Which Countries Are Federal States?
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I'm finally doing a Q&A, so if you have any questions you'd like me to answer, just leave a reply here!
Real name amd age?
1)How did you get the idea to become a youtuber?
2) Also like other youtuber you are making a long video but no ads like its good for viewers but then how do you profit from making video?
3)Do you like playing football because you are Portuguese just a stereotypical question lol
4) Also idk if its possible but if you really like gk then i want you in future becoming the major channel for the world for gk and kind of a big system where you teach gk to the world and also held gk quiz all around the world like other exams in the world i think i went too far but what are your future plans?
How did you come up with the idea for that wonderful name
Great vids!
Question 1):What is your name?
Question 2) When will you do a face reveal?
Keep doing those amazing vids
Where are you from?
I love that he got a map of Brazil with one of the states written "Mysterious Empty Land", which is a national meme referring to an Isolated state in the amazon. It is a running joke that no one ever get to meet an inhabitant of that state, so we say that it is just a myth. If anything, they are probably just Bolivians in disguise. XD
Interesting, they could become independent by obscurity.
@@sualtam9509 No they don't,they choose to be with Brazil and also they are VERY patriotics
@@crystalpink6535 and we say they dont exist 🤣🤣🤣
The Brazilians that joke about Acre being non-existent because they’ve never been there or met someone from there probably live in São Paulo or Rio. People not living in those capitals have had contact with people from Acre or even been there.
@@anaritasantiago6581 "prople in [other] capitals have had contact with people from Acre"
... or so they were told...
"Vazio misterioso?"
I see you are a man of culture.
Acre não existe
Lmao
Ele é pt
@@mitsuck7881 lmao
foi uma boa piada de português
Small correction: Switzerland isn't actually a confederation but more of a federation like Germany or the US. The name Confederation or Eidgenossenschaft is only kept due to Switzerlands history.
That's correct
And there where first 3 Kantons in 1291
Exactly
In the early days, the US used “federation” and “confederation” interchangeably. I think it was only really in late 19th century that the words started being used to refer to different systems
Lol ‘schaft’
Any foreigner to a federal country: the states are just provinces to me.
states are prefectures
Fun fact: every country has that meme where a national subdivision "doesn't exist".
Leitrim in Ireland. Even though my boyfriend lives there.
La Pampa in Argentina
Does every country also have a subdivision infamous for incest?
@@LisandroLorea good question. In my country we dont have one.
@@LisandroLorea the Saarland in germany
Yes, do videos on territorial evolution for different countries please. That sounds sooo cool
I think it's a really cool topic! I'll add it to my list and start making them
@@General.Knowledge Then please make more research. Some maps and info used in this video were wrong.
@@kolomaznik333 like what
@@nikkiholdmeier7678 Three that stuck in my mind most are: map of Europe with different types of decentralization (that map is from wikimedia (like others) and its based on map from book, but it is not acc. to reality). Second is map of Iraq - Iraq is officialy federation but only federal region so far is Kurdistan but map shows governorates of Iraq which are not federal entities (and 19 not 18, also wrong map). Finally third is map of the Austro-ungarian empire but when speaking of administrative and autonomous regions maps shows just map of military districts.
@@General.Knowledge You should do French territorial evolution.
Many people are surprised when they find France 600 years ago was only half the size it is now, lol.
The EU is currently a confederation with federal elements. So its not a gathering of states. It was an international organization in its very early years but has evolved. The EU itself can set laws in some areas with direct effect on EU citizens without having to be transferred into national law. This clearly is a federal element.
Those laws have to be approved by the government of the affected country, so it isn't really a federation
At the same time EU law, can not go against a country's constitution (or any law actually). As a cityzen of EU, I am glad that they have made some laws for privaci of information, one charger for all phones, and stuff like that. EU must have bigger jurisdiction in different countries. Maybe because the corruption in my country (Bulgaria) is on a very high level, and we struggle to fight it. Even the Prime Minister could be bought. Mafia make the laws, mafia rule the country for 30 years. And it seems we can't fix it on our own, so we hope EU helps us on that matter.
@@tuluppampam
the member states have to adapt EU laws within a certain timeframe and the then national law can only differ from the original EU law within reason. Also the EU court sits higher than any national court. It's not a not federation, but it's much closer to being one than to its original free trade organisation.
@@jayhill2193 that is correct, though countries enjoy doing whatever they want within the EU (look at the UK who just left, a country that didn't adopt the euro)
@@tuluppampam yes, because the countries still retain a lot of sovereignity. They can decide how much they give up - but once they're in, they have to follow the rules, meaning that the national banks of the countries that have adopted the euro do have to follow what the ECB says.
You made some mistakes with Russia and Belgium:
Belgium has 3 regions AND 3 people groups with their own parliament and laws (Flemish, wallonian and german speaking community). And only Flanders has significant independence movement. Wallonia is for the union while the german speaking community wants a seperation of the Wallonian Region and create their own region.
Russia has NOT 86 federal subjects - it's much more complicated
Oblast: Has administrative autonomy
Republic: Has their own laws. Laws of inner politics can differ strong from the rest of russia.
Krais: Same rights as a oblast but biger territory
Federal cities: Under direct control of the federal gouvernment.
Okrug: Very low population density and same rights as Oblast
Autonomous oblast: Jewish autonomy
As for Russia, according to Wikipedia, it's 85 now, including Crimea and Sevastopol, but the fact that there are different types, which he did, in fact, mention in the video, doesn't change the fact that all of them are "federal subjects" ("субъекты федерации"). That term is general enough to include all the types you memtioned. The differences between the types is just (admittedly important) extra information.
