Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) explained | Neuroscience Methods 101
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- čas přidán 8. 07. 2024
- Transcranial magnatic stimulation (TMS) is a neuroscience method to activate or deactivate regions in the brain. Here, we explain how it works!
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, invented in 1985, uses a short magnetic pulse that activates axons (connection between neurons) in the brain. This is done in a non-invasive way, which means that no damage to the head is caused. When you apply TMS when somebody is at rest, you can activate this region. However, if someone is doing something and a particular brain area is already active, TMS can interfere with that ongoing activity. By this you disrupt the activity of a brain region.
Repeated TMS activity has been shown to have a prolonged effect. It is therefore used in a clinical setup. TMS is FDA approved to treated mental disorders such as depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. More about repetitive TMS in a future video!
Narrated by: Miles Wischnewski
References:
Chervyakov, A. V., Chernyavsky, A. Y., Sinitsyn, D. O., & Piradov, M. A. (2015). Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Therapeutic Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9, 303. doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00303
Di Lazzaro, V., & Ziemann, U. (2013). The contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the functional evaluation of microcircuits in human motor cortex. Frontiers in neural circuits, 7, 18. doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00018
Eldaief, M. C., Press, D. Z., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2013). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology: A review of established and prospective applications. Neurology. Clinical practice, 3(6), 519-526. doi.org/10.1212/01.CPJ.000043...
Goetz, S. M., & Deng, Z. D. (2017). The development and modelling of devices and paradigms for transcranial magnetic stimulation. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 29(2), 115-145. doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2017...
Groppa, S., Oliviero, A., Eisen, A., Quartarone, A., Cohen, L. G., Mall, V., Kaelin-Lang, A., Mima, T., Rossi, S., Thickbroom, G. W., Rossini, P. M., Ziemann, U., Valls-Solé, J., & Siebner, H. R. (2012). A practical guide to diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 123(5), 858-882. doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012...
Pitcher, D., Parkin, B., & Walsh, V. (2021). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and the Understanding of Behavior. Annual review of psychology, 72, 97-121. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych...
Ziemann U. (2017). Thirty years of transcranial magnetic stimulation: where do we stand?. Experimental brain research, 235(4), 973-984. doi.org/10.1007/s00221-016-48...
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Timestamps
0:00 TMS mechanisms
2:26 Measuring brain activity with TMS
2:55 Disrupting brain activity with TMS
3:49 Reptitive TMS - Věda a technologie
This concept is kicking my ass in uni and youve just made it so much easier so god bless you
That is great! Wonderful to hear! Good luck with your studies!
Thank you, your videos have been very helpful while studying for my exam!
We are happy that the videos were useful! :)
Wonderful work 👏
I appreciate your effort
You helped me to understand it
Thanks
May Allah bless you
Go On
Thank you for the kind words!
good
can tms cure anxiety
I have this done on me fortnightly to test action potential of r hand. However I have ALS and my weak side is the left. Does targeting the motor cortex while enervatingthe r hand influence action potential of the l side?
The two motor cortices, left and right, are strongly connected. There are studies that show positive effects on the "weak" side even when targeting the "strong" side. Of course, I do not know the exact protocol and set that is used in your case, so I can't fully judge.
How does the secundary electrical field cause a change in the membran potential of the axon? Which ions are exactyl moving ? If anyone could answer this question this would help me a lot, because I have an important presentation in 2 weeks.
I am familiar with the mechanisms of the depolarization of a nerve, but I don´t really understand how the membran potential is changed trough the electric pulse in the first place.
The change in membrane potential is very transient. The secondary electric field that follows the same direction of the axon will for open calcium gated ion channels, allowing for a very rapid and transient influx of sodium, which will generate an action potential.
That is the mechanism in a nutshell, but of course one can talk about it in much more detail, for which the comment section is not an ideal place I am afraid. So I would encourage you to read the first chapters of the Oxford handbook of Transcranial Stimulation, and the following article:
V. E. Amassian and P. J. Maccabee, "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation," 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2006, pp. 1620-1623, doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259398.
I hope that helps!
if TMS activates neurons why would stimulating the area for arithmetic decrease performance rather than increase it? you said TMS stimulates neurons but then say it stops the neuron activity in the arithmetic area. that doesn't make sense
Because of interference. Your brain itself is activated for arithmetic performance. Then all of a suden you add even more activation, while the brain is doing its thing. So you add noise to the system.
More activation is not always better. If you overactivate a region it will have the opposite effect and interfere with ongoing processing.
Can tms treat emotional numbness because i have emotional numbness
TMS can be used to treat depression. If emotional numbness is a feature of depression, then it may be helpful.
0:34 and 0:38 what the refrancess of them?
Rossi et al. 2021
I did 46 treatments of TMS and it did absolutely nothing
I am sorry to hear that. This video is a more mechanistic description of TMS, not so much TMS therapy. The therapeutic protocols of TMS certainly can help people, but unfortunately not everyone. This is why we need personalization of protocols, to use the right stimulation for each person