Click MORE for additional information on VIDEO CHAPTERS and TIMESTAMPS. We EDIT our subtitles! - Select English for the best international translation. ** Please LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you enjoy our channel!**
I ran into a odd cylinder miss recently on a zx14. You could hear the miss. Used a digital temp gauge on each header pipe. Number 1 was about 200 degrees less than other cylinders. Other 3 were 600 degrees number 1 was 400. Checked plug and coil which were ok. Started getting worried and was about to dig into engine but I could not believe the engine had a problem. Went back and tested coil and plug by swapping to a different cylinder and the problem followed. Moved only plug to another cylinder and the problem followed. Turned out to be an intermittent plug failure. Been working fine ever since.
One of the best explained videos out there. Not just “this is how you do it.” But, “why, you do it.” It’s helping me troubleshoot my busa, and then some thanks for all the effort is very appreciated!
I agree that Suzuki made them user friendly with maintenance. I rebuilt my gv650 (I’m a car mechanic) and was surprisingly simple on the motor removal. Love the vids 👏 ride safe
Thanks Brock, I have a Gen2 Busa, appreciate your vids, I am not a pro mechanic but handy enough with the spanners, do all my own servicing of my Busa as I enjoy it very much. Professional info, presented by a Pro. Looking forward to part 3. 👍🏻🇬🇧🏴
These Suzuki engines are bullet proof. I had a K4 that randomly kept dumping fuel into cylinder #4. Compression test revealed 112psi in cylinder 4. I thought for sure the gas washed the cylinder, and melted the rings. I fixed the electrical issue, dumped a little oil in the cylinder, changed the oil, and put it together. Rode it for 200 miles or so. Compression came right back up to 180+ psi. Ever since then, I've been sold on Suzuki's.
If you have a miss, the first thing I do is identify which cylinder had a miss… you do that by checking the temperature on each exhaust… if you have a miss, it usually isn’t compression related… once you’ve die dies which cylinder, then swap ignition coil sticks… if the miss follows the ignition coil, then you know what to do… it was difficult to see how much the cam timing was out, but didn’t look like a whole tooth… could be stretched cam chain… I usually change timing chains between 80-100k (kilometres)… anyway, good video, thanks for sharing…
This has been an interesting watch, i’m sort of in the same boat as you, i’m restoring a 99 ZX9R that has a miss on cyl #3, after watching this a leak down check is in order, its showing good cranking compression but has a miss @ idle & low rev’s, carbs are cleaned, rebuilt, & sync’d, fresh plugs, ots been perplexing to say the least
Brilliant video. Loved the part about manually having idle adjusters. Yea the good old days. My 09 CBR600 recently had high idle problems...took some time to figure out the issue. All.i can say is. It wasnt the idle control valve. Like you said Brock. Look past the OEM parts for problems. If only i knew that sooner. Hahaha. Problem solved. Your videos are inspiring and gives me a lot of confidence to work on my own motorcycle. Be blessed Brock.
cannot wait for next episode. Nice to see that experienced, knowledgeable people have issues taken apart something they have done many many times before. Just glad i have a 2 cylinder with a carb. Fits my limited patience and knowledge 🤣
just had to do this on my gsxr. looks like i had a few tight intake valves causing valve sealing issues. Keep making diag videos..its great to see your thought process
Super stuff Brock, absolutely love the in depth information an detail with these types of videos..huge fan of your channel an thanks for putting in so much effort into this content really appreciate it..🙌🤝
Great info and video as par for the course w anything you share Brock! Always….ALWAYS…Top Notch stuff! Speaking of fires, I have a coworker, his Dad has always been a car guy and has built some really high end muscle and classic cars! Had just bought a new to him home, was working in his garage, had FOUR really nice muscle cars including a beautiful 1969 Camaro! Was Wintertime and had a space heater, the ones w the orange glowing elements, and had disconnected the battery while working on the car, decided to crank over the car forgetting that he had pulled a fuel line coming from the fuel pump to the carb…. Catching on yet? Well, went to crank the car and nothing, went to investigate and found he hadn’t reconnected the battery, not realizing he had the ignition in the one position, well as soon as he reconnected that battery the fuel pump came on and fuel shot out all over the place and within seconds, before he couldn’t even react, the fuel got to the space heater and ignited the fuel and instantly spread to the car and ended up burning all found muscle cars, including that 1969 Camaro, and burned the entire garage to the ground! Destroyed his tools, lifts, EVERYTHING!!! Burned his body but he lived and luckily his garage was detached and even though the fire was so bad that it melted the siding on the main home, the home wasn’t too badly damaged!! So I can appreciate your safety routine, I mentioned to you in another video that when I was 17 a car battery exploded in my face blinding for 25-30 minutes so I feel you on removing that battery as well!! Again, ALWAYS great content and I love to learn from you!! #Brocks4ever #StupidFastNotStupidWorkEthics
I just felt physically sick :( Glad he is ok...but damn, what a price to pay for a simple mistake. No more open flames for me an longer....Im either in a properly heated area - or cold.