Thanks for info 😊
U made one big mistake with Russia: Russia is one large unitary state.
@@YWTM8 Russia is not unitary.
You are not correct. There is practically no difference in rights between russian subjects. Every russian subjects have their own laws. Federal cities are not under the direct control of the federal gouvernment, they have their own laws, government et cetera.
I live in Alabama and the reason the constitution is so long is because counties have very little autonomy and every little change has to be an amendment to the state constitution, literally every time ive voted theres always been at least one amendment on the ballot
Plus old amendment that are no longer used aren't taken out they just get an amendment amending that amendment
Reading up on it, it also looks like most of Alabama's tax code is written into the constitution, so any changes to taxation requires an amendment to the constitution.
Sounds like alabamians didn't know they could have other laws than their constitution xD
That's wild
That's insane, Alabama keeps screaming about state's rights, yet they give their subdivisions less autonomy than other states, is that called irony or hypocrisy?
9:56-58 “make Africa’s terrestrial lines seem like they were carefully studied” is tragically hilarious.
My history teacher told me that the division of the colonial Brazil was only on the coast and the internal frontiers followed the landforms
@@enzonavarro8550 This division whas used only after Brazil was discovered, it didnt work and Brazil wasnt colonized like they wanted. Those divisions were made so the king could give them to rich families in Portugal and then those families would try to colonize and explore the land. It never really worked that way, Current Brazil state borders uses land marks, cultural and social critereas to be divided. Even countries borders in SA uses land marks, like rivers or moutains. THe Parana River separetes Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, for example.
Vinícius Henrique sim, mas eu pensei assim: será que aqueles estados do nordeste que parecem muito horizontais não são remanescentes das sesmarias? Vai que sobrou alguma influência desse tempo antigo
@@enzonavarro8550 Claramente influenciou no nome dos estados, mas os territórios são bastante diferentes. Provavelmente pelo menos um pouco de influência tem, mas é difícil saber o quanto. Mas não é verdade que somente o interior foi definido por elementos geográficos, na costa as fronteiras também foram bastante remodeladas.
Ik
This channel is great, it's opened my eyes to the world and gives more understanding about countries I didn't really know much about.
Man, congratulations for your work! You've done an impressive job to resume all this information
Brazil is even weirder, the Municipalities are also treated as their own autonomous regions, which kinda means we have more than 5000 states
isn't that always the case though? It's the same in Argentina
@@tomasck2973 it's same in most of the countries
yeah, in most federal countries the federal concept continues at least one or two layers down as well, just with progressively more limited resources and policy areas. In the US, we have counties (called parishes in Lousiana and Boroughs in Alaska) below states and then we have Municipalities and a mess of different policy-area specific districts (water districts, school districts, etc) below that, all of which have some degree of decision-making authority and elections for key offices in that structure
Not exactly autonomous regions, but "Ente Federado" (federal being???). Municipalities integrates Federative Republic, with Union, States, Federal District and Territory (no territory exist today)
Not here in Canada. The authority to create municipalities is vested unto the provinces. Provinces delegate provincial powers to cities, under the Act or Law that creates the city or municipality (pretty much the same as what territories are to the federal government). There is even a ruling from the Supreme Court of Canada that says: ''Municipalities are but creatures of the provinces''. In theory, if a provincial government wanted to spite the people who live in one particular city, it could decide to change that city's name to Sh*t-town, and decide that its inhabitants be refered to as Sh*t-towners, and absolutely no one could do anything about it.
This being said, there is a movement right now in the world of municipal politics where municipalities want to be fully recognized undert the constitution as a third and autonomous order of government, with its own powers.
World: Either one or the other
Spain: Que seamos los dos dice
I'll go with the classic meme and say "Welcome to Spain. The "s" is silent."
@@Frikiman_H I have lived in Spain my whole life
But the s is silent
:V
@@susactivities6982 i live in Spain
With the s and i silent
Pan
@@susactivities6982 I come from Spain too (not currently living there, though). So I now your (S)pain.
As an Australian "Jervis Bay Territory" is literally a coastal exclave of the Australian Capital Territory. Because Canberra (the capital city) and the ACT are landlocked, Jervis Bay serves as a 'home port' for Canberra. It does not have any self government. Most Australians won't even realise Jervis Bay Territory exists, but it certainly isn't a federal territory by itself, the way ACT and NT are.
While the ACT's laws apply to Jervis Bay and it's administered by a department in the ACT government, it is still legally a separate territory. Now you can definitely argue that if one place's laws are applying to somewhere else that the legal distinction doesn't really matter but in a video all about legal separation of powers it'd still be correct to say Australia has three internal territories.
I would love to hear about the evolution of each country's federated territories! sounds like a really good opportunity for an interesting series! Love your videos!
Empty and mysterious. Acre is still another dimension. Entendi muito bem a referência. :)
it doesn't exist
Acre exists?
@@rosampa1980 its a lie
The land where Dinosaurs still exist.
Acre is the brazilian Wyoming
Just doesn't exist
I think most countries in Africa should be federal, considering our diverse ethnic groups within countries (doubt this will solve our issues, but can be a great start).
And the sheer size of many of them. Nigeria and Algeria are nearly the size of the US mainland.
