Operation Dingo: Attack on New Farm (the Rhodesian Bush War, 1977)
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- čas přidán 5. 07. 2024
- Men of the SAS and Rhodesian Light Infantry are tasked with an airborne attack on New Farm, Mugabe's headquarters. Known as Operation Dingo Zulu 1 to the Rhodesians and the Chimoio massacre to the Zimbabweans, the attack on New Farm represents one of the defining moments of the Bush War.
Footnotes:
*1: G-Car is a Rhodesian military designation for Alouette IIIs used for transport. Technically it is an incorrect term for the 10 South African Helicopters. However, since they were functionally identical to Rhodesian G-Cars, I refer to them as G-Cars for the sake of simplicity.
*2: A common misconception is that Malloch was the pilot of the DC-8. In reality Malloch flew a DC-7 in support role during Dingo.
*3: There was one other helicopter with specialized equipment, but it happened to be refueling at the time the command helicopter was hit.
*4: The estimate of 1100 dead is based upon those verified by the Zimbabwean government to have been killed at New Farm. Although this number can be used as an absolute minimum, an accurate death toll is unknown due to New Farm's disorganized nature.
Recommended Reading:
Dingo Firestorm - Ian Pringle
A Handful of Hard Men - Hannes Wessels
Music:
Crusade Heavy Industry - Kevin Macleod
Ride of the Valkyries - Richard Wagner
Funeral March - Frédéric Chopin
0:00 The Target
2:40 Operational Planning
8:42 The Attack on New Farm
18:46 Sweep of and Evacuation From New Farm
P.S.
I want to thank everyone who watches these videos. Special thanks to the CZcamsr 5RR and to the friends who aided me throughout the revision project.
Nicely done! Looking forward to the next episode!
Good recommendation my friend thank you
Good to see you here 5RR
So glad to see you on this channel. God Bless FRR.
5RR wasn’t you involved in this engagement
Love the video 5rr
So sad to see what has happened to a once beautiful and glorious country
it's a crime, that West decided to sanction them, they've became so slow and undecisive since WW2. They'll still argue with each other whether hamas is bad or good, while also thinking about supplying food etc., same what Scandinavians did by supplying ZANLA. It's just pathetic
It was a good country in some areas. Remember that a lot of the native areas were less developed and there was a lot of racism
Long live the green and white .. fierce fighters... fight without fear. RIP Rhodesian brothers for you were courageous and victory was made ! God bless you all . Rhodesia lives on in our hearts and minds !
An incredible story. Perhaps a "Siege of Jadotville" style film would do it justice as a movie. Excellent re-telling, looking forward to the next video. Rhodesians Never Die!
It would make a great film, but if it was made today it would probably be sympathetic towards ZANLA. Jadotville was ok, but it’s a bit cringe worthy when you know the history. The UN forces attempt to suppress Katanga’s secession in the Congo was a big mistake.
@@malpreece5008 Most definitely. Perhaps a full TV series would do it better justice, if there was a sympathetic director. Rhodesia’s story is a complicated one that deserves to be represented fairly,
@@Tomkkat15 I totally agree. 👍🏻
The film is incredibly inaccurate
That film was crap and woefully inaccurate. This could be made soooooo much better.
Came here from 5RR
Remember, there are some that _still_ claim New Farm was merely a refugee camp.
...must admit, I’ve never heard of a refugee camp _ringed with prepared defences and anti-aircraft emplacements_ before. ;)
So to be clear, these camps certainly contained civilian elements. The problematic aspect was the inherent disorganization which blurred the line between soldier and civilian. There were certainly refugees at new farm, but they were intermixed with hostile forces. As we saw, the one Rhodesian that died from enemy fire was due to hesitation to kill a woman.
@@AnecdotesofHistory I don’t dispute there were civilians present, some of whom could reasonably be defined as refugees. In fact I’m sure no one does but ZANLA/ZANU, eagerly echoed by their ‘useful idiots’ in the West (David Owen for one), shamefully spun the facility as a _refugee camp_ in the aftermath of ‘Dingo to skew media reaction.
Alas, even today, there are some that still doggedly insist that that was indeed the case (obvious trolls excepted of course).
@@makara80 it's like the sinking of the lusitania. They put civilians in front of military targets.
Those Rhodesians are a tough bunch... I wouldn’t want to face em in a fight THATS FOR SURE.