Stripped down my crankshaft plug last year. Tried heat, knocking with a rubber mallet, using valve grinding paste on the hex to make it grip but no Fxxxing way!! had to time it by rotating the rear wheel instead. Ordered a new one for next inspection but i still need to get the darn thing off.. Those caps can be a real PITA ...
They are cast and will break away easily. You just have to be careful not to damage the cases. Remove the cover flip it over and try to crack the cap out with a chisel as a last resort, if needed.
Been having a miss that’s gradually gotten worse to the point where my bike will barely start. It’s had a manual tensioner for a few years and I didn’t think anything about it being a timing issue. Time to tear farther into it.
lol, that's from back in the GSX-R/Bandit days....double or triple the count once you add Busa's/GSX-R1000's/S1000RR's etc. In the old AMA Dragbike/Prostar SuperSport days, we had to disassemble the engines for inspection and it could happen at every race if tech thought there was a problem. We won 6 national championships and had 8-10 races per season. I could do it in my sleep back then :)
Brock in the kawasaki race manual it says for the valve clearance. More performance is expected when adjusted from middle value to upper limit between adjustable range. But don't you want it at the minimum clearance to open the valve sooner and more. Thanks
On my busa there was a big difference warm/cold engine when doing compression test. And from what I know its only the gen 2 and 3 that has the titanium valves
Good catch on the valves! They run together after a while. There are many things that can affect compassion results - gas/oil/fuel in cylinder...condensation, surface rust etc. We perform the tests after warm-up as this best represents the state the engine is operating in.
Great Videos! Without being a spoiler (I understand what you are trying to do here) however, I would have, before pulling the valve cover, started the bike and pulled the cam sensor connection. It "should" have rev'd without a miss, showing me that the cam timing was off (or a cam sensor going south). :)
Hey @Ransom Holbrook -- SUPER FAST guy in the house! (Learn more about Ransom here: bit.ly/3PKMTR9 ) You have more experience with these engines than most, for certain. Teach me something here my friend. You are saying to unplug the cam position sensor and the bike should rev without a miss? And if it does... the cam timing might be off? and/or the sensor is going bad? I'm confused - can you explain in more detail?
@@BrockDavidson So what happens in the ECU is that the cam sensor and crank sensor communicate with each other. The bike will not start without a cam sensor signal because the ECU doesn't know if number 1 or number 4 is at "true" TDC by reading only the crank sensor. Higher RPM misses and/or false REV limiters are caused by the ECU seeing the cam sensor outside of the "proper window" based on the cam sensor signal. Assuming the cam timing is off, then you get the miss or false REV limiter and this is also the reason you can set the intake cam above 114 degrees [it goes outside of the expected window of operation]. So.....if you start the bike and then unplug the cam sensor, the ECU ignores the cam signal all together and depends soley on the crank sensor for RPM/Ignition and such. I've seen this a many time on the dyno, easy to diagnose. Good?
Ok, the key is to unplug the sensor after the bike is running. I'll try that next time I get a chance. Not sure if you know, but you can reverse our cam pin to allow lc numbers above 114 also.
Enjoying these videos, appreciate you turning the air-conditioning off. What ever became of the build you were doing on your sons Harley? I was looking forward to seeing how that turned out but sadly only saw the one video on it.
No. The tensioner was originally adjusted and worked well for a long time... but just like any chain, the cam chain adjustment must be maintained to prevent the chain from slipping on the sprockets as it stretches due to natural wear. Hyvo style chains are quiet, but they don't have much engagement - so proper tension is even more important...that's why the OEM tensioner self-adjusts.