Creating something like the EU for parts of Africa could make sense as well. Free trade & travel, which would be especially great for people of the same cultures or ethnic groups that are currently separated by country borders.
@@faultier1158 there is something called the au
@@mrvwbug4423 no it isint
I would go for unitary, parliamentary system. Concessions after concessions to certain groups will potentially create rifts and disbalance in the administrstion with some states gaining advantage at the expense of the others.
Parliamentary systems creates an immediate check to the President. Millions upon millions of voters can be easily swayed but in parliamentary, the leader of the party must both be competent in his constituency, in his party and in the nation. Unlike in the Presedential System where the President acts like a monarch.
In México there are 32 states, the capital (México City) changed from a D.C. to a State in 2018, the states are also divided into municipalities that are also governed by a "municipality president"
Yeah,a centralism called federalism
@@rebanosagrado7u7 Chivas equipo chico
How's that working out for Mexico?
@@josephdestaubin7426terrible. Should have kept our empire. From Costa Rica to now utah the royal eagle flag flies. Damn liberals and their “constitution”.
Tks for both the content as well as the framework of analysis, in just 17:22 minutes!
The audience: Tks for helping me critic & contextualize the subject!
I love how he got the Acre joke, it's simply perfect, really well done video!
Geralmente só conhecem o Rio, mas esse conhece até o Acre
British India was a combination of areas directly ruled by the British and the princely states, whose borders were a result of centuries of conflict with, expansion and territorial losses to each other. The current map of India, on the other hand, is a result of the linguistic reorganisation of states, which took place in the 1950s, I think.
Linguistic states were formed in 1956.
And?
Not 1950 but 1956 with states reorganization act. And India is not a fully federal state. It is a quasi federal state.
@@VRHere3107 yes he missed that point. India has taken inspiration from USA 's federal constitution and added Unitary features to it so that Center still has more power and states are not completely autonomous
A truly great essay, so informative and well presented.
Thank you very much and well done. So glad I subscribed to your channel.
Spain acts de facto as a federation, being every region autonomous (these are called Autonomous Communities) and controlling public services, welfare, legislation and their fiscal system
The De jure matters. Just because Russia is on paper a Federation doesn’t mean it is in practice for example. (Sure they have some autonomy but it’s been reduced over time)
I know Switzerland has sill confederation in his official name, but they also became a federal state with the ratification of the Swiss constitution ( Bundesverfassung) in 1848
Argentina also does (among its several official names)
I don't believe so. They still don't have a true national government and very few things are decided on a national level. Each state basically passes its own laws and act as separate entities. Citizens are considered citizens to their municipality and state before Switzerland as a whole
@@hollowman3855 As someone who lives in Switzerland, I can assure you Switzerland is a federation. Cantons have a large room for maneuver but Federal laws prime on Cantonal laws.
@@PinheiroJony alright. I wasnt entirely sure because I was basing it on visits to my grandparents. It does feel different compared to most other federations
It ils different as the Canton have a lot of different way to show their differences (like education for exemple). But the federal state still prevails. It became very apparent during the pandemic. The federal state has been deciding for the whole country when it was the harder part of the crisis, as soon as it went a little bit better, each canon had to make their rules. When the second wave hit, the federal power took the lead again, and now that we are in the vaccination moment, where the most vulnerable have been vaccinated, the canton can choose again how they organize and each one does it differently.
Fun fact: India started with 14 states and states continued to break on ligustic lines till 28 states today. (Only 2 states were added through conquest).
@Poop Boy Yes
@@ckpal3575 What about Hyderabad and Junagadh? Genuinely asking, not picking up a fight!
@@ismailshahzad6368 Junagadh merged with Gujarat and Hyderabad got merged with Andhra later
When I been by started I mean by reorganization act of 1956. Technically before that we had 500+ princely states.
@@Ladyliberty_1776 yeah exactly 😂😂
Historically, the Netherlands started as a sort of federal republic (with a neutral seat of government in The Hague and a union of originally Seven Provinces (gewesten), of which Holland was the largest and richest one. They fought together in defence against Spain but almost everything was decided per province (coins and weights etc were all different e.g., and the local languages varied greatly ) Later the central “Staaten Generaal” financed a common bible translation which helped unify the federal structure into the (eventual) monarchy it became today. Napoleonic times also helped a lot with unification (a Bataafse Republiek existed as a French vassal state from about 1800-1815 and the first house of Orange king was installed in 1815….)..
Actually the vassal republic was replaced in 1806 by the Kingdom of Holland ruled by first Napoleons brother and later his nephew. Then in 1810 it was annexed by the french empire. And in 1813 the house of orange got to rule over the lands as the Sovereign Principality of the Netherlands which was unified with the southern Netherlands in 1815 to create the United kingdom of the Netherlands.
3:51 Seeing the EU without the UK hits different.
It's amazing, I hope other states leave the EU.
Interesting to see how the continent shifts with the British heading their own direction. Does a country like Spain rise up more in terms of power? Or do France and Germany run a lot of it still? Much remains to be seen.
@@sionsmedia8249 I agree! Seeing Little England's pathetic island isolated and alone is funny and it reminds me that they are insignificant and no one cares about them!
Could you make a video about electoral systems, so ways of voting?
Yes!
Australia and New Zealand both have very enique electoral systems ;)
@@Alftura never knew that, I assumed Australia largely patterned its system after Canada with plurality vote for MPs and PM is appointed by the party that forms the government.
