Anthropologist Debunks the Paleo Diet
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- čas přidán 9. 06. 2024
- Christina Warinner, Ph.D., of the University of Oklahoma debunks the paleo myth in her presentation at the 2016 International Conference on Nutrition in Medicine. Learn more on the Physicians Committee website: PCRM.org!
Join nutrition experts at the 2019 International Conference on Nutrition in Medicine on July 26-27 in Washington, D.C.! PCRM.org/ICNM
What is certain is our ancestors did not eat industrial liquid vegetable oils and large amounts of sugar.
Exactly. I haven't watched video yet but my first thought is how can you "debunk " a natural , unprocessed whole food diet? Is basically how everyone ate before mass production and fast food chains when there was practically no obesity and heart disease and much lower cases of cancer, migraines, allergies, to name a few.
But without the grains. I didn't realize gluten and beans were the cause of my stomach bloat, allergies and headaches till I went Paleo. So again, how can you "debunk" science -based facts where most if not everyone has same results.
Exactly..
Do we didn't eat fruit, and vegetables mostly sugar
You are right. They didn't eat dairy either.
I'm basing my health journey on the blue zones. The blue zones have been studied in real time with no guessing on what they eat or don't eat.
Mainly plant based with very small amounts of meat on special/celebratory occasions.
No sugar, no wheat, no dairy.
Whole food carbohydrates like potato, sweet potato and rice with lots of veges and salad.
This has been very healing for my autoimmune disease.
@@michellehashish5341 yeap they eat most of there calories from carbs so eat ulimate fruit, vegetables, and rice calories
We have to be the only animal in nature that doesn't know what we should eat
I don't think any animal know's what it _should_ eat, but they all know what they _want_ to eat. Humans are just intelligent enough to over complicate things.
@@MrC0MPUT3R no , many animals have in built systems, complex needs that support whole chains in ecosystems.
We seem to fuck up the world by our social structures creating needs beyond a subsistence circle of life type thing.
Humans are searching for smthg, some kind of transcendence that other animals font
@@69birdboy Cool. Next time my dog eats chocolate I'll just remember that he's got a complex ecological reason for doing so.
The reason for this is that we have become SO diversified in our diet, that there is no single answer. We are an opportunistic species without a specialty.
@@MrC0MPUT3R You seem to be confusing domestic pets with the millions of other living creatures on Earth that know exactly what to eat/drink in order to survive.
The reason why some are opposed to this clean way of eating is because they’re all addicts - a subtle (almost unnoticeable for some) addiction to processed food, sugars, fast food, etc. They can’t grasp the idea that healthy food is medicine, and sometimes the things that don’t taste so great are way more beneficial.
The debate is about what constitutes healthy food, or more specifically, the debate between eating meat and eating plant. Personally, I think a person could likely do well eating either or both, as long as highly processed food is generally avoided.
why would bad tasting food be good? your body literally does not want it. stop listening to other people and listen to your body
@@shellderpmakes sense. I'm assuming you don't salt or season your meat right?
Something else that I suspect was part of the "paleo diet" was periods of starvation.
fun fact: your diet matters little, if you fast regularly. Even if you only eat McDonald's trash, you would still improve in health, if oyu fast like 2-3 days a week (water only)
@chris evans in my current financial situaiton, i cant necessarily decide what to eat. THe decision is often "do i eat those cheap sausages OR do i eat this rice that has no minerals?" -For my current situation, regular fasting just makes more sense than whipping myself like a catholic, for every little bit of poison i eat.
@chris evans thanks, but i dont share this white-shaming culture. After all, the poverty and riches of whatever country, have to do with the machinations or their lack of, by the "elite" individuals AND the local social-political bullcrap going on.
Starvation then and forced fasting today to mimic the past…🙃
you mean "intermittent fasting"? Boy have I got a diet for you...
This lady is wrong. Clearly the paleolithic people hunted their prey using their smart phones and then bragged about how tough they were on the paleonet.