@valter ponte - Great question! The simplest reason is that it only jumper one tooth...any more than that and the valves might not have shut at TDC, but they would all also probably be bent by collisions with the piston.
@TT - yes, for the most part. The hidden fasteners on the G3 fairing require special care to find and disassemble without breaking them - but the service manual does a great job with this. It has far more electronic controls to help with corner, braking and rider control... but they require no maintenance.
Awesome content papa Brock knows best lol Honestly I feel like you need a t shirt that says that Jokes aside your videos are building my confidence to break into my motor I have been strongly considering the super charger from TCC or a turbo from RCC on a Busa and thoughts or advice
Hi, I'm following you from Spain and I've been wanting to ask you about a rumor for a long time, that the goldwings since 2018 that arrive in Europe are limited and not in the rest of the world, do you know if that's true? At the same time tell you that since the year 22 it is said that the dct is softer and more pleasant, it seems that honda is not going to do anything about it, to update from 18 to 21, it has occurred to you to modify the control unit to improve this issue and at the same time delimit it .. tell me and thank you very much for your time…. greetings from Spain….
@lucas andres martinez - Hello from the US. Generally speaking, the US has some of the highest restrictions due to California's regulations. Any large displacement engine these days is restricted. I tested a 2018 Goldwing here, it was seriously restricted. Guhl Motors had a flash for them, but they are no longer in business.
Hey Brock! would you dyno my bike that was flashed by moore mafia? hes too far away and im curious about what my bike is doing or so. Had it woolich tuned. Just curious. I called and the shop said no lol. I am local to you and bought parts and such over the years. Not needed, just fun curiousity.- 2022 gsx-s1000 GT.
It's easy! So you know, the Gen 5 links will not work on the Gen 6. We have Gen 6 in production and new instructions to match. They should be available in 4-6 weeks.
@@BrockDavidson we love Hayabusa's.... Our favorite is the Gen 1 transmission. We keep them on the shelf ready to go. And like you said, they're easy to get out of the frame.
Click MORE for additional information on VIDEO CHAPTERS and TIMESTAMPS. We EDIT our subtitles! - Select English for the best international translation. ** Please LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you enjoy our channel!**
Thanks for everything! It's awesome watching a true legend 🙌 👏 wrenching on bikes!
Years of experience given to us for a watch. It doesn't get any better! Thanks Brock! Can't wait for part 3!
I ran into a odd cylinder miss recently on a zx14. You could hear the miss. Used a digital temp gauge on each header pipe. Number 1 was about 200 degrees less than other cylinders. Other 3 were 600 degrees number 1 was 400. Checked plug and coil which were ok. Started getting worried and was about to dig into engine but I could not believe the engine had a problem. Went back and tested coil and plug by swapping to a different cylinder and the problem followed. Moved only plug to another cylinder and the problem followed. Turned out to be an intermittent plug failure. Been working fine ever since.
One of the best explained videos out there. Not just “this is how you do it.” But, “why, you do it.” It’s helping me troubleshoot my busa, and then some thanks for all the effort is very appreciated!
Glad it was helpful!
I agree that Suzuki made them user friendly with maintenance. I rebuilt my gv650 (I’m a car mechanic) and was surprisingly simple on the motor removal. Love the vids 👏 ride safe
I could watch this stuff all day. Thanks for making them Brock!
Glad you like. The next episode is VERY long and chocked full of info.
Pls keep making more of these video's...
It is so educational...!!!
We will keep making them as long as you enjoy them!
My personalized version of Hot Rod TV thanks for sharing this Brock...👍🏾🤘🏾🍻
Glad you like!
Awesome video brock. Thats one crazy story about your friend catching everything on fire.
I own a 2005 busa I bought new, please keep the tech coming, thanks, Brock.👌
Thanks Brock, I have a Gen2 Busa, appreciate your vids, I am not a pro mechanic but handy enough with the spanners, do all my own servicing of my Busa as I enjoy it very much. Professional info, presented by a Pro.
Looking forward to part 3.
👍🏻🇬🇧🏴
Man these videos are great. Thanks for uploading
These Suzuki engines are bullet proof. I had a K4 that randomly kept dumping fuel into cylinder #4. Compression test revealed 112psi in cylinder 4. I thought for sure the gas washed the cylinder, and melted the rings. I fixed the electrical issue, dumped a little oil in the cylinder, changed the oil, and put it together. Rode it for 200 miles or so. Compression came right back up to 180+ psi.