North Korea : VOTE ME OR DIE
@@General.Knowledge what your opinon on israel elcetion system?
I love how General Knowledge tries to pronounce all the possible non-english names of the regions and countries :)
He is portuguese so this joke doesn't make much sence
Terrible pronunciations
@@kaniel_outis1 cant even bother to go on google translate or wikipedia to know how its said
I highly applaud the effort at his pronunciation on local names. At least he tried and sounds almost-correct, especially when he mentioned about Malaysia.
@@zorangesaft even if you listen on google, it can be difficult to repeat some sounds.
Thank you this was so helpful
So detailed and a great video!
Love the use of countryballs in the beginning
Same m8
Thanks!
@@General.Knowledge :)
@@General.Knowledge can you make the background a little dark theme?
@@General.Knowledge you forgot philippine states!
India
- 28 States
- 8 Union Territories
- 10 Autonomous Councils
Thank you very much for this very informative video! :-)
Americans seeing the title: Somebody else has states? *Impossible.*
I'm American and have known for a long time that other countries have states. It's a shame though because I hate living in a federation and am disappointed so many other countries chose to be the same.
Uh, i was ready aware that other countries have states, this is an inaccurate comment.
Is this comment a pure insult because not all yanks are dumb asf
@@inigobantok1579 Well...
I know about some statesians that don't even know what a country means
@@SR-jr5nh well I know some frenchies and Brits who don't even know where the us is especially Birmingham mfs
Belgium is actually even more confusing then the 2 regions Flanders and Wallonia and the Brussels Capital Region... On the same level there are also the 3 (language) communities. the Dutchspeaking (Flanders+Brussels), the Frenchspeaking (Wallonia+Brussels) and the Germanspeaking (Eastkantons/Ostbelgien) community. The regions rule overall over economic or region bound matters (climate, infrastructure, mobilty etc.) where the communities rule over social matters. (education, health, culture etc.)
DEFENCE in Belgium is Federal , Justice and Police are also Federal....
i never understood why they dont divide it up between france nl and germany
or north and south....but is not like i know mutch about them....
@@user-et6cr6qd8v Well overall Belgium 'd be closest to the Netherlands (most common history etc.) but there were enough differences between the Northern (current NL) and Southern Netherlands (current Belgium and Luxembourg) to seperate from NL in 1830... Belgium couldn't stay with NL (where they were put by the Treaty of Vienna in 1815) neither France ('cuz the other big powers didn't want to give France to much land (after Napoleon unno) and apart from Ostbelgien (which has been transfered from Germany to Belgium after WW1) no part of Belgium has close common history with it... so that wouldn't make sense either...
Belgium's existance is complicated... but it probably has been the best off like this...
@@user-et6cr6qd8v It's because Belgium was created as a buffer state after the napoleonic wars.
For several centuries, Wallonia was, in fact, french, and the german bit was in the HRE, and flanders was in the netherlands.
@@11Survivor That is completely, entirely, utterly wrong... :p Yes, Belgium was allowed to gain independence so that it wouldn't be absorbed by France, but its buffer-state status had already been achieved by it's incorporation into the united kingdom of the netherlands. The reason it became independent was simply because of Belgians' cultural and political self-identity and distinctiveness from the dutch, german, and french.
Your description of the history is also compeltely wrong. ALL of belgium was a part of the HRE, as were many other non-german states such as the netherlands, czechia, poland and many others. Wallonia was NOT a part of france, *quite the opposite* - for several centuries, the *county of flanders* was a part of France, while the various duchies/principalities of what would become wallonia were self-governing as part of the HRE. The netherlands did not hold flanders as they weren't independent either until the dutch revolt, at which point the land they held was *smaller* , not larger, than that they hold today.
9:30 caramba, nem aqui deixam de zuar o Acre! 😹😹😹
Boa referência, gajo! 😊
Pois é!!! Dei risada aqui também.
Can someone Translate this?
@@torrejulian8614 “oh, damn, even here they don't stop making fun of Acre! (Brazilians like to make jokes on Acre saying it doesn't exist and other kinds of stuff)! 😹😹😹
Nice reference, pal!” 😊
@@hshenriquesaporito ah thank you. So it is kind of like Wyoming in the USA?
@@torrejulian8614 Yes, people joke about it because they say nobody's ever met anyone from Acre, so they say it doesn't exist
9:41 Yes, definitely make videos on the territorial evolutions of countries & may be even empires & countries that no longer exist.
Great content as always!
I have missed videos like this thank you for posting this love u
Spain: "I get the best of both worlds 🎵🎶"
Being a Spanish citizen myself, I’ll go with the street-savvy saying that the internal organisation of the Spanish state makes it look like a whorehouse. Everybody does what they want. It’s a mess and a chaos. Also very costly in 17 replications of the national government and very prone to corruption. As the English say, Spain has gone “one bridge too far” in its decentralisation. Now, try to convince the regional independentists to use a little basic common sense and return some areas of power to the central government! Sigh.
@@x2y3a1j5 It would be much easier to let them go and be their own country, but you want them inside your empire so you have to pay.
@@rao803 What are you talking about? You have no idea what Catalonia is like and you think that everyone wants to be independent, currently Catalonia is being filled with corruption due to its very autonomy, even the mayor herself was even a squat and helps the squatters (Squat = They occupy houses illegally and in the end they claim it as theirs without having paid any rent or anything like that, in conclusion they rob houses and do not receive punishment). In addition to the fact that the Catalans did not enter Spain by force, it was the union of two kingdoms that led to the formation of Spain.