So much evidence using brunch selfies.
oooof
🤣
LOL
@LIFTING THE VEIL 🤣
What is certain is our ancestors did not eat industrial liquid animal produce and large amounts of industrially grown meat.
What is industrial liquid animal product?
@@leavesofchange milk
@Lucas Schult An interesting point
She says we don’t really have any adaptations to consuming meat and talks about our digestive tract being so long but fails to mention that our colon and cecum is so much smaller than that of our ape cousins. Also, isn’t it possible that we don’t have teeth like carnivores and claws like carnivores because tools and fire have been used for over a million years?
But we have brains that helped create technology such a methods of cooking, and utensils that make eating meat AND legumes. You cannot eat raw legumes, you cannot necessarily eat raw wheat grains.
she didn't mention our stomach acid PH either. as low as 1.5. Very useless or even counterproductive when it comes to digesting most plants
What's your educational background?
@@melissabrock4114 why does my educational background matter?
@@lukebroadus1816 I mean, do you know what you're talking about enough to be arguing against someone who's studied over a decade on this subject? Or did you just watch a few CZcams videos about it?
"advertising is very focused on masculinity, lots of meat"
yea, woman eat carots
She fails to separate her feminist agenda from nutrition science
God told Noah to eat the animals after the flood.
We never found a cave painting of a salad
"We are omnivores-thank you for attending." 👏👏🎬
There was no debunking here .
Only a rant that loops back leaving an open suggestion that paleo and other natural food diets are a better option that what we are mostly offered.
Or that *actual* paleolithic people didn't eat the present-day versions of farmer foods like yellow bananas, or modern-day broccoli.
Great talk! Bottom line: “Paleo Diet” isn’t science. It’s a marketing strategy.
@@robinbreeds9217 no it didn't from farming
@@hanssmith8901 Farming to blame for our shrinking size and brains
They discovered that some 10,000 years ago however, size started getting smaller both in stature and in brain size. Within the last 10 years, the average human size has changed to a weight between 154 and 176 pounds and a brain size of 1,350 cubic centimeters.
While large size remained static for close to 200,000 years, researchers believe the reduction in stature can be connected to a change from the hunter-gatherer way of life to that of agriculture which began some 9,000 years ago.
by Deborah Braconnier phys.org/news/2011-06-farming-blame-size-brains.html
The Paleo Diet is certainly far superior to the SAD and as well as some of the other trendy diets. However, it is too restrictive.
Right.. marketing... Look at that nice apple on her mic stand.. subtle but paid for...
@@kegeshook1734 or GAPs Diet
A note to clarify one point, the FORTRAN program in the ethnography book is on Hollerith cards which were invented in the 1880's, long before IBM was founded. Cheers from Canada.
She debunks an industry trying to make money on the "Paleo Diet".. but confirms the basic concept. I think the "Paleo" name only adds confusion to the discussion.. we should just all call it a "Non-Processed Whole Food" diet.
Wonderful idea of renaming the 'paleo' into a by far less testosterone-laden nomenclature. I'm behind it 100%. Then we needn't associate eating with heavy lifting, and we can avoid the Processed Chocolate Cakes by calling them: Chocolate Cake. Done.
I don't think you understand the idea of the "basic concept" of the Paleo diet.the diet's whole premiar to eat "like our paleolithic ancestors" which simply isn't possible.
@@melissabrock4114 I don't think you understand the basic concept of the word "like"... as in "as close to as possible".. sure if anyone thinks they can eat EXACTLY the food our paleolithic ancestors ate.. they are out of luck.. but the idea is to move in that direction.. so whole foods.. not processed.. etc etc... when you say you are debunking this diet you are basically saying (to many) there is no benefit in moving that direction.. when your own talk shows there is in fact a benefit.. so if anything you DO like the general idea, but have issues with the name .. which to me is is just throwing out the baby with the bath water. Maybe the title of this video should be "The Paleo diet.. bad name.. good idea". Or even better "What an actual Paleo diet looked like"... or "So, you think you're eating Paleo huh?" . If calling the diet "Neo Paleo" would make both the anthro and modern nutritionist happy, I am all for it ;-)
@@digdugd oooh Semantics...my favourite!
so basically, we ate Meats, Vegetables/Grains and Fruit and not pancakes, cupcakes and pound cakes
Agree. Nor chemically treated bacon.
