Hearing & Balance: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #17
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- čas přidán 28. 05. 2024
- Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology continues the journey through sensory systems with a look at how your sense of hearing works. We follow sounds as they work their way into the ear where they are registered and transformed into action potentials. This mechanism not only helps you hear but also helps maintain your equilibrium.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: bit.ly/2SrDulJ
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
How Sound Works 1:17
External Ear Structure & Function 2:18
Middle Ear Structure & Function 3:06
Inner Ear Labyrinth 4:12
Cochlea: Basilar Membrane 5:00
Cochlea: Organ of Corti 6:33
Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus 7:34
What Causes Motion Sickness? 9:04
Review 9:39
Credits 10:13
***
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![[柴犬ASMR]曼玉Manyu&小白Bai 毛发护理Spa asmr](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0TsXQ7z2Dh4/mqdefault.jpg)
this guy has covered the whole syllabus of my 11th and 12th grade biology in about 47 videos ,he is a genius
it's way more precise and is literally what coaching institutes like akash and allen teach....i am saying from my experience
we meet again CrashCourse, I've had you for biology, anatomy,
and now physiology .
Allan Ochoa Anatomy and physiology is the same series
@@aydenboire and in some universities, they are different courses :/
@@aydenboire how are they same? Anatomy is structure and physiology is function. They both are very different subjects.
@@craerae the comment said 'series' of crash course video and not subject
😂😂 exactly my condition now
can I just say that this channel has absolutely carried me through my senior year exams thank you so much
BRUH
Big Mike what
@@nissi2711 "Bruh", as in, he agrees
Hello, Crash Course! Contrary to most neurons in the body, hair cells in the labyrinth depolarize with an influx of potassium, not sodium (mentioned at 6:50). This strange behaviour is due to the peculiar potassium-rich composition of endolymph, the fluid that surrounds the cells inside scala media.
I was taught that as well
you are right
+Tomaz Lima i was wondering as well! Thanks, spares me hours of browsing =)
thanks you just saved me sir (Y)
I was thinking the same thing! Thank you!
Pretty sure I should graduate my degree from Crash Course rather than my university...
Same
Literally going to take a A&P exam in half and hour and I only studied using his videos.
mine's in about 5, and yeah this series taught me so much more
This Episode was corresponded with my professor, so yeah! Valid stuff!
Good one!
HANK IS ALWAYS HERE WHEN I NEED HIM, WHAT A LOVELY LAD
I'd like to say that you Hank Green are a genius especially at delivering the info. I am a second year medical student and your crash courses rock! I won't forget this favor you're doing to all of us learners ever!!! Keep up the splendid work!!!
Why sensory conflict makes us barf wasn't explained in the video, so here's why, in case anyone wants to know:
Conflict in sensory interpretations can be the result of ingesting something toxic. Because of this, our species has evolved to vomit when we experience sensory input, in case the cause is something poisonous.
PotatoGhost The brain assumes just about every imbalance in it to be the result of a poison. Probably a great trait to have back then but it's why "nausea and vomiting" are common side-effects in drugs now.
z121231211 Which kinda proves that it works because "chemicals affecting your brain" is exactly the kind of thing that this system is supposed to detect :)
PotatoGhost damn! ya beat me to it haha. I just learned this in my hemodynamics class.
SuperNazoBros. Wow!!! Thanks and love for sharing this 💚💚💚
It Makes the liquids for balance in your ear get messed up and you could get vertigo and stuff
Step 1: click on video
Step 2: pause
Step 3: adjust playback speed to 0.5
Step 4: continue
To 1.5
It is just my opinion here..........
But I think his speed and voice are just fine
I tried this and got so stressed when I changed it back to normal speed
@@craerae living life on the edge, are we?
Thanks
For anyone watching this, the mechanically gated channels in the hair cells are POTASSIUM AND NOT SODIUM
I once had the misfortune of experiencing what it's like when you sense of balance is disturbed by sneezing too hard. My brain suddenly start believing that THE ENTIRE WORLD WAS SPINNING. It felt like I was constantly falling sideways, but also down to the floor. Then when I was on the floor, I felt as if the world was trying to drag me on the floor and ceiling at the same time. Needless to say my brain was like "What the fuck is going on, physics aren't working anymore" For an agonizing 4 minutes, I felt like the reality was spinning on itself, which gave me a crushing headache so intense than dying would have been preferable to this sensory shitstorm. Fortunately, after about 2 ish minutes I felt the spin was slowing down and recognized that whatever it is that was disturbed in my inner ears was returning to normal and after about 4 minutes everything was back to normal again. The headache subsided after about 30 ish minutes.
