before i guess. It was actually an after school project and i think it was fairly new at the time. Fairly sure it was those chemicals they seem familiar. We did the same thing we did a levitation. From memory we levitated the superconductor above a magnet not the other way around.
Well, after school project or not, you seriously need to appreciate a high school teacher who manages to organize something like that. That's way above and beyond what high schools usually manage.
Yea. You don't realise as a kid how special it was. He was a great teacher and we did some great experiments including double slit with a laser which was amazing to see. We did wave with nodes and antinodes out on the school oval with two big speakers and a signal generator.
A lot of things are invented 50 years before they give out a Nobel for it.
I respect that the emphasis here is on the process and science involved. It's all so fascinating!
Most videos on CZcams would focus on how nifty looking the spinning magnet is. Though I'm sure, a secondary video with visually interesting demonstrations wouldn't be unwelcome.
Judging from the video, your shake and bake SC might not have failed! The superconductor seems to repel the magnet, consistent with Meissner repulsion.
On a science show I was part of, we demonstrated a commercial grade YBCO slab, and the trick is to lower the SC below it's transition temperature with the magnet close by, separated by a paper spacer. This way the flux channels penetrate all the way through the superconductor, but are pinned on the crystal defects.
Flux pinning where you set the magnet, and it stays there only works for very thin or very bad superconductors. The thin ones because the field can easily completely destroy the superconductivity in the flux channels since they aren't very long, and the bad superconductors since there is enough non-superconducting junk that the field can pass through so it doesn't need to create long channels.
@danielnorman8595 I had the same idea with the coffee grinder. 👍😁👍
My parents haf a farm in the 1980s and we were grinding wheat in an electrical coffee mill for measuring the humidity of the wheat flour, before harvesting could start, that it is dry enough.
Great video as always Ben! You are without a doubt the most consistently amazing content creator on CZcams right now! Keep it up
Joey Bushagour kll1
Ben, this blows my mind on so many levels! I'm in such awe of your projects! Keep it coming, I can't wait to see what's next!
Very impressive just the huge range of knowledge required to do these experiments. Hats off, and please keep doing them.
You always make the coolest stuff. I love that you take time to share your curiosity and pursuits on youtube.
There is a million words to describe how amazing your video content is but I am speechless and all I can say is WOW
I'm so happy to see content from your channel! Please keep living my dream!
You have one of these greatest channels on this platform. Sincerely thank you for sharing this knowledge. It is absolutely fascinating.
Thanks for your effort put in this video! I enjoy your work a lot. A good video in a long while is totally worth the wait!
Nile Red is making it. I remember that Applied Science has already done this before and went back to re-watch the video. One of my favourite ones.
Great job as always, Ben! A small bit of my brain always has the hope of seeing an update from you in my subscription feed every time i log on, as I imagine many of your fans like myself do as well. Keep up the great work, brother!
Nice. I've made YBaCuO in the 90s. I also wrote most of the data aquisition software and the heat treatment software. Some of that code is still in use, 20 years later.
Ben is a genius. I remember doing experiments with high temp superconductors many years ago and I was struggling to make my own ultra sensitive low noise amplifier trying to measure the voltage drop.
This takes me back, I spent a long year making variations on a theme of YBCO (everyone I worked with called it "ibco" btw). For attaching wires we used a platinum ink to stick on tiny pieces of platinum foil. Both were as expensive as you'd expect but a tiny bottle of ink lasted for hundreds of samples. You just paint a little ink on the sample, touch the platinum foil to it and then bake it in the furnace. I seem to recall the ink is platinum on carbon so the carbon burns away and the platinum sinters to the sample. I will say I was using this for high temperature experiments but I'm pretty sure it would work at low temperatures too. IIRC the methodology we used correctly you are cooking it way more than you need to. We'd just mix together stoichiometric amounts of material and chuck it in the furnace over night at about 1150 C - or lower than any of the components melting temperatures. The mixing process was grinding in a mortar and pestle then stamp it into disc using a 15 ton press. If you've got any questions I'm happy to try and remember what we used to do.