And they only lived until 40, dying from heart and circulatory disease.
@@jlmur54 That is false, and the way you get that number is by subtracting childhood death with the average lifespan. (ex. a family has 2 brothers that are born, one dies at birth, the other one lives to 100, average lifetime for them would be 50) Heart disease/circulatory disease is virtually unheard of even in todays untouched tribes that still eat the human diet, aka raw meat. Look up Dr.Weston A Price here on yt ( search for Weston A Price old footage)
Keep an open mind and don't shut this information down because you "feel" it's not right.
@@saradomim and the Inuit still die early because of their diet.
@@jlmur54 no. Modern inuit die because of their diet because they are eating modern western foods. As early as the 1870s they were using flour and other gains and sugar in their diets. Previous to that they ate almost exclusively high fat meat and lived long healthy lives.
The funniest Paleo dessert recipe I've ever seen is for a chocolate raspberry paleo tart.
🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣 it's so much bs
Did you find that using paleo wifi?
S O N J A It is! Pure marketing hype!
Starchivore88 😆
@@starchivore2317 🤣🤣🤣
Length of GI tracts:
Humans: 20-30 feet long
Lions: 20 or so
Wolves: 20 or so
Cows: 23-over 40
Stomach PH
Humans: 1.5-3.5
Wolves: 1-2
Cows: 5.7-7.3
Our teeth are different because we use tools to kill and cut up prey. Why do so called doctors and professionals ignore this?
We're not eating grass. Of course we're not like cows.
@@Preservestlandry We aren't designed to eat plants. Period.
this was very interesting to watch and it helped getting things into perspective.thank you!
So I was with her at the beginning, okay archaeological records, measuring isn't accurate and the veg we cultivated are the ones we ate...but then she shows that we couldn't really eat those veg in large quantity and that they where unpalatable. Then she moves on to rediculous claims, true. And the rest kind of went off on a tangent.
BUT was highly entertaining, no? I did find her comparisons of processed packaged 'paleo' to be clever and amusing. She needs to move off paleo, and back to her scientific research eh?
How does this "debunk" the Paleo Diet? Flagged for misleading title.
Her argument also bolsters the idea that early diets were very animal food centric while she attempts to argue against it.
What wild plants did pre agricultural humans eat in order to provide enough calories to function? Especially during ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years. This talk makes no sense.
Yeah,I did not get past the intro. Her squeaky dry voice and complexion told me exactly where this talk was going to head. We are not vegans,never were,and cannot be in a natural world. Most verieties of fruits and grains are less than 1000 years old. The originals were very small,hard to harvest and less sweet. The people of south america had corn,but it was small and hard.
One vegan told me that northern Europeans survived off nettles, dandelions and acorns
The point is that they aren't interested in truth, just scoring debating points
@D C feel free to list what plants we ate in the forests of Europe, especially from October till may
Super fascinating! Thank you so much for sharing!
Her whole argument is targeted toward one small piece of Paleo. Anyone who knows paleo knows that the magic is in the plant based portion of the gut healing process. did you address leaky gut?
Paleo is Atkins revamp with the backing of the meat industry.
Most paleo focuses on meats not on the plants. At least not lately. Tons of paleo guys have jumped on the carnivore bandwagon.
@@redragna3648 I hit like is because I mostly agree. Paleo diet has been grossly misrepresented and although I do not follow it, because I like to ear legumes once or twice a week. I tell people if someone say paleo eats more meat Thant vegetables, to run!
" wild birds lay small eggs that are hard to predict " You can set your clock on the date and time wild birds lay eggs.
The first minute: she finds herself great...you can skip that. You’re welcome
No kidding. Really enjoys her own resume. Then her snarky sarcasm got to be overwhelming.