"Baboon to HQ, the enemy breached the perimeter roger"
They should make a movie about this war, especially op. Dingo!
Everybody’s gangster till 144 men drop from the sky with RPD’s
With like 310 feet before hitting ground lol
23:20 Mugabe escaped (as he always did) because he was given advance warning of the attacks.
Ken Flower the head of the Rhodesian CIO was a triple agent, known to be working as an SIS and CIA asset, but also with connections to USSR and GDR.
Ultimately, Mugabe was Rockefeller’s choice to lead Zimbabwe.
Seems like the Bush War only kept increasing in escalation, both militarily and politically, with every Rhodesian victory.
Rhodesians Never Die!
Well, they had it under control between 1966-1973, but after the collapse of Portuguese Mozambique the South Africans insisted on a policy of “detente” and pressurised the Rhodesians to release the African nationalist leaders they had in captivity, which they did. They subsequently held the futile Victoria Falls Conference, which achieved nothing. All it did was reinvigorate the African nationalists, who up until then had been on the verge of collapse. It’s a shame because if they had knocked out the terrorists, the moderates would have received more support and this may have lead to a meaningful compromise that could have been recognised by the British.
It's truly a shame that Great Britain and the Queen abandoned this great country. Also shameful that it used the power it had to stop other former parts of the empire from helping all because the Queen had her feelings hurt.
@@1johnmthompson interesting comment altogether. Last time I checked, it was the Rhodesians who betrayed the British by declaring UDI
@@charananekibalijaun8837 it had no choice the Queen had already betrayed them by then. She had already been enamored with the idea that the black nation run by communist was worth trying.
@@1johnmthompson that wasn't the Queen. It was the US of A
Keep the history alive
God bless the old Rhodesia. ✊❤
This is a fantastic video and your intel is excellent. I was past of Dingo (Actually sat waiting at Grand Reef all day as second wave and never left😀 ) but then became first wave for Tembwe on the 27th so looking forward to your video on that one. Learned things from the video I didn't know 40 years ago!!!
Wow I never expected a veteran of the operation to watch my videos!
@@AnecdotesofHistory Just Tembwe. Never left the airfield for Chimoio. I was brought to your video by 5RR. You have a response from Gordon Shaw who you “chatted” with regarding firing the 20mm from the K Car. Now Gordon (Beaver) is not only a veteran of Dingo, but most of the other externals. Looking forward to part 2. Thanks
@Eternal Peace zooks? Where from
@Eternal Peace 2 visits to New Sarum. Sitting in a hangar for 2 days before an op in November 77 and flying to Bloem from Sarum in 76 for my para course. I wasn’t blue, I was green.
@Eternal Peace Hey no problem. My CZcams name is something 2 of my grandkids call me with reference to a movie they love!! You are right about time making the memory foggy. Sometimes I can remember what I did at junior school but forgot my address the other day 😂😂. Keep well and stay safe Boet
Imagine if Rhodesia had the lobbying power of Israel ; it could have struck all neighboring countries with impunity. And Sweden’s role is shameful
Thankfully most nations didn't fall for the Nazi's propaganda.
Mattias., Rhodesia would never have been able to attack South Africa with impunity.
Rich jews in usa helps israel survive!
Sweden and ABBA's role in supporting the 'liberation' a strange one for me as during the war doing NS with 5Indep (Umtali) Dancing Queen was a popular play at discos and night clubs. One such event (April
1977?) at some gig in Umtali one of the RLI commandos was doing FF at GrandReef and out for the night in town, when we got into a fight with them. 4 of us NS outnumbered and a very brief contact, to Dancing Queen playing. I copped a black eye before retreat. Then when we did FF at GrandReef in May77, seem to remember Arrival in the canteen.
I'm Rhodesian but born in 72 and I remember the war and heard many contacts and even landmine going off x MA's day 78 .I'm no expert but in the end too many good people were being killed and I believe everyone just had enough of it.my mom would never watch war movies when we were growing up after relocating to s a
I love when people write about their personal experience to me. As a 21 year old American, I am about as detached from the Bush War as one can be. The extent of my personal connection was a school teacher born in your country. To know that so many of my viewers actually experienced the events I am covering is humbling.
Good luck there you are lucky to live in such a great country
@@danielfourie7204 How is the situation in South Africa? Are you guys safe?