Ever since then, I've been sold on Suzuki's.
Good choice - Suzuki -simply the best.
If you have a miss, the first thing I do is identify which cylinder had a miss… you do that by checking the temperature on each exhaust… if you have a miss, it usually isn’t compression related… once you’ve die dies which cylinder, then swap ignition coil sticks… if the miss follows the ignition coil, then you know what to do… it was difficult to see how much the cam timing was out, but didn’t look like a whole tooth… could be stretched cam chain… I usually change timing chains between 80-100k (kilometres)… anyway, good video, thanks for sharing…
This has been an interesting watch, i’m sort of in the same boat as you, i’m restoring a 99 ZX9R that has a miss on cyl #3, after watching this a leak down check is in order, its showing good cranking compression but has a miss @ idle & low rev’s, carbs are cleaned, rebuilt, & sync’d, fresh plugs, ots been perplexing to say the least
Thank you Brock for everything you do! 🇺🇸🙏🏍
That's some great ingenuity with the zip tie and the breaker bar.
I was born in West Virginia...for some reason, things like that come naturally to me , lol ;)
@@BrockDavidson are you from close to where Nick Saban was born? Seems to be a lot of greatness from that state💪💯
Nice and thorough video. Thanks!
Brilliant video. Loved the part about manually having idle adjusters. Yea the good old days. My 09 CBR600 recently had high idle problems...took some time to figure out the issue. All.i can say is. It wasnt the idle control valve. Like you said Brock. Look past the OEM parts for problems. If only i knew that sooner. Hahaha. Problem solved. Your videos are inspiring and gives me a lot of confidence to work on my own motorcycle. Be blessed Brock.
This is a Boss, who knows his stuff & who likes getting his hands dirty.
How cool is that?
Lovely in depth work, thanks so much for doing this for us🙏
cannot wait for next episode. Nice to see that experienced, knowledgeable people have issues taken apart something they have done many many times before. Just glad i have a 2 cylinder with a carb. Fits my limited patience and knowledge 🤣
just had to do this on my gsxr. looks like i had a few tight intake valves causing valve sealing issues. Keep making diag videos..its great to see your thought process
Super stuff Brock, absolutely love the in depth information an detail with these types of videos..huge fan of your channel an thanks for putting in so much effort into this content really appreciate it..🙌🤝
Somehow i feel every part that he puts his hands on it never gets old working on the busa engines😂
Love these videos, thanks 👍👍
Great info and video as par for the course w anything you share Brock! Always….ALWAYS…Top Notch stuff!
Speaking of fires, I have a coworker, his Dad has always been a car guy and has built some really high end muscle and classic cars!
Had just bought a new to him home, was working in his garage, had FOUR really nice muscle cars including a beautiful 1969 Camaro!
Was Wintertime and had a space heater, the ones w the orange glowing elements, and had disconnected the battery while working on the car, decided to crank over the car forgetting that he had pulled a fuel line coming from the fuel pump to the carb….
Catching on yet?
Well, went to crank the car and nothing, went to investigate and found he hadn’t reconnected the battery, not realizing he had the ignition in the one position, well as soon as he reconnected that battery the fuel pump came on and fuel shot out all over the place and within seconds, before he couldn’t even react, the fuel got to the space heater and ignited the fuel and instantly spread to the car and ended up burning all found muscle cars, including that 1969 Camaro, and burned the entire garage to the ground!
Destroyed his tools, lifts, EVERYTHING!!!
Burned his body but he lived and luckily his garage was detached and even though the fire was so bad that it melted the siding on the main home, the home wasn’t too badly damaged!!
So I can appreciate your safety routine, I mentioned to you in another video that when I was 17 a car battery exploded in my face blinding for 25-30 minutes so I feel you on removing that battery as well!!
Again, ALWAYS great content and I love to learn from you!!
#Brocks4ever
#StupidFastNotStupidWorkEthics
I just felt physically sick :( Glad he is ok...but damn, what a price to pay for a simple mistake. No more open flames for me an longer....Im either in a properly heated area - or cold.