I believe it's called "presenting your credentials" - by telling us her (impressive) qualifications and experience, we can then decide how much weight to give to her findings (as opposed to, say, opinionated anonymous online know-it-alls, including myself). You're welcome (o:
How did she “debunk” paleo?? She literally endorsed it.
Just because it isn’t truly paleolithic doesn’t mean meat isn’t an amazing superfood.
@@jensboettiger5286 LMAO superfood straight into the ER by 50 with ED and heart disease. Early brain degeneration and inflammation.
@@taramoon9307 wrong! Absolutely wrong. I and BILLIONS of others are living proof that you are seriously misinformed.
Meat, properly raised, cooked, and consumed is healthy per our tens of thousands of years of proof.
Your looking at the wrong thing.
Seek knowledge on oils, factory farmed meats, and alcohol, for example if you want to understand ED and heart disease.
@@crungefactory bro there are 2000 year old Inuit mummies with extensive atherosclerosis of the heart and brain, one as young as 20 .
@@crungefactory the mechanism that gives you heart disease from farmed flesh is the exact same from hunted animals. High saturated fat and cholesterol, chronic inflammation. The reason people didn't often DIE from heart disease historically is their life expectancy was like 30 years . they died from trauma, infections , diseases etc.
Thank you for the content, please leave links to sources where possible in the description box,, that would really help💚
I'm a Medical Anthropologist and there were good points along with important data points left out here. I would say epigenetics should have been discussed in the beginning. The archeology record does show hunter gatherers were on average taller, had better teeth and much less evidence of infectious disease than agriculturist societies. We also have Neanderthal fossilized poop that shows a diet that was around 90% meat. Humans are definitely evolved to be hunter-gatherer omnivores. Also there is no hyper-masculinity shown in the ads just masculinity and I do like eating a big pile of meat myself but I want my fruits and veggies along with it! The diversity of whole foods is definitely important and our industrialized food production over focus on limited items being concentrated into much of the food that many people are limiting themselves to is producing bad results along with all the environmental constimination from pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals that are being detected in our water supplies, rivers and oceans.
Well said, moderation is the key.
"We also have Neanderthal fossilized poop that shows a diet that was around 90% meat.". no it just shows that he eat a lot of meat before pooping. we don't know how often that happend.
very very good ...finally got answers to many questions !
"Reprogram your genes. I guarantee, no one can do it for you." What do you mean by that? I cna agree you can't change your genome, but changing gene expression is perfectly valid. There is a whole branch of science who research this and it's called epigenetics.
And you think Dr. Warinner is naive to epigenetics? I didn't think so. She was being humorous with her statement about reprogramming genes, I thought it was funny anyway!
Epigenetics does not change your genes. I guess you have a different definition of reprogram. Because I take reprogram to mean change your DNA. Which isn't a thing.
that's what I said when she said that. She just dismissed a whole branch of science
@@Preservestlandry you can reprogram your computer without changing the CPU or any of the circuitry inside. You can change how it functions. You can't change your genes but various environmental factors including sleep and diet can indeed change how they function
@@Preservestlandry I never said epigenetics change your genes. But it can and will change your gene expression.
so if the plants were so unpalatable - did we eat more shore food? Claims, seaweed, fish, and tubers?
And animals, birds, eggs...
Yes
I feel like people really tend to mix up keto, carnivor and paleo a lot. Like on paleo eating just very greasy and meat heavy . . Some do it, but it is not what it is about. Eating lots of veggies, nutriendense and without isolated carbs like suggar and flours, food addatives as well as avoiding very commen foodsensetivities. The focus on meat is on high quality intead of quality and adding organ meat for their high nutritional value.
Advisory On Moose Liver and Kidney Consumption
The Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that the liver and kidneys of moose not be eaten because of possible contamination with the heavy metal cadmium. Several states, Canadian provinces and Scandinavian countries have issued similar warnings.
While cadmium may accumulate in the liver and kidneys, there is no known health risk from eating the meat of moose or deer. Air pollution from copper and nickel industries and from the burning of fossil fuels accounts for much of the cadmium deposited in eastern North America. Cadmium is ingested by moose with their food.