You were making PCP? Lol
Always nice to see slow-motion combustion shots that _aren't_ terribly overexposed. Thanks for that.
Great to see another video. And the great thing is it is about a topic which really interests me since I've heard about it!
the high-speed shot of the filings spinning the magnet looks so surreal, awesome
Every time I see one of your videos I am amazed. Your spread of knowledge on things is astonishing. I really have not seen too many others that have such a broad spectrum of experimentation in all types of fields. Great work, I wished you lived next door, lol, love to help you tinker with things :)
You, sir, are remarkably un-maimed for the experiments you pull off. This is badass
Applied Science and This Old Tony in one day? This gonna be a good morning~!
If Ben of Applied Science and Tony ever got together, they'd probably use a lathe and a TIG welder to make a quantum singularity antigravity warp drive time machine.
I WAS going to be on time to work....
"uh.. traffic?..."
And Tom Scott
The hard part was deciding which to watch first.
I see you are a man of culture as well
I made 1/2/3 superconductors in high school chemistry. Fun times. Formed in a press, fired in a kiln, and frozen with LN2. Guidance to my teacher from Fermi. One of the best classes I had.
That's awesome. You're adding to the body of science available on the internet!
JuryDutySummons That stuff is old. We did that experiment at the uni 22 years ago.
So cool! I always wanted to play with YBCO since it was discovered. Never did, and likely never will, but at least I got to play with it vicariously while watching your video.
Your videos are just simply amazing! Very interesting that this is even possible home made.
Every upload on this channel is a blow to my self esteem. In my garage, I build up and repair my bikes, I repair my lawn mower etc. You just build electronic microscopes out of nothing, superconductors etc. :)
As always... amazing walkthrough of what's going on in your garage based laboratory.
It's worth noting that flux pinning occurs in perfect crystals as well, but for a different reason. In type-II superconductors like YBCO, sufficiently strong magnetic fields destroy the superconducting phase locally, even if it's below the critical temperature, essentially creating defects without actually altering the crystal structure of the material. The flux concentrates into thin tubes of high magnetic field, each containing one flux quantum, which, if you could measure them, would themselves form a two-dimensional crystalline pattern, a hexagonal lattice.
I did this pyrolysis just a couple of weeks ago during a synthesis experiment of Calcium Cobaltite. It looked even cooler than your reaction. Great video.
I like how you mention about the atomic surface areas needing to be making contact as much as possible.
You amaze me in every new video, i did not even imagine that you can make a superconductor at home, or aerogel.
We don't see so much of you these days... but when we do... you come up with a great humdinger of a video like this... keep up The Great Work.
I've used a couple standard diodes for cryogenic temperature measuring and they were exact on 0.1 degree, highly linear.
I've had a few, not all diodes work down to those temps but it's highly exact.
You can judge the exactness based on the condensation points, that's also how you can normalize them.
Looking forward to your room temperature super conductor invention.
Thanks for sharing your passion.
Highly informative as usual. :-)
I'm sure you could use a ball mill to get those powders mixed really really well. And a few days in a ball mill will give you the most atomised powder ever, and at a very low cost. You could make one for a few dollars, with the materials you have lying around. I'd love to see that !
Space Core I am not sure you can ever reach the cation distribution of wet syntheses (like citrate nitrate combustion) with ball milling. Plus ball milling generally gives you a lot of pollution
Long ball milling times will bring lots of contamination and impurities from milling balls and jar itself. As YBCO is very sensitive to contamination, I wouldnt recommend this procedure.
Not having nitric acid I will try the ball mill method. Cheers
the goal to make "super asphalt" from this black mass to levitating cars? 🤔😉👍🤑
Contamination?
Did you see how he did this? His balance only has a couple digits, he did this in open air, mixed in open air bench up, etc etc Lol. Classic engineer trying to "I can science toooo!"