@@Nostalgia_Addict hi there yes I sm safe where I am and in the work that I do you have to be careful though but as events prove all over the world you have to be careful everywhere nowadays. Thnx for asking ng
What did they used to use for light in Zimbabwe before candles?
Answer: electricity.
Haha hahaha freaking love it and very true
Loved it, but the back ground music was to loud, so I could barely understand the narration. Consider this in the future please.
If I make more documentaries in the future I will probably refrain from using any background music. I may also choose to upload these videos again without the music.
Thank you so much much for the effort in making this video. Hats off to all Rodisians and shame on the liberas in the West who betrayed them to set Mugabe up for the finishing of a beautiful country!!!
12:25: “Many of these troops, armed with RPG machine guns…”
I believe you meant to say RPK, not RPG. The RPG is a rocket propelled grenade launcher. The RPK, is a 7.62x39 light machine gun based on a design by Mikhail Kalashikov, and was widely used by both sides in the Rhodesian conflict.
Hey Matthew,
While I noticed the mistake while editing, I find re-recording of voice lines to be somewhat distracting. For that reason I chose to write RPD machine gun under the graphic. To my knowledge, the older RPDs were more common than RPKs in the Bush war. I appreciate your sharp ears!
Great video!
Excellent Documentary & Summation. Thank You.
A great presentation and the music adds dramatic effect but it's a tad too loud. Please reduce the volume on the next episode. Thank you and well done.
Great video! Dingo reminds me of the Siege of Jadotville involving the UN in 1961
Outstanding, can’t wait for part two!
I am making steady progress. Having some technical issues with my editing software, but if I can sort those out, the video will be out in 1-2 weeks
What a shame they missed Mugabe.
Darrell watt had him in his cross hairs.. but he never got the order
@@s.wvazim6517where can I read about this?
@@ShotsMerkzAll..fighting men of rhodesia on you tube...enjoy the truth and welcome
Good video. Sadly, the world fncked Rhodesia. Zimbabwe paid the price.
Great video, enjoy Rhodesian military history 👍
I come here from reddit! nice video
Would love to see some videos about the South African border war too! The SADF had some similarities with rhodesians being a relatively small standing army but with extremely skilled and tough units. Battalion 32 and the Recces (special forces) had a lot of action in southern Angola. Would be very happy to see some videos about them
Interesting stuff. Those Rhodesians were decent soldiers. Even with all the sanctions in place they managed to wage an effective counter insurgency war. Although, they probably should have taken over Mozambique after the Portuguese left in ‘73, then they could have controlled Beria and gained access to the sea. I know it sounds far fetched, but they had such testicular fortitude I bet they could have captured Beira with a few Eland Armoured Cars and a RLI stick! 👍🏻
I am not sure if you have smith’s book (Bitter Harvest/Great Betrayal), but your idea is not far fetched by any means. Smith more or less supported your very proposal: “I had received a message from powerful forces in Mozambique, both military and civilian, indicating their opposition to the revolutionary changes in Lisbon, and their desire to prevent a handover in Mozambique. Their plan was to take over Mozambique south of the Zambezi, with the co-operation of of South Africa and Rhodesia, and form a kind of federation...I liked the idea but it would not be practicable without South African agreement and participation.”
@@AnecdotesofHistory Thanks for that. I do have a copy of Smith’s book sitting on my bookshelf, but I haven’t read it for a while. It must be where I got the idea from. I wrote about Rhodesian UDI for my history dissertation and it was fascinating. Keep up the good work with these videos.
@@malpreece5008 It is so awesome that my viewer base is educated. If I ever made a video on UDI it would be in the far future, but just in case, do you have any recommendations for sources?
@@AnecdotesofHistory Sorry for my slow response. I should probably explain that I wrote specifically about the uses of propaganda during the period of UDI and how it was used to create what I called a "moral hegemony" in Rhodesia. To be honest, I didn't really want to focus on propaganda. I wanted to write about how the Rhodesians managed to wage a successful insurgency war during the period of UDI and how they overcame the various issues they were up against, e.g. international sanctions, Sino-Soviet involvement etc., but my tutor advised me to avoid writing anything about the Bush War as he felt the subject had been saturated. I just think he didn't want me to praise the Rhodesians for their efforts and that's exactly what I was in the mood to do! Anyway, I thought it wise to take his advice as he was most likely going to be the person marking my work, so that's why I focused on how the Rhodesian Ministry of Information used propaganda to justify UDI and encourage support for it's war against the communists. Still, I did a fair bit of reading about what lead to UDI and some of the causes and consequences of that.