@@yosueth Dude I'm Catalan and I know well the history of my country, so I don't need you to give me lessons
In Spain we take that to another level:
First, there's the country. The country divides in North and South
Then, we have Autonomous Communities which also divide in provinces.
Each province divides in regions and regions in mayors' counties.
PD: In schools, you have to mearn the 20 autonomies and the 51 provinces with it's position.
what do you mean by the division of north and south?
In mexico you are only expected to learn the states and maybe capital cities, imagine learning all the municipios (states are divided into municipios) there are 2469 municipios in total. Maybe the municipios in your state but only if they have a few, in my state of sonora we werent required to learn them (theres 72, and a lot of them with native names).
This was done very well. Good work.
Malaysia have 13 state, have own flag, state anthem, state emblem, history, sultan/governor and parliament, one more thing is each state have own dialect.
13 states, 3 federal territories. Please refer the federal constitution dont just assume federal territories as one state bcs they are ruled by the parliament not autonomous state legislature as other states have.
I heard that Malaysia has one king for each state so what do Malaysians usually refer him as, a raja or sultan or simply king?
@@budisoemantri2303 we have nine states with monarchs as the heads of state. Seven of them are Sultanates (Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Johor), one is a Kingdom (Perlis) and the last one is unique as it is itself an elective monarchy (Negeri Sembilan) where the Monarch is called a Chief Lord (the real title is in Malay and there's no exact translation into English, sorry I tried).
For the sultanate states, we refer to their Monarchs as the Sultan, e.g. His Royal Highness the Sultan of Perak.
Perlis's king is addressed as His Royal Highness the Raja of Perlis, while Negeri Sembilan's monarch is referred to as His Royal Highness the Yang Di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.
If one of the Royals is elected to become the King of the entire nation, we refer to him as His Majesty the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, or the Paramount King of Malaysia.
@@budisoemantri2303 well there only 9 states that have their own monarchs.
All of them are titled as Sultan, except for Perlis whey the king were titled as Raja, and Negeri Sembilan where the king were titled as “Yang di-Pertuan Besar”
The other would be just having Governor
Malaysia federation is like German Empire in 19th century, with the exception of Head of State rotation every 5 years among the 9 monarchs. German Empire head of state was Prussian King.
Growing up half German / half American, federalism in my personal political philosophy was always the norm for me... I still really like the Swiss model though, and in countries like India, Pakistan, Australia or Brazil it just makes sense.
I didn't realize until fairly recently how similar Germany and the United States were in many ways in terms of how they became unified (apart from the former being monarchy and nobility for a while). We both even had wars that settled it (our civil war, them with the Austro-Prussian War).
Maybe this might help with German pronunciation in the future:
When an "s" is followed by a "t" or "p" at the beginning of a syllable, the "s" is pronounced as "sh" instead -> "Sh"tadt-"sh"taa-ten. (there are a few exceptions, which usually come from foreign words, i.e. "Stil" -> style, but that is rare)
The "ch" sound is neither a "k" nor a "tsh" as most English speakers pronounce it. In fact it doesn't exist in English, and personally I don't know any language, in which it does but you may imagine a hissing cat. In phonetics it is either [x]/[χ] (low pitched) or [ç] (high pitched) but the pitch comes naturally because you can't go into a high [ç] from a preceding low "oh" or "oo" anyways.
The "ä" isn't an "ah" either, it's more of a sound in between "ah" and "eh". The pronunciation of "ai" in "fair" comes close.
"In fact it doesn't exist in English, and personally I don't know any language, in which it does"
It's not that rare of a sound. In fact, I don't think it's even a rare soundto begin with. Wikipedia pages for the three variants have lists of languages which have those sounds, but I can't say if the lists are complete:
[ç] - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative
[x] - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative
[χ] - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative
Fun fact: The sound existed in Old English, and still exists in some English dialects.
@@KineticManiac I still don't know any language utilizing it. The ones I know do not but there are tons of languages I've never even heard of, so... I might check the links.
Yeah. To me as a German, old English is very easy to pronounce because it's so close to German, which is not a surprise at all. You just need to be aware of the few Nordic letters that don't exist in German or English these days. The great vowel shift and the French influence in the early 2nd millennium pushed the language far away from its germanic roots but it often helps as a bridge for me learning French and Spanish.
@@littlerave86 As a fellow german native speaker who is learning russian, I would say the russian letter х, like in хорошо (meaning: ok), sounds very similar to the german ch sound.
I also often hear as an easy example for english speaking people that the j in Jalapeño sounds very close to the german ch.
@@Powl_tm Haha, as a German, who also learns Russian as well as Spanish (yeah, the Spanish j and g have the same sound) I'd say it's not really similar. First, it depends on which ch you're referring to, because the one in ich is different to the one in doch (high vs. low pitch). The former isn't similar at all, the latter could be considered as somewhat close but it lacks all the scratchiness. Schwitzerdütsch uses the scratchy sound but standard German doesn't utilize it.
@@Powl_tm he are portuguese '-'
Thank you for displaying Malaysia. Our system is unique in a way. More educational videos please!
Although Brazil is a Federal Republic, in the past the Federal State resembled much more of a Unitary State with an extremely strong Central Government based in Rio de Janeiro that made the units of the federation (unidades da federação), which are the 26 states, Very subservient to the Centralism of Rio de Janeiro. They try to mitigate this with the construction of the new Capital Brasilia and gradually the Brazilian Federal Republic started to become more and more... well, Federal! Apart from its old Unitary aspect.