We always called it YBaCuO on paper and "ibaquo" colloquially in my old physics lab. Fun stuff.
Lol, I wasn't the only one to notice the glitch at 8:18. I had to rewind it and look at it again.
The force is strong with you!
Brilliant. I read about YBCO in the mid 90's but I never expected it could be done anywhere outside a proper university lab. I am with Cody on this. It needs t go to the wire stage and then further maybe a motor or something where its actually used in a real life application.
Your videos are so amazing! Thanks so much for sharing these!
Excellent demo and discussion!
I just realized who you remind me of. Your lab and experiments are like straight from the Rick and Morty animation.
One of the smartest guys on youtube. Him, Codys lab, Mr Carlsons lab, Electro boom, and many others are fun and extremely educational to watch. Oh yeah, Great Scott has a great channel too.
Wauw this is even more interesting then his normal video's! This is really great, i wanted to know this forever
You are an inspiration for many.
Great channel I will be watching all your work, very interesting and def better than regular TV
I wait and I wait ...Then I forget about your videos...Then, YES! AN APPLIED SCIENCE VIDEO!!!!!
I wish that you had time to make more videos, they are the best! You rock, sir.
Thank you for taking the time to teach us that you can make YBCO superconductors at home the is so incredible in 1985 I first heard of superconductivity and wanted to learn all I could about them I read everything I could find on them what wasn't much back then. So I lost interest in them but I always wanted to have one to try different things but it never happened now you can make them in your garage that's so cool. I found never do that myself but it's great that you can there is so much they can do we just haven't learned it all yet thanks so much for taking the time to show us that it could be made at home that rock's
Literally the best channel on youtube
The process you're using to create the powder is sometimes called a 'sol-gel Pechini' process. The vapors during that burnoff phase can be dangerous and, since the process is exothermic, care must be taken to make relatively small batches in a laboratory setting or else it can run away and create a serious fire risk, including causing the beaker to break. Yea, I've had that happen. Corning 'visionware' 3.5 liter pots (with lids) actually work pretty well for demonstrations and are more durable.
Incredible shots!
This is the best science channel. You are a legend :)
very well done, amazing video and content and production. thank you for your contribution and hard work.
Thank for sharing your knowledge and experience.
Really cool optical illusion happens from 2:34 transition to 2:53 - the slow mo did something to my eyes that made your desk warp/distort!
i want to make YMCA in my shed. Amazing work. Great video.
Yes, put that sign above your shed. See what happens. LOL
Excellent content! Keep up this kind of work. Also there's an inadvertent optical illusion starting at 2:35 when the cam switches from the spinning conductor to the shot of the desk.
Thank you for these explanations and demo !
I was trying to figure out how to build superconductors and this video helped immensely, thanks for sharing! You have quite the lab there, even making liquid nitrogen heh
I love that you tell us all the stuff that didn't work.
Wow! What an awesome project. Id love to make some YBCO someday.
This is so awesome. Thank you for your effort
Nice!! Always wanted to get my hands onto one, but couldnt find someone making these.. now i can make one myself
A water soluble process for creating HTSC in the kitchen? You're a mad god, Ben. All hail.
Cool I will have to watch your nitrogen video! Thanks so much for taking the time to do this!
I appreciate ya work, Ben. Keep it up, mate!
Man i love your channel!!!
I watched this vid twice. This is by far the best technical channel on youtube. Hope Cody is not reading this.
I love Codys stuff too, but it's the god's truth. I get that he tries to show that a lot of these projects are not as easy as youtube magic can make it seem, but I'd rather if he just talked through his failures like Ben instead of showing a lot of bumbling - especially when he has total success in the end.
Thanks for this experiment.
I have no clue what you were saying but love watching stuff like this Thanks for uploading i'm now subbed
Awesome video, really love your work! I assume you know this, and didn't go into the details for time, but its well worth pointing out when talking about pyrometric cones (even if only briefly), that they do not measure temperature directly, but measure heat work. Heat work can be related roughly as time and temperature. What is most significant, for those not familiar, is that you can, given changes in time, reach the same heat work (and by extension, the same deformation in the cone) at different temperatures.