As far as primary sources I found it really difficult to get my hands on things, mainly because I'm located in the UK and most of the things I wanted to look at were in the National Archives of Zimbabwe, and at the time I heard from other academics that even if I went to Zimbabwe I would find it difficult to get the things I needed as the archives were quite disorganised. Not sure if that's still the case. Anyway, I did find some fairly decent sources in the National Archives at Kew and managed to purchase some original Rhodesian primary sources online, plus I had a few memoirs and autobiographies like Smith's 'The Great Betrayal', which you mentioned, 'My Life' by Joshua Nkomo and 'Serving Secretly' by the head of Rhodesian CIO Ken Flower. But you're probably more interested in the accessible secondary sources, of which there are many. The biggest problem is since the 1960's history has been dominated by Post-modernists, who are usually anti-colonial, so they very rarely give a fair account of what they describe as "European settler" communities. That said, I would recommend J.R.T. Wood, 'So far and no further: Rhodesia’s bid for independence during the retreat from empire 1959-1965' (2012). Wood provides a great background to the lead up to UDI and if I remember rightly he was a personal friend of Ian Smith's, so he had some exclusive insights. I enjoyed Martin Meredith's 'The Past is Another Country: Rhodesia 1890-1979' (1979), although it was written when things were ongoing, so his narrative plays into the “Africa for the Africans” rhetoric of the period and it’s overly critical of the Rhodesians. Incidentally, Meredith's other book 'The State of Africa' (aka 'The Fate of Africa') is one of the best books I've read on the history of post colonial Africa, with the exception of the introductory chapter where he made sweeping generalisations about European colonialism (sorry, I know my bias is totally showing!), when he gets into the details of how each independent African nation collapsed in the aftermath of independence it's fascinating and tragic at the same time. I also enjoyed 'Rhodesians Never Die' (2005) by Ian Hancock and Peter Godwin. Although, again I think it's overly critical and somewhat cynical about the Rhodesians and their ideals. It was probably in part because Godwin was in the BSAP during the Bush War and his sister was accidentally killed by Rhodesian Security Forces. So his perspective, like many others, is tainted by his personal experience. His autobiography 'Mukiwa: A White Boy in Africa' (1996) is brilliant though. There are so many others I could recommend, but I guess it all depends on the angle you want to take with your research. There's also a great interview between Ian Smith and William Buckley from 1974 (Part of the ‘Firing Line’ Series), which is probably still available on youtube.
I waffled on a bit there, but I hope that helps!
@@malpreece5008 No need to apologize! That is quite a thorough response, but I would expect nothing less from a History major! Unfortunately, I am going to stick to mostly secondary sources for the videos I make on this channel. I make these videos in my free time, so unfortunately I make most of these videos based on 2-3 significant sources. It seems that a good video on the UDI would require a lot more comprehensive research, so it would have to be a summer project! Thank you so much for your detailed reply. I will make sure to credit you if I ever make a video on the UDI.
Good clear presentation 5*****
Great stuff.
much appreciated.
One of the greatest nations on earth fell because of jealousy and envy.
They were racist not some perrenial victims. Although the war was wrong and in hindsight waiting for more equality would have been better
love this! Keep doing African battles for sure do some of the congo crisis battles like Stanleyville or Elizabethville.
I am nearly done with my script for Tembue. I am planning on asking my subscribers what other topics they would be interested in.
"Green Leader " also meed a sit rap episode like these ones, very good they are.
brilliant story well told, thank you
Rhodesians never die.
Great work
Thanks!
Did Zanla had the Strella missil?
This goes to show that no matter the tactic, Africa would eventually win
Your vids are top notch man...finally somebody takes on the rhodesian struggle.
But whats really putting me of...are quite a few of those comments below your vids about your pronunciation of some african or australian names . And its not the fact, that they point it out, nothing wrong with that, but the way they do it. Rude and demanding. As if they never learned proper manners and/or were entitled to have it their way...