Maine health officials recommend that deer liver consumption be limited to 0.8 pounds in one sitting and 1 to 1 1/3 pounds per week. Human symptoms of acute cadmium poisoning include severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps and salivation.
I just eat the veg I can grow. So during the winter and spring, that means meat eggs and dairy only. Veg only in it's season. Seems like it's doing me good so far.
I second this. I feel like her understanding of paleo and primal is very superficial, and she just picked the worst parts she could find, that definitely not everybody follows.
@@Richardj410 Now do the same research about Husky liver or seal liver.
Guess what, eating too much liver could literally kill you. What a surprise.
@@spacemeter3001 an oversimplification.
I just keep asking myself how does she manage to keep all of that information in her head it’s just amazing to hear her speak. Thankful for this!
Are you kidding? Most of what she said is just vegan propaganda, false statements, wrong interpretations or lies by omission. Im' afraid she was not speaking as an anthropologist but rather as a plant based diet advocate.
There are really too many points which are totally wrong or at least very discutable to make a short answer right now. I'll post later a longer answer and it'll take me probably some time.
@@Noegzit Well, the why don't you make another video debunking it?
@@johnnyblue4799 That's an excellent idea johnnyblue, but I'm afraid I am probably not enough fluent in English to do this right now.
@@Noegzit Do it in your native language and people will use auto-translate.
@@johnnyblue4799 I don't share your optimism regarding automatic translation. Voice translation first requires understanding what the speaker is saying and what they are talking about (the words, the meaning of their statement, the context). It then requires accurately using the correct terms despite the differences that may exist between languages. Let me give you an example. Sometimes I have difficulty understanding everything the speakers say in videos on CZcams. I grasp the main points, but I may struggle with a few words (this largely depends on the speaker's enunciation). Therefore, I often rely on auto-generated subtitles (and definitely not auto-translation) to help me with any words that might escape me. One day, I was watching a video by Rhonda Patrick on metabolism, and she repeatedly pronounced the word "mitochondria." I was very surprised, and I must admit, a little amused, to see that the subtitles for that word were "my dick Andrea"! However, Rhonda Patrick is a woman, and we can easily imagine that in a presentation on mitochondria and metabolism, the chances of her talking about her penis, which she would call Andrea, are relatively low.🤣
Isn't high levels of quality vitamin c (as well as other vitamins) found in the liver and other organs of many animals? chriskresser.com/natures-most-potent-superfood/
I'm an Inuit (Eskimo) man and my ancestors
almost exclusively ate meat. Vitamin D was found in fish and seal fat. We ate most of our foods (including red meat and fish) raw and somehow managed to survive in the harshest inhabited environments on earth. If we couldn't eat and thrive on raw meat than I couldn't possibly exist.
We don't have huge canines because we've never used our teeth for hunting. Our teeth however are very well suited for eating raw fish and meat, I know because I've eaten many wild foods raw and it's not difficult to chew most of them.
There are 7.8 billion people on this planet, all who came from ancestry from many different groups from different places. We are not all the same so why would we assume most people should eat the same things. We wouldn't expect polar bears to eat the same as brown bears would we?
you are absolutely right, I just eat meat as long as iy has lots of fat.
Fascinating.
You are so right. Humans evolved in many different environments and adjusted to the foods available. My paleolithic ancestors lived in Europe at a time when the climate was cold and vegetable matter was scarce. If we had not adapted we would not have survived. Now, if we're going to assume humans were ever full vegans we'd have gorilla-like stomachs to hold the amount of intestine needed to digest large amounts of plant matter.
I have hunted in the MacKenzie Mountains and in the Northern Rockies. If we were dumped in there at any time of the year with no food, any human on earth would want meat rather than eating the weeds or fir and spruce needles. There would no other choices.