Nice! I've actually made YBCO from the grinding method, we use a ball mill but if you heat it high enough for long enough I think it almost goes to a liquid stage and they mix intimately. Some people have issues with flowing oxygen in at room temp which brings the real temp down, and how fast you flow changes it proportionally. In a tube furnace thermocouple is on the outside of the tube so this is difficult to detect and a trial and error process but about 950 C worked for me. Our hold at 950 was longer than yours, maybe 6 hr
Great video! You have all the cool toys.
you are a beautiful creature .... what any man who had some idea of the profanity of his potential, and opportunity, to enjoy the pursuit of knowledge with the help of all of mankind's history in the provision of exactly that opportunity.. ought to be able to enjoy experiencing.... Thanks for being the example you are... great video as always.
I am really happy to see you are back with new projects. :) These cryogenic coolers are quiet nice, and I am trying to get one for a couple of years. But at Ebay Germany/EU they are very rare and/or very expensive...
Orbis92 i made liquid nitrogen using 4 stage cascade refrigeration system build using 4 fridge compressor i got from scrap yard for $4 each. Total project cost was under $100 and production rate after modification is around 450ml to 500 ml per hour. 12 liters per day. It took me one 2 weeks to build it.
Hello! Great video! Just to collaborate a little bit, you could have used some 99% silver small leafs to calibrate the kiln. They melt at exactly 960°C and are sold for that purpose. I used to work in a laboratory at my university that tested electrical protections (such as RCCB's and thermomagnetics circuit breakers) and used this silver leaves to calibrate one device called "hot wire" to test the non-flammability of plastics used to manufacture this kind of electrical protections. Hope this helps!
Yet another awesome video! Wish you had the time to do many more videos!
I'm mega impressed. Wow.
That was a really cool video. Thanks
This field of research has monumental potential. I have no doubt that room temperature superconductors are possible. Edison reputedly tried a thousand materials while searching for the best light bulb filament. Given that silver is one of the best room temperature conductors I think I'd want to try including traces of silver and/or silver oxide into the mix.
This is just awesome!
Mindblowingly awesome as usual. Now I just have to build a kiln...
Very nice video! I always wandered why the magnets get stuck in one position, now I know, thank!
enjoyed watching and learning. thanks!
This must be one of the few videos out there where there are mostly helpful and smart or positive comments :D
Im amazed by your lab/skillset and you are so good at making clear and creative science videos! How come your like an expert on microelectronics, chemistry and physics? As a science enthusiast my self im realy curious to how this came to be, how you come up with these amazing topics and what your process looks like when investigating a new subject?
Always awesome dude.
I wonder if it's possible to build a loop transmit antenna out of superconductor. When the loop is small compared to wavelength (for long/medium/shortwave) the problem is that they have a very low impedance, so that they basically lose a big portion of the transmit power to resistive losses. In practice it is impossible to build a small, yet efficient long/medium/shortwave transmit antenna. Could this be changed using superconductors?
For the shake and bake method, I had thought of putting the mixture in a rock tumbler for a few days before firing.
Mind blown, as usual.
I like watching videos like these because it's inside of home workshops and car garages that the greatest discoveries and inventions are birthed. The man who created synthetic diamonds produced them from ordinary machinery inside of his home work-shop. The firs PC in America was born in a household garage. The genius talent and energy is found among the ordinary people and not necessarily within the confines of academia as Hoffer explains :
Universities are an example of organizations dominated wholly by intellectuals; yet, outside pure science, they have not been an optimal milieu for the unfolding of creative talents. In neither art, music, literature, technology and social theory, nor planning have the Universities figured as originators or as seedbeds of new talents and energies.
~Eric Hoffer
This video reminds me Cody’s lab. Great video thank you