From that experience, I can assure you that balance is the most important sense of them all and should never be messed with. You can live, admittedly with some difficulty, with impaired hearing, vision, smells or tastes and even without touch, which is actually the second most important sense, but balance? Our brains are just not meant to function without it. The pain is too intense. We would all commit suicide within the hour or maybe we would just shut down from the mental strain. I don't know, but I never want to experience that ever again. Holy crap that was crazy.
Ouch. I once vomited from too much spinning so yeah, I'm pretty sure we wouldn't even be able to keep our meals going in the right direction without it.
People with meneries disease or other balance disorders can experience vertigo as you just explained but for hours to days ive seen cases of it lasting 6months yes i agree it is definately up there with one of the worst diseases what is mors unfortunate is theres no cure and we are yet to figure out or get remotely close to solving it so yea awareness would be great
yesterday and before yesterday I had vertigo for 5 mins because my ears popped while sneezing
@@chevmonk5363 I had vertigo for an entire week.
YES! I ACED THIS SEMESTER OF A&P 1!! Thank you so much for putting these up.. I've probably listened to them 1000 times to get an easy to remember version of all the stuff I've crammed in my skull. Thank you thank you thank you! I hope you'll continue with A&P2 topics.. your videos are a miracle for humanity
I like how David Bowie pops up when it says the Labyrinth @ 4:22 . I love that movie.
Yea
nice profile pic *potassium intensifies*
you've helped me enter med school and now you're making it easier for me even in here....thanx Hank!
Weird how this was uploaded on the day my father woke up with sudden hearing loss (already has real bad hearing in both ears, with hearing aids) and it is accompanied by dizziness. Watching this put me at ease, I'm going to show this to him tomorrow, Thanks CC!
I found this video helpful in learning more about the ear. I actually have severe hearing loss with 70% in my left and only 40% in my right. Its because when I was born, I was born with less of the tiny hairs in your cochlea than a normal newborn has. In other words, I was born with a 30 year olds hearing and got a head start on my loss. This video actually taught me more about sounds and the ear, things that I didn't know already! Thanks Crash Course!!! I love your channel so much!
hard to put into words how grateful I am that a channel like CrashCourse exists! you're amazing! thank you!
I almost guarantee there is a blooper of Hank stumbling over "Beeping, barking, and Beyonce" 2:03
Yessssss... Sensory conflict is awesome... Something humanity has to get rid of in the future...
This video made my day. Not only is it incredibly informative, but also very entertaining! Thanks for alleviating my anxiety with both knowledge and humor.
I love your show. My dream is to be the female bill nye, or you. lol!! You rock man. Thanks for helping everyone study and learn!!!
Not Bill Nye. His show was annoying, and he wants to lock up people that disagree with him.
Abey Crabby the Science Nerby
best of lucckkkkk!!!! be you!!!!
BILL NYE THE SCIENCE GUY!!!
As an audiology major, this made me happy.
I loved learning the stuff to do with hearing in physiology, as someone who experiences hearing loss (and dyspraxia - which has something to do with loss of balance) I found it fascinating!
Stereocilia (hair cells of the inner ear) and how they can be damaged or structured differently gives way to hearing loss, because there is some disruption of the potassium action potentials between the stereocilia that in turn creates an action potential (or not) to send to the brain to be processed.
Biology is weird, but gives me so much insight!
I thought I'd stop using crash course in my a levels but here I am during my degree! Thanks for the useful vids
These "Crash Course" segments really help me put the stuff I'm learning in class together when I start to suffer from Info-overload! Thanks so much!!!! :)
This video is excellent!
All though one of the greater differences between endolymph and perilymph is that in the endolymph (the fluid inside the membranous labrynth) the most concentrated cation is potassium, not sodium as you pointed out so what actually goes into the organ of Corti is potassium.
Love your channel!