Fun fact : James Madison the person who helped to make USA a federal country and his father was born in the year 1723 and this video is 17:23 long lol
@@pshindigamingmobilegamer2609 trying so hard to be edgy. Mommy didn't love you enough?
Coincidence?
Yeah, probably.
@@secretscipio wow that struck a nerve lol
Its impossible for him and his father to be born on the same day. Nice try
Pathetic irrelevant fact.
I've been longing for a video like this. I wanna know how Federal USA is different from Federal Nigeria with regards to the power of the state.
7:03 „it’s a shame we don’t talk about these gigantic african countries more“
7:30 now let’s go to mexico
mexico isnt african
@@kirtil5177 exactly, Africa was talked about 28 seconds and most of it was complaining that nobody talks about Africa
Switzerland is no confederation anymore since 1848. It just uses their old name "Confoederatio helvetica" for some occasions.
Swiss is called confederation but it's constitution is federal. Not confederal.
Not for "some occasion", it's the official name of the country and the one used in every official document as well as the one written on currency, you are very right so on the form of government.
Long time watcher. You make really good videos. Well formatted and organized. Keep it up my guy 👍🏻
9:27
Acre: Vazio Misterioso?
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
9:30 "vazio misterioso" HSHHAHAHHAHAH loved it. love you, mysterious state of Acre!
AP Human Geo test is on the corner. Thanks for the video!
The Indian map you used is pre 2014 I think cuz telangana(a new state formed after 2014) is not present and the state of Jammu&Kashmir is seperated into two Union territories (Jammu&Kashmir,Ladakh)
Right! He used the old map, but he did mention the no. of states and UTs correctly
Mexico City changed its status to a Federal state some years ago; it isn't a federal district anymore. There are 32 federal states in Mexico
Oh! Thank you for this information. I love this channel.
3:06 You forgot to include another arrow pointing towards Norther Ireland on the UK map as that too has it’s own devolved assembly run from Belfast.
Indian federalism has nothing directly to do with kingdoms. In fact almost all Princely States were either broken up or subsumed into new states based along linguistic lines in 1956. The sheer diversity and size of the regions within India makes anything other than federalism and democracy quite impractical in the long run.
I am from the governorate of Erbil in Iraq
Yes it’s true all 18 governorates are autonomous but for Erbil Duhok and Sulaymaniya it’s a bit more complicated they’re like double autonomous because they’re part of the Semi autonomous region of Kurdistan
Some day the Kurds will have their own free, independent nation, though I will admit that Kurdistan being split between three separate countries makes it a tricky and difficult task to achieve.
Nygoth Uey that will never happen lmao
@@nygothuey6607 yeag its kinda hard but we are trying to achieve our rights and freedom as much as its possible
@@Thesunaintevenupyet only bcuz u r Assyrian ?
I hope Kurdistan never gets indepence.
Yes please, and Africa as well. Love your videos. So educational, never learned here in US, at least in my state.
I just came across your channel. You seem very knowledgeable and covered a great deal of interesting material.
If I had one suggestion, I'd ask that you speak about 20% slower, or alternately not run the video through a time compressor after you make it. Much of what you say deserves at least a moment's thought, but that could be accomplished at a normal speaking rate.
The major difference between a federal state and a regionalized unitary state is that power in a federal state cannot be redistributed between central and local governments without the consent of the latter. In an unitary State, regions, no matter how autonomous they are, only have the power the central government grants them, and the central government can always take it away from them unilaterally. Hence, no matter how devolved the UK becomes, it will always be a unitary State because there exists no limit on the power of the British Parliament to modify or abolish the regional assemblies.
The UK is a bit of a funny one and depends on which country of the UK you live, but essentially:
- If you're in the country of England, then it's a Unitary system, with Westminster holding most of the power.
- If you're in the country of Scotland, then Scotland itself is a Unitary system, with Edinburgh holding most of the power (devolving some to Local Authorities), but with the UK government acting like a federal government, where some limited issues are reserved to Westminster (such as defence and foreign affairs) but everything else lies in Edinburgh (health, education, social security, etc).
- If you live in the country of Wales, then its similar to Scotland, but Wales is slightly different in that more matters are reserved to Westminster, however Cardif does have a wide range of power; Notably, Wales shares the same legal system with England (called England & Wales), while Scotland has its own separate legal system (called Scots Law).
- If you live in Northern Ireleand, it is also like Scotland, but from their point of view the UK is more like a conferderate system, because Northern Ireleand can willingly leave the UK and unite with the Republic of Ireleand under its won authority, thanks to the Good Friday Agreement.
- That's not even to mention the Overseas Terrirories and Crown Dependencies, which operate like self-governing autonimous entities, not really part of the UK, but relying on it in some limited capacities.
So, yeah, not at all straightforward, and it's not wonder that even people in the UK don't fully understand where power lies.
Federal country maps are so fun to remember and analyze
German here , everything you said is right but the Holy Roman Empire and the German confederation or union wasn't a real confederation . All nations were fully independent so it was more like the European Union without any power . The north German federation was just Prussia dominating the smaller German nations. And we don't call them areas but rather Bundesländer which is translated to Union countries
Funny. Modern EU doesn't have any power now.