We are the only animals that are perfectly evolved for throwing spears, sticks and rocks. We have more sweat glands than any other mammal which helps make us perfect distance runners, a trait that only makes sense if we were persistence hunters. The ability to run extremely long distances at moderate speeds is not useful for a herbivore. Humans need to consume fat and protein in order to survive, we don't need to consume carbohydrates. Our bodies can synthesize the carbohydrates we need. Our brains need omega 3 in order to fully develop, which is found in high levels in many animals. It's not very easy to find omega 3 in fruits, vegetables and grains. I could go on and on showing evidence that we evolved to eat meat because we evolved to eat.
27:50 how did she just deny the whole existence of coconut and palm fruit?....zero chemicals or "industrial processing" is required to produce unrefined palm oil, a staple in the West African diet for countless generations
She disproves her own point by stating that much of the vegetation we eat was once largely inedible and nutrient deficient.
🤣 "congratulations, you played yourself"
And it's still a mistake to eat it.
I dont get how some idiots still justify carbs not to cause chronic diseases. I'm referring to excessive refined and processed carbs. Just look at the USDA food pyramid and how the obesity rate significantly increased in the last decades especially in the US. Ridiculous!
Joe Rogan should have her on his podcast
"Wow, interesting, hmm, that's really compelling. That's definitely possible."
One week later: "I'm here with Alex Jones and we have only eaten meat for a year. We're fuckin' cavemen."
He would probably agree with her that we should be eating more whole foods, liver, and bone marrow and less processed food. I eat similarly to Joe and I agree with a lot of the critiques she made of the paleo diet. I dont think she debunked it as well as she thinks she did. 😂
This has been known for a long time .
I think, at least in terms of dietary science, Joe wears his ignorance on his sleeve. But I do think he like presenting 'certainties' to us(his audience). He wants to keep it simple and give us something we can follow in our personal lives. This researcher isn't dealing in certainties. They're presenting the complexity of real science. I think she'd be a very interesting guest on JRE, and I could listen to her talk about her research for 3 hours. But I doubt it would be an entertaining enough interview for the God's @ Spotify to let her on their air.
Spot on
Michael Eades says there is a basis in the archeological record. He shows research using stable isotopes, and cites the Cassidy Study (1980 Nutritional Anthropology), and also extensive study of Egyptian mummies and their cardiovascular disease that comes from eating mostly wheat. I would like to see some side-by-side research that compares Warinner's hypothesis with Eades. Seems like you can cherry-pick any research to match your bias.
You posted this a year ago and you have yet not seen the video you replied to?
For one I'm not sure Egyptian mummies are the best to compare as there was a lot of incest involved which would've severely impacted the health of the mummies when they were alive. So not a good comparison.
@@grisflyt Here is some real science on the Paleo diet: czcams.com/video/qn5zdWucv6I/video.html and czcams.com/video/3fewDdSUSwg/video.html It is the second video.
@@itzakehrenberg3449 I'm on keto. I don't eat cereal, vegetable oil, fruit, other than avocado, tomato, olives. I do eat some strawberries when in season with whipped cream.
My point is not that I disagree with OP, but that the video isn't about those things.
@@grisflyt The second video I linked above does talk about these things though.
5:10 wait, is she's literally saying that epigenetics does not exists or matter? It's not about changing your actual genes, but changing how your genes are expressed
I was shocked by her saying that as well because it has been found that environmental factors, diet, exercise things like that are able to influence how genes are expressed. So the fact that she negates the ability to turn genes on or off makes me weary of believing everything she is presenting.
@@xmissxvictoriaxSame here I was shocked by what she said. She wants to explain us that the paleo diet is a fad diet but she doesn't even know than a diet (among other things) can modify the expression of our genes.
I'm glad that others noticed this too.
@S. Giles I find it a weird lecture because there are not so many year round available fruits and vegetables in nature. Even today the last hunter gatherers rely a lot on meat.
I think they're irrelevant to this discussion, epigenetic processes are not fully understood, and people claiming that eating a specific way will change them in a specific way is surely false. Beyond this, epigenetic change due to any other factors is kindve irrelevant to the discussion of diet.