Hank/Crash Course are the best!! Very entertaining while providing a complete clear explanation of each topic.
Your videos about the senses have helped me so much with my science fair research paper and note cards, you are a literal life saver because without out this it would have taken a very long time to do and it could ruin my future. Thank you
Gotta love Crash course. So much to learn.
I had an ear tumour that damaged my incus bone, so it was removed! I had to wear a hearing aid for a year before I had a replacement bone. Woop!
***** It's very small, so it shouldn't be too crazy
But replacing the bigger bones that have things connected to them is a problem.
The ear bones are so small, and have no tissue connected to them so replacing them isn't impossible.
+FlyingJetpack1 They actually have muscles connected to them, tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle. The tensor tympani is has neural pathways that are responsible for the dampening (when a noise is too loud, a signal is sent to the tensor tympani so you can dampen the sound making it less loud). Hope that's helpful.
Sid Vicious That's actually interesting :o
lol XD
Are u lying
I'm glad most crash course videos have over a million views. Spread the knowledge
As others have noted (a long time ago), the Na+ influx should be amended to K+ influx at 6:50. (Love your videos by the way). It would be great to see these videos evolve hierarchically to link to more detailed videos of subcomponents covered here. Another entire video could be done solely on the sound source localization afforded by ITDs, ILDs, and the pinna and the amplification in the ear canals while introducing acoustical physics. Then another one on just the middle ear including the stapedius and tensor tympani muslces and their protective nonlinear effects on transduction into the cochlea. Then another 5 or more on everything that happens in the cochlea, like the stereocilia, tip links, tectorial membrane, and the activation/inhibition of the mechanically gated channels. Basically, I see this channel evolving into a encyclopedic web of related videos going into whatever depth the current frontier of a field has consensus on. NBD to pull that off, right?
You mentioned Grind-Core. I love you. xD
Awesome stuff. It's amazing to know this if you've actually had hearing problems like me. Mine was a decently large hole in the tympanic membrane that caused it to not catch low volume sounds and certain frequencies. I still have some trouble and can't hear some frequencies that people my age usually hear, but I'm fine because I had surgery to repair my eardrum. It started because my physician put in a tube to let out the fluid behind my eardrum because I constantly had ear infections. I love your videos guys! Good job :)
Nowadays teachers cannot teach right. I find myself going to CZcams countless times. If I could pledge more than the minimum to fund CrashCourse and essentially protect free eduction I would. The very first CrashCourse video immediately surprised me with the high quality information and style. This is something that's worth finding and I hope CrashCourse reaches their goals for the foreseeable future.
The coolest intro on CZcams
Thank you a lot for this free education.
Very helpful and funny.
Thank you so much for your videos! I have a biology exam in two weeks and your videos are helping to translate the nonsensical explanations in my text books!
hearing is pretty amazing. so complex. very well produced video.
I'm training to become a Corpsman in the navy as of now I watch you videos to better understand the body even more. Thanks!
I have a test over this in 2 days and this video was posted right on time. Thanks!!
Everyone talking about how this channel got them through their senior college years
Me: having to study this as a 14 year old
This is one precise and spectacular explanation on how the Hearing & Balance works. Thank you SOOOOOOOOOOOO much!
I'm taking a neuroscience class right now and this is super helpful! Thanks Hank!
I laughed so hard when he just went crazy on revolving chair
I seriously learned so much watching your videos than my actual professor
just thought this would be an appropriate time to say thank you for having the captions available! my ears are shit :(
+chillitz They also seem to not appreciate it when I blast crash course form the library computers.
Great video. Really helped me in my A&P course. Thanks for posting!
I love your channel and of course the way you explain things, you made it more clear than most of my teachers
Really big thank you for another brilliant video. So accurate and to the point, and full of excellent information particularly for the biology a-level.
You should have included the vestibulo-ocular reflex, knowing how the vestibular system is crucial to the ability to have stable vision, is pretty mindblowing :)
whoa.. love these videos. I can read material all day, but to have the explanation and the picture/video makes all the difference in the world for me! Thank you!