Dont let anybody mess with your motivation doing those videos...Keep up your good work
Cheers
Thank you for you kind words! I have been having computer troubles lately so it may be that I cant post again until July. Make sure to subscribe for more.
This is the situation where what globalists wanted mattered more than what actually was going on
I.e. because the world was against Rhodesia the same actions that would have been more than acceptable for others it was unacceptable for Rhodesia
Joy good show men!
Operation Shiba Inu was my favourite
Selous is sel oo scouts.
Yes, thanks, it makes the commentary off-putting. I also think he said Bear-ee-a for Beira (by-ra). I can't take it any more ! Whoops, Can-bear-a ?
Then there's Chimioi on a graphic where perhaps it should be Chimoio ?
Hey Donald, I take my shortcomings seriously, so I will address your points:
1.Good catch on Chimoio I have made sure that same typo is not in my next video.
2.Beira, as seen at 6:40 on my previous video, is pronounced 'by-ra'
3.My pronunciation of Canberra is consistent with American pronunciation.
Thanks again for your sharp eye on Chimoio!
@@AnecdotesofHistory Roger that, your pronunciation of Canberra works for an US audience, but does not work for Australian, Rhodesian, New Zealander ears etc.
Depending on what your plans are, there is a largely untold mysterious story about the procurement (smuggling) of some Bell Huey helicopters by Rhodesia during 1978 or 1979. (As far as I know untold, and I do not know the details / facts) I am not sure if this was in any way connected with the overthrow of the Comoros government (by mercenaries ?) in 1978 or 1979. I am intrigued by it.
Zimbabwe sold the surviving Hueys in about 1990.
@@donaldtelfer8468 You make a fair point. Although Americans represent a plurality of this video's audience (~25%), they are followed very closely by the Britons and South Africans (~15% each). Unfortunately, I recorded the next video before being notified of this pronunciation difference. Do you think I should put a note in the description of the video?
@@AnecdotesofHistory There's no solution. You may as well be true to your own country, where it sounds right to you, but for us others it sounds odd. A note in the description is a valid compromise.
Noice
Pamwe Chete.
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHAT IT WAS LIKE TO BE IN K CAR GET A COPY OF CHOPPERTECH BY BEAVER SHAW
I will have to check it out. I have no military background, but I have shot a machine gun out of a helicopter before. Definitely a surreal experience. I could not imagine shooting a 20mm cannon!
@@AnecdotesofHistory CHECK OUT CHOPPERTECH SITE ON FB. I was on most of these raids.
They didnt have the same support
Israel has
Altho they were more or less fighting
The same war for survival
Sanctions and south africa withdrawing support caused
The collapse!
Hope you talk about some brazilian stuff at some point
Stay tuned for my next video. I am going to take feedback for future topics.
More Rhodesia
I am working on part 2 as we speak.
What happened i Fell asleep
Operation Gatling when?
Have any source recommendations? I have one more dingo video to write which will probably be out in ~2 weeks and am planning to work one of my other channel projects after that. I am certainly open to making a video about Gatling sometime in the future.
@@AnecdotesofHistory Honestly not yet
I was planning on making a video myself on that around Autumn, so I was starting to look for some videos on Rhodesian military operations (that's how I found your video btw) to understand the "modus operandi", especially the fireforce tactic.
I'll notify you if I'll find something, cheers!
pamwe chete pugnamus amo leo
Rhodesians- we have a army
Zanzis- we have monke
Please learn how to pronounce the relevant names correctly. You got Selous and Canberra and the name of the terr camp wrong. You also used a corgi instead of a dingo!
Hey G58! Can you explain how to pronounce Chimoio, because that is the way it was pronounced on the website I checked. In regard to the other two, Canberra is pronounced in standard American English and Selous is admittedly a little off. In regard to your other point, the picture I used is a Dingo from the Canberra national zoo website. If it is a Corgi, you should probably notify them!
Anecdotes of History
You replied:
“ Hey G58! Can you explain how to pronounce Chimoio, because that is the way it was pronounced on the website I checked.”
Apologies, I was referring to Nyadzonya, the target of Op. Eland.