Uncle Brock is a boss! 😁
Stripped down my crankshaft plug last year. Tried heat, knocking with a rubber mallet, using valve grinding paste on the hex to make it grip but no Fxxxing way!! had to time it by rotating the rear wheel instead. Ordered a new one for next inspection but i still need to get the darn thing off.. Those caps can be a real PITA ...
They are cast and will break away easily. You just have to be careful not to damage the cases. Remove the cover flip it over and try to crack the cap out with a chisel as a last resort, if needed.
Great info to know about a popular bike thanks
Been having a miss that’s gradually gotten worse to the point where my bike will barely start. It’s had a manual tensioner for a few years and I didn’t think anything about it being a timing issue. Time to tear farther into it.
You definitely sound like a candidate to look into your cam chain/timing.
Love it, Mr. Davidson! Appreciate this!!! Very interesting stuff.
❤❤
Brock you the man, sorry you had to sweet for our enjoyment and education
Love the gasket pic 📸 that's what I call a Trial by FIRE 🔥, THANKS for all your hard work and prep putting this together 👍 Dave in the UK 🇬🇧.
lol, that's from back in the GSX-R/Bandit days....double or triple the count once you add Busa's/GSX-R1000's/S1000RR's etc. In the old AMA Dragbike/Prostar SuperSport days, we had to disassemble the engines for inspection and it could happen at every race if tech thought there was a problem. We won 6 national championships and had 8-10 races per season. I could do it in my sleep back then :)
@@BrockDavidson WOW
Yes part 2! Finally!
Brock in the kawasaki race manual it says for the valve clearance.
More performance is expected when adjusted from middle value to upper limit between adjustable range.
But don't you want it at the minimum clearance to open the valve sooner and more.
Thanks
Correct. I'm not sure why the factory manuals like more clearance...other than guys getting it too tight and causing problems.
So brock what would you recommend for the minimum clearance on intake and exhaust please
@@jockvanniekerk8074 .005 in/.007 ex MIN
i dont even own a bike yet and im here watching this video and also watch part one,, now waiting for part 3 Xd
On my busa there was a big difference warm/cold engine when doing compression test. And from what I know its only the gen 2 and 3 that has the titanium valves
Good catch on the valves! They run together after a while. There are many things that can affect compassion results - gas/oil/fuel in cylinder...condensation, surface rust etc. We perform the tests after warm-up as this best represents the state the engine is operating in.
Clear Prop! great videos!
Great Videos!
Without being a spoiler (I understand what you are trying to do here) however, I would have, before pulling the valve cover, started the bike and pulled the cam sensor connection. It "should" have rev'd without a miss, showing me that the cam timing was off (or a cam sensor going south). :)
Hey @Ransom Holbrook -- SUPER FAST guy in the house! (Learn more about Ransom here: bit.ly/3PKMTR9 ) You have more experience with these engines than most, for certain. Teach me something here my friend. You are saying to unplug the cam position sensor and the bike should rev without a miss? And if it does... the cam timing might be off? and/or the sensor is going bad? I'm confused - can you explain in more detail?
@@BrockDavidson
So what happens in the ECU is that the cam sensor and crank sensor communicate with each other. The bike will not start without a cam sensor signal because the ECU doesn't know if number 1 or number 4 is at "true" TDC by reading only the crank sensor. Higher RPM misses and/or false REV limiters are caused by the ECU seeing the cam sensor outside of the "proper window" based on the cam sensor signal. Assuming the cam timing is off, then you get the miss or false REV limiter and this is also the reason you can set the intake cam above 114 degrees [it goes outside of the expected window of operation]. So.....if you start the bike and then unplug the cam sensor, the ECU ignores the cam signal all together and depends soley on the crank sensor for RPM/Ignition and such. I've seen this a many time on the dyno, easy to diagnose.
Good?
Ok, the key is to unplug the sensor after the bike is running. I'll try that next time I get a chance. Not sure if you know, but you can reverse our cam pin to allow lc numbers above 114 also.
Awesome video instruction....Thanks you sir!!
Enjoying these videos, appreciate you turning the air-conditioning off. What ever became of the build you were doing on your sons Harley? I was looking forward to seeing how that turned out but sadly only saw the one video on it.
That series is on hold until later in the year - but we are not finished.
@@BrockDavidson Awesome!! Look forward to it. 👍
The breaker bar works,also putting the bike in gear works.