Excellent video, as always. The Green brothers definitely know how to make videos that are both entertaining and informative. I do have a small critique, though: personally, I would have split hearing and balance into two different episodes. Although both are tied to the anatomy of the ear, we receive sensory data about balance from far more than just our ears. This was implied with the discussion of sensory conflict (if we only have one sense contributing to our balance, there can not be sensory conflict), but it's important to note that the amount of balance-related information we receive from nerve endings in our feet, for example, dwarfs the amount of balance-related information we receive from our ears. All in all, the video was great, but I would have preferred a more extensive discussion of balance, which I happen to find fascinating.
It opens Potassium (K+) channels not Sodium (Na+) channels. I was really loving this video up until that point.
Why would it open (K+) gates? That doesn't cause an action potential but instead makes the inside of the neuron more negative and even further from the threshold voltage needed to trigger these impulses.
Oh nvm you're right... :3
The auditory system is different in terms of the way that it depolarizes because it uses K+ instead of Na+. The fluid outside the cells of the organ of Corti (in the scala media) is highly concentrated in K+. When the mechanical receptors on the hair cells (movement of cialia from vibrations of the basilar membrane) it opens K+ channels. The large chemical gradient (high K+ outside, low K+ inside) causes an influx of K+ ions that depolarize the cell causing activation of the Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels which promote the release of synaptic vesicles. This activates a neuron (in the auditory nerve) which synapses at the cochlear nucleus.
Another thing I should point out is that the membrane as shown in the video makes it appear like there are hair cells on the basilar membrane, this is not true. The way that the signal propagates is through a vibration of the basilar membrane, however, it is from the narrow stiff base (high frequency vibrations) of the membrane that incrementally gets wider and floppy (low frequency vibration) as it approaches the apex of the Cochlea.
Jordan Nixon i literally just asked the same thing before reading below. We good like that
I was about to make the same comment but realized someone would have noticed that too.
There's so much more interesting information regarding the processing of auditory information in the brain that you missed. This episode definitely needs a second part.
Best videos on youtube. Thank you, Hank, for helping me with my Psychology Degree! Crash Course for life.
I love how my brain is processing this lesson on how i'm hearing this video. Everything that he is saying is going on instantaneously.
Feel like i wasted time on tution. This is both clear and short while a 4 hour clz couldn't teach me half of this
Thank you! I always look forward to watching these videos.
never appreciate the physics of the hearing/balance mechanism this much. awesome!! three cheers to the ear!! and thanks for the splendid video.
Woah. Today is May 4. This was posted exactly 5 years ago 😳 damn, I didn’t plan this
Crash course philosophy
Also cool opening
Yes please
And physics! Oh, how I love the three Ps. Psychology, physics and philosophy.
Salomon Flamenco Who would host it? I will do evil things to take that spot.
VexylMusic Well I read comment (I forgot who put it, sorry!) that said it could be both John and Hank and they could talk about it and than discuss the pros and cons and I thought that was a really interesting idea. They could use this youtuber Philosophy Tube or Wisecrack
Salomon Flamenco That was my comment, mate. An interesting and awesome Idea, not?
love your guitar skills Mr. Hack Green!❤️
This was extremely helpful-thank you!!
idk y but the little bone vibrating at 3:14 makes me laugh so much
mariaarakal gosh SAME I sent this video to my friend and told my friend to watch the video from the same part hahaha *highfives*
ik why. because u're an f-ing perv!!! i was ok before i read this, and now i can only laugh too when i see it!!! shame on u!!!! :(((((
mariaarakal ha ha ha NOT FUNNY BRO I KNOW WHAT U THINK'en😒
These videos are going to be the reason I pass my A&P final
Man, this was perfect timing for me, just when my physics class starts learning about sound and the ear. Thanks Christ course for the help with my questions
ABSOLUTELY AMAZING
So is going deaf basically just going bald in you’re cochlea?
Potassium in the endolymph depol hair cells, not Sodium pal. Also depol by K+ open up Ca+2 voltaged gated channels, which lead to the release of neurotransmitters, which then stimulate the auditory nerve. Still love your vid
Hien Nguyen We just learned this my physiology class :)
Yeah! Science of sound. Glad your tour went well, Hank.
ROCK ON!
Your videos are so important. THANK YOU.
You're just hilarious, and cute, and the best
Omg! The epic sax guy!
I love watching your videos always a good kick. Makes me smile and enjoy learning even more !!!