Bundesländer translates to federal states
Since you've just mentioned the cultural differences as a basis of some federal states, in my country (the Philippines), there have been proposals or drafts to amend the constitution in order to shift from unitary to federal with cultural differences and geography (archipelago) as the bases. None of them, for now, have been accomplished.
I live in the state of Goias in central Brazil. It is a very important state as it is one of the most important in the agricultural sector
Can you explain Spain divisions? I'm pretty sure it's the most Federal-like Unitary state
Up to the point that an autonomous region pushes the central government too far. (eg The Spanish Constitution allowing for secessionist politicians to be removed from the Catalan parliament and direct rule from Madrid imposed.) In my country, Australia, the Federation was the product of the states (when they were self-governing British colonies), not the other way around and there is a mechanism in our Constitution for secession, if it were ever attempted by a state. So what happened in Catalunya is most unlikely here.
A very decentralized unitary state, where their autonomy is devolved from Spain to their communities, but they have different levels of Autonomy, for example, Catalonia has some autonomy that Murcia doesn't
Spain is a weird one, not all regions are on equal terms. The impression I had is that a lot of the more sparsely populated Spanish regions lack the infrastructure to self-govern like a US state, and Catalonia would very much prefer to have significantly more autonomy than it does if not outright independence, as they are not Spanish in terms of langauge and culture (they were not even a part of Spain until forced at gunpoint by Franco).
Spain is a mixtum compositum of Centralism and Federalism - federalised Central State. Much of its problems has its reason in this problematic structure. But everything else wouldn´t be acceptable for the most important political forces of the country.
@@mrvwbug4423 LMAO until Franco forced them? Please stop lying. Catalonia was part of Spain before la dictadura franquista. Every part of the country was under repression, not only Catalonia.
4:07 Volt Europa moment
saber que um portugues faz este tipo de videos é incrivel, dá orgulho de ver!
É porcos que eu vejo aqui no CZcams falando sobre geografia 😂
Fun fact: In Germany (or at least at my school) federalism is one of six signs of a democracy and not having federalism was a sign of a dictatorship at analysing constitutions. For example Nazi-Germany, old East Germany, China, North Korea or the USSR were/are unitary states while modern Germany, old west Germany or the USA were/are federal states.
It's funny to see how many states don't fulfill all of them cause federalism is missing (and of course not all of them are dictatorships because they fulfill the rest of these signs for democracy)
Soviet union was a federal state I recommend that you read the constitution of the Soviet union is on the internet in PDF
Just because you have a Federation doesn’t mean your a Democratic place(see USSR), and just because your a unitary state doesn’t mean your a Dictatorship (see Poland).
@@lembitmoislane. to be fair, irs getting closer
Then that's not a good school course in whatever the subject was called back then.
0:02 The one with the Friends parody.
10:59 Somaliland is not a separatist region. It already separated in 1991 and to this day operates as an independent country. It has its own currency, its own government, its own military, and its own foreign relations with a few other countries.
It's the part of Somalia that isn't in some eternal state of civil war, it really should be granted recognition by the UN
@@mrvwbug4423 Absolutely, given that it has a democratically elected government, has been stable and peaceful for 30 years, and is in a very strategic location, it makes perfect sense to recognize.
Those fahkin dikheds at the UN
As a Brazilian Lawyer, I missed in this video a importante information about Brazil: Brazilian Federation is the only one in the world which has 3 levels of autonomous entitities: Federal Union, State and Municipality. Sure many Federal and Unitary States have municipalities, but not with full autonomy as in Brazil. In Brazil all municipalities makes their own Law, creates e charges their own taxes and elects representatives for executive and legislative powers.
Another point important to emphasize about the differences between Federal and Unitary States is that autonomy means self organization self administration and self legislation which implies financial autonomy (having your own resources mostly coming from taxation). The range of autonomy may vary from place to place but normally sub national entities needs constitutions needs to be compatible with some limitations imposed by the national constitution. In Brazil’s case the power is too centralized in Federal Union which is very criticized because the freedom to create to experiment and to innovate in sub national level isn’t much.
A Constituição de 1988 é um câncer, centralizou tudo.
Nao sei da onde que vc tirou isso..Brasil nem de longe nao é uma federaçao de verdade, nos eua um estado pode criar leis sobre quase tudo(impostos, educaçao, armas, transito e varios etcs), municipios leis ate sobre imigraçao. Enquanto um estado brasileiro nao pode fazer quase nada de relevante, e um municipio nem legislaçao de transito pode fazer, prefeitos brasileiros parecem sindicos de tao fracos
Soviet Union was even more crazy, having 4 levels of autonomies and 5th were non-autonomous municipalities
Good to know. Australia also has National, State, and Local governments.
Interesting video and some good explanations.
Why did you pick The March of the Finnish Cavalry during the Thirty Years War as the background music though? Has literally nothing to do with the subject. :)
9:29 As someone from the Vazio Misterioso I see what you did there LOL
Hi. The last canton formed in Switzerland (Jura) was in 1979 not 1999. As for Belgium, there is also de german minority with certain rights, but they're very small.
I want to add that in practice whether a country is federal or unitary is only loosely correlated to the autonomy of their sub-national units. A nominally unitary nation could give their local governments a wide-ranging authority over local affairs while a nominally federated state could be very hierarchical, with the local governments having no real independence. For example, contrast Russia (federal) with Indonesia (unitary). Despite their federated status, the governor of a Russian state will have less leeway than the governor of an Indonesian province.
Not just a question of size. Also a question of culture or identity.