Stretched cam chain , worn cam chain guides, and improperly adjusted cam chain tensioner. Lucky a piston did not contact a valve.
Very. It just happened that it jumped to give more p-v.
@@BrockDavidson Huh.Imagine that.
Thanks man
Awesome video man
Hi and thanks for your work. How do you think is it necessary to warm up the engine before the compression test?
I read the instructions that came with the compression tester...
You did say the manual tensioner wasnt adjusted for the cam chain .
No. The tensioner was originally adjusted and worked well for a long time... but just like any chain, the cam chain adjustment must be maintained to prevent the chain from slipping on the sprockets as it stretches due to natural wear. Hyvo style chains are quiet, but they don't have much engagement - so proper tension is even more important...that's why the OEM tensioner self-adjusts.
Brock how come the leak test results were so good if the timing was off? wouldn't that mean that at tdc the valves might not be completely closed?
@valter ponte - Great question! The simplest reason is that it only jumper one tooth...any more than that and the valves might not have shut at TDC, but they would all also probably be bent by collisions with the piston.
Really enjoyed the video brock
Is the Gen3 busa as straight forward as the Gen1 overall to work on service mantain
@TT - yes, for the most part. The hidden fasteners on the G3 fairing require special care to find and disassemble without breaking them - but the service manual does a great job with this. It has far more electronic controls to help with corner, braking and rider control... but they require no maintenance.
Get Mac rbrt Allen set won’t strip out and ruin the bolt
Hey, how we doing I like to know where I can take my Hayabusa around here. I’m leaving and New Port Richey, Florida.
blog.brocksperformance.com/dealer-locator/
Awesome content papa Brock knows best lol
Honestly I feel like you need a t shirt that says that
Jokes aside your videos are building my confidence to break into my motor
I have been strongly considering the super charger from TCC or a turbo from RCC on a Busa and thoughts or advice
Those are BIG jumps from what we are doing here - but they both have excellent reputations.
Hi brock great video so the plug gap 20 thousands does that apply to drag racing aswell and how about turbo application.
Thanks
Yes. The theory is that it's tougher to "blow-out" the shorter plug gap.
Hi, I'm following you from Spain and I've been wanting to ask you about a rumor for a long time, that the goldwings since 2018 that arrive in Europe are limited and not in the rest of the world, do you know if that's true? At the same time tell you that since the year 22 it is said that the dct is softer and more pleasant, it seems that honda is not going to do anything about it, to update from 18 to 21, it has occurred to you to modify the control unit to improve this issue and at the same time delimit it .. tell me and thank you very much for your time…. greetings from Spain….
@lucas andres martinez - Hello from the US. Generally speaking, the US has some of the highest restrictions due to California's regulations. Any large displacement engine these days is restricted. I tested a 2018 Goldwing here, it was seriously restricted. Guhl Motors had a flash for them, but they are no longer in business.
hello, thank you very much for your answer… greetings from Spain
Hey Brock! would you dyno my bike that was flashed by moore mafia? hes too far away and im curious about what my bike is doing or so. Had it woolich tuned. Just curious. I called and the shop said no lol. I am local to you and bought parts and such over the years.
Not needed, just fun curiousity.- 2022 gsx-s1000 GT.
@Donald, fill this out: blog.brocksperformance.com/bikes-wanted/
You can video install zx10r 2022 lowering link please
It's easy! So you know, the Gen 5 links will not work on the Gen 6. We have Gen 6 in production and new instructions to match. They should be available in 4-6 weeks.
@@BrockDavidson soon video your channel?
Hahaha, thanks for no AC 👍 And great to watch
Old school stuff
Impact driver’s work great
The part is thin cast aluminum...impact drivers blow straight through the cover.
@@BrockDavidson wow! Didn’t realize they were that delicate
What cameras are those?
Both are Sony 4K. I can get exact specs if you like.
That's okay they look really good quality 😊
If they ever make a movie about you, my vote is for Paul giamatti to play you.
Those plugs always get stuck. We've gotten to where we just tighten them up by hand. Lol
Me also, with antiseze on the threads.
@@BrockDavidson we love Hayabusa's.... Our favorite is the Gen 1 transmission. We keep them on the shelf ready to go.
And like you said, they're easy to get out of the frame.