This is an absolutely beautiful video. Thank you! Nice resource to show my students as a refresher.
More specifically, the brain concludes that moving while sitting still doesn't make sense and thinks you probably ate something wrong and now you're poisoned, that's why it wants you to throw up!
Will we go into hearing losses??
these videos help me on my tests in AP psych so much!!!! thank you!!!!
Those animation and the amount of detail.. Just LIT. 🔥🔥🔥
Does his guitar say "this machine pwn noobs"?
Jesse Silva It does indeed :)
Jesse Silva pwns n00bs* :) and it's awesome.
+Jesse Silva There are many components to learning anatomy. One resource I found that succeeds in merging these is the Anatomy Blueprint Pro (check it out on google) without a doubt the most incredible info that I have ever heard of. Check out this super site.
It's an ode to Woody Guthrie's guitar that says, "This machine kills communists".
+Jesse Silva There are several factors in learning human anatomy. One plan I discovered that succeeds in merging these is the Anatomy Blueprint Pro (check it out on google) without a doubt the most helpful info i've heard of. Check out this extraordinary site.
Like John Green
Comment for Hank Green!
Like and comment for both!
Have a good day :) love you both
Both :)
Ahmed both!! xD
Hank :3
TooGood c;
Both :)
Why are these videos so interesting to watch? They're really awesome! :D
Hank is my hero. These videos are a god sent for my A&P classes.
I just love you
i thought it was K+ that allows for the depolarization of the organ of corti in the cochlea rather than Na like you mentioned. can someone clarify?
yeah its K+ he made a mistake
This is a great summation of a semester worth course. There is no way i would've understand this without prior knowledge but hack, this was great! Also I am happy to realize I learned just a bit tiny more than the material in this video (hair cells are divided to inner and outer, each their own functionality).
Great vid anyway
Hot damn. This should be required viewing for every human! Bravo!
What if you're upside down? Doing a handstand, orrrrr spinning on your head?
Is there research about how the liquid reacts. I imagine, if you're spinning on your head, due to the acceleration, the liquid hugs the walls of the utricle and saccule, like the way most liquids in spinning containers do. Awesome!
Will we be getting into sensory system diseases sooner or later? I hope you guys do, this section of A & P speaks to me personally, having a hearing loss myself :)
How do you watch these videos then
The West Will Rise Again! Subtitles
Yeah, I get this often.
Having a hearing loss is not the same as being deaf. I can hear, just not that well compared to others. I have hearing aids, but I use a really nice noise-muting headset nowadays for my computer needs ^_^
Woodenfan was about to ask a similar question. i though this would have been a great opportunity to explain a little about vestibular disorders as well as hearing loss.
Like I said, I hope they get into that :)
There's different types of hearing loss as well, so yeah
This really helped sum up my physiology lectures so they’re easier to understand, thanks!
i am so glad I found these videos. it is making studying for a and p easier and more fun. i am going to add that I learned cranial nerve 8 as vestibularcochlea. anyways these videos are helping me better understand content for a and p
It opens K+ channels not Na+ channels on the hair cells :)
when our ancient ancestors first started evolving to come on land, did their ears have to make any significant evolutionary changes to adapt from water to air? can these remnants of these changes be seen today?
sheepwshotguns I'm pretty sure our tiny inner-ear bones are remnants of parts of the jaw bones of our fish/amphibian ancestors. I think that only answered part of your question, though.
Don't use we, my ancestors were no fish ^^
TheAlgerietop lol
Yes.
Matthew Davis you cant just assume that. They were designed perfectly to aid in hearing not a product of time and chance
Beautiful video!
what a beautiful piece of work
I am having a quizz tomorrow on the vestibular system and suddenly this video pops up.
is it a sign?
Mina Ihab Yes, it is a sign. A sign that clearly CrashCourse is watching you. Did you notice that van that seems to appear everywhere you go? They are following you, watching you. They know your schedule and your classes. They know everything!
Casper Joosten omg that scared me
anyway I got A on my quizz at least that's thing
Mina Ihab Aye, It's a sign that sometimes coincidences happen.
Mina Ihab Aye, It's a sign that sometimes coincidences happen.
I love grindcore
Thank you Crash Course for making these videos!