Countries with multiple cultures or strong sub-identities encompassing a serious portion of the population relatively well geographically centered are prone to be federal too along the lines of those identities.
In Australia a key difference between the states and territories is that territory laws can be vetoed by the federal parliament, while state laws cannot. They have done this most recently on same sex marriage and euthanasia legislation.
True, because the Federal Government administers ACT, JB, and NT.
About Switzerland: there is sometimes a dispute if Switzerland has 23 or 26 cantons. There are 20 "normal" cantons and 6 half-cantons (Basel-Stadt&Basel-Landschaft, Nidwalden&Obwalden and Appenzell Innerrhoden&Appenzell Ausserehoden)
But when a ,Ständemehr' is necessary, the Halfcantons count as one canton.
Small mistake. Obwalden/ Nidwalden, Basel Land/ Basel Stadt and the two Appenzell once had been one canton, split for reigious reason. But sometimes ( this Ständemehr) the split Halfcantons count as one canton again.
After the revision of the constitution in 1999 the term "half canton" was abandoned and Switzerland has officially 26 cantons. The historic half cantons Obwalden/Nidwalden, Basel Land/Basel Stadt, Appenzell Innerrhoden/Appenzell Ausserrhoden share their seats in the Ständerat (senate, small chamber of the parliament) to keep the proportions of their political influence in accordance with their size/population. Also for the calculation of the Ständemehr (as Britta pointed out) their vote only counts half compared to the historic "full" cantons.
Australia's Jervis Bay Territory is funny - it's basically an exclave of the Australian Capital Territory (car numberplates there are ACT with a 'Jervis Bay Territory' overprint) but it now has status as a separate territory. It was originally meant to be a port for Canberra, with a rail link under Federal control, but this was never built. Only about 300 people live there - mainly Navy personnel and their families. (There's a big naval presence all around the bay, in JBT and NSW.) It also has a national park, with the beaches there reputedly the whitest sand in the world!
I love how some states/regions/provinces within a federation are in and of themselves miniature federations. Georgia (the United States one) for example has historically had it's politics dominated by its many counties. While their political strength within the state has declined in the past half century thanks in large part to the "One Man, One Vote" movement, but the overwhelming majority of day to day activities and administration still occur at the county level.
Whereas quite the opposite occurs in some others, for example, in the New England states, counties tend to be little more than lines drawn on a map. It does kind of make sense when you compare the relative sizes and histories of the states, though.
USSR was a federation with federations inside, which had it's own little federations, republics inside republics
When will the polish Lithuanian common wealth united vid come out?
10:10 Switzerland is by definition a federation because confederancies arent countries. they changed that in the 19th century but just never chnged their name
Brazil actually divides it's regions based on a mix between economic and cultural differences, the north being the states influenced by the Amazon rainforest, central-west influenced by agriculture, south is influenced by the climate and it's population, southeast is influenced by it's strong economical influence and it's strong culture, and northeast is devided by it's population and historical influence.
It's not 100% accurate, but that's what i remember seeing in school.
Edit: the regions are also influenced by Climate, rivers, forests, etc, it's really complicated.
@general knowledge Here s a video idea, something that ive always found interesting: Spain and more specifically a comparison between Spain and a federal country like Germany. Spain is theoretically unitary but every province has been given autonomy. It is thus federal defacto but unitary de jure. It would be interesting as a video idea to compare Spain and Germany.
The Jervis Bay Territory isn't really recognized too much in Australia, and is more or less administered by the Australian Capital Territory. I, an Australian, had personally never even heard of it until this video.
Yea i neaver heard of it until another CZcams video
i heard it on election day, its an electorate
If you live in Sydney everyone is very aware of it as it has the bioluminescent algae. But most if not all stay in the NSW part of the bay.
It has been that way for quite a while. The Federal govt administers ACT, JB, and NT.
I just love how Acre is marked as Misterious Emptyness. Even the gringos heard the reputation of the state
The author of the video is from Portugal, so he is perfectly aware of the Brazilian specificities!
Ele é lusitano, então está tudo em casa
@@andre_cinelli Ah, agora tudo faz sentido
@@jorgesantos8578 Wow, I've been subscribed to this channel for so long and I never knew about it. It's true what they say, living and learning
7:34 Just a lil correction. We are no longer 31 states, since 2018 the Federal District became Mexico City (the 32 Federal Unit), but even tho we're now a state we don't have a congress. The Congress of the Union (which also legislates sovereingly throughout our nation) still rules over the City, yet we now have a constitution apart from the national one.
This is the kind of information I need that I didn't know I needed.
Hey wait a second... I just realized there's a movement that talks about deregulation and less big government... that also advocates for centralizing the government to make it happen... I'm beginning to think these people want power and don't care about how much sense they make.
In argentina we had a war between unitarians and federalists.
Yes how different administration evolved is fascinating
I can't wait to see the Philippines in this list. Different leaders have long since planned to make us federal, none of which pushed through.
[9:27] Hahahaha in Brasil map he shows Acre state named: "Vazio Misterioso" that means Misterious Empty. It is a brasilian meme.
You are the first man in CZcams whom I heard pronouncing the word Pakistan right
I'm glad I could pronounce it properly!
@@General.Knowledge also i like how chill you were when you told about india pakistan conflict nice
@@General.Knowledge but you still pronounce Balochistan wrong:)
ch doesn't have the k sound, it has the sound of C in Ciao
But he butchered the pronunciations of each province unfortunately
That's grape