“In regard to the other two, Canberra is pronounced in standard American English”
If you’ve ever heard anyone from Australia or the UK saying it you will realise that is not the correct pronunciation. I put it into Google and got this. Hope it works for you:
www.google.co.uk/search?ei=9YNOYMiwLdGh1fAPncKNaA&q=canberra+pronunciation&oq=canberra+p&gs_lcp=ChNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwEAEYAjICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyCAguEMcBEK8BMgIIADIICC4QxwEQrwEyCAguEMcBEK8BOgQIABBHOgcIABCxAxBDOgQIABBDOgQILhBDOggILhCxAxCDAToFCC4QsQNQsRxYtiFgjTRoAHABeACAAe0BiAHUApIBBTAuMS4xmAEAoAEByAEIwAEB&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp
“and Selous is admittedly a little off.
Yep, it’s “Suh LOO
“In regard to your other point, the picture I used is a Dingo from the Canberra national zoo website. If it is a Corgi, you should probably notify them!”
I may be wrong about the dingo. But it looks like the head of a corgi to me. I hate the damned things.
Your vids are quite good, but I get the sense that you’re using accounts as scripts for a show. History requires more accuracy. I’m very difficult to please.
Peace
@@G58 For what it's worth, I am Australian and it could be a dingo, and it is not a corgi. It could alternatively be an ordinary dog that looks like a dingo (some do), but surely it is not a corgi as corgi's are a dog breed with defined charateristics and parentage. For example corgis have much shorter necks and legs than dingos.
Donald Telfer Thank you. I dislike corgis. Not keen on dingos either, mainly because they remind me of corgis.
How many cities in Australia had protests on the 20th?
Zambia never had any trouble when they got independence. The Europeans living there, thought it was a great country, and never had any trouble integrating with the blacks.
*RPG machine gun
Ha you caught me! That is why I added the graphic that said RPD.
What a shame 🇬🇧 didn't ENFORCE Ian Smith and help RHODESIA/ZIMBABWE truly prosper. Hope these liberals like today's corrupt and evil government in ZIMBABWE. God help South Africa 🇿🇦 if law breaks down
rhodeisa got screwed; south africa....are you watching??
Learn to pronounce Selous properly
The S at the end is silent. The pronunciation is "seh-loo" rather than "sell us"
Yes, it's not Say-lu Scouts but more like Sa-lu.
Yeah! Never mind complimenting the guy on a great video, let's just prove how superior we are by shitting on him for pronouncing one single word incorrectly. It must be hell inside your head.
@@salisburystudio6944 Well said....the guy did a brilliant job. I was involved in Dingo and still learned of stuff I never knew!!
Wagner+Rhodesia
What more can you ask for?
Too bad Rhodesia is now Zimbabwe !!!
Zanla sounds like the granddad to BLM and Antifa.
Poor babboons.
Admittedly, I went a little overboard on the baboons. Did you notice the sign at 8:10?
@@AnecdotesofHistory I did yes, lol. Fun fact though, actually had a family member who had one as a pet. I will never ever trust one though as they're wild animals and can easily kill a man simply by ripping their stomach open with their claws. They're fucking scary creatures up close, as are all wild animals. But I still respect nature and hence, felt sorry for these.
Pity more of the Nazi's weren't killed too.
@@wlewisiii which Nazis are you referring to?
One extrermist begate another. (Smith and Mugabe). All that was needed was the Rhodesian army to overthrow Ian Smith and establiish a genuine political settlement. Not a puppet one. All those guerillilas would have returned home including their commanders. The only people who were hungry for power were the political leaders and not the field commanders.
Rhodesian army needed a true visionary to neutralize Ian Smith's unrealistic political ambitions and clip his wings.
The winds of change were now a storm of change. It was a matter of time.
Why the I'll view of smith ?
Rhodesians come to cry here
High Zimbabwe from Argentina. Down th Nazi-Republic of Rhodesia. 💪🇿🇼❤🇦🇷🇦🇷💪
Genocide of children
... is what ZANLA and the other commies specialized in. Including shooting down airliners then massacring the women/children survivors on the ground. What they did to farms was even worse.
If a child had a gun could he be a threat ?
Rhodesia was an Apartheid state.
Had to be if it wanted to be civilized nation.
You are miss informed that was south africa
@@s.wvazim6517 Rhodesia was still a terrible nation that people like to pretend was a perfect place. It wasn't and not allowing the native populations to partake in government was a terrible move
@@catharperfect7036no it didn't because it was in Africa. Africa belongs to Africans not immigrants from Europe