I have the U5b2 genotype. The same as Cheddar Man (caveman) paleolithic era. Didn't his diet consist of seeds and nuts, red deer, aurochs (large wild cattle) along with some freshwater fish. Isn't that a paleo diet? Isn't that what my ancestors survived on for thousands of years? They were hunter/gatherers, not farmers. I've never tried a paleo diet, but I think I'm going to because I just found out I am histamine intolerant and most of the foods I've been eating are causing me great distress. No more tomatoes, spinach, aged cheese, citrus, yogurt, chocolate, wheat, sauerkraut, etc. - all the "healthy" foods I love.
How did you find this out? What test you take?
@@mattkeene1188 If you're talking about the U5b2 genotype (mtDNA), I did genetics testing. My son also did testing with another company that verifies the genotype. If you mean how I found out I'm histamine intolerant, I have a long history of symptoms, plus there was a genetic health assessment for genetic conditions in the genetic testing. I don't know what other genetics testing companies do a health evaluation. I used CriGenetics, my son used 23andMe (They do a health test but I don't know if they test for histamine intolerance). You could call the companies and ask. I hope that helps.
actually what she recommends we eat, at the end, is what most people identify as a paleo diet (a whole foods, natural products, diet).
Almost true, Paleo advocates could based on this information include whole grains to their diet and still be considered on the “Paleo diet”.
ya - its more the philosophy , and assumptions behind the paleo diet that are in error. The diet itself is far from unhealthy
No what she said was that we are plant and fruit and seed and tuber eaters like other primates. Humans are not omnivores like raccoons or carnivores like cats. Humans are frutarians
@@pinkiepinkster8395 very funny comment. if you have any clue about biology you immediatly know the human digestive tract resembles that of a carnivore (looking the same as a cats gut)
Also, one thing I want to add and it seems it's something a lot of people don't know is that herbivores like cows (and also primates like gorillas) feed from bacteria protein and fatty acids.
They don't get nutrients directly from plants. They eat plants/fiber to feed the bacteria in their gut, and then the bacteria multiples and the fermentation produces fatty acids and that's what they truly eat, a high fat and high protein diet from the bacteria, which is an amazing system very different from ours. And that's why they have big bellies, for fermentation.
Humans don't work that way anymore, we have to get it from other animals.
Thank God for the CZcams comment section where non-experts with no background and training can come and correct experts in their fields.
“No one has eaten more meat than a Lion”. I think she don’t know who Sv3rige is 😆
sverige still eats fruit. He does it in a couple of his vids, because even he realises that humans can't live on raw meat.
@Red October and your not a little bitch for talking shit about Lucifer on youtube instead of saying it to his face? XD oh man i love the comments section. Sverige is not a violent guy and you can have a conversation and he will actually act like a decent human being most of the time. at least he doesn't get violent.
So Sv3ridge is eating between 25 to 43 kg of meat a day? 🤪 This just shows how completely clueless you folks are.
@@jackieOAT to be fair mate they don't eat every day, when they eat that much they won't eat again for days or weeks
@john m - this is a quote from the study you linked: "It is therefore very difficult to estimate which [explanation] accounts for the pattern observed in bulk Neandertal bone collagen.". Very different from your statement. No need for name calling.
How are stomachs with a pH of 1.5 and vestigial caecums not evolutionary adaptations to eating large quantities of meat?
Eat whole foods, prepare them properly where need be, and vary it up.
How did she debunk it exactly? The paleo diet is focused in the modern age, so of course it advocates using our modern foods. Also the paleo diet includes fruits and vegetables. Most of her arguments were just nonsensical, and had no basis in an actual paleo diet. Definitely not a takedown in any way.
blue222blue yes, but she is pretending that paleo adherents believe that they are eating an entirely Paleolithic diet and don’t know about the advancement of vegetables. Of course they know that they aren’t eating ancient vegetables. But their “paleo diet” is based in the modern age, so they use what is available to them now. Nobody on the paleo diet believes that they are eating a literal and exact Paleolithic diet.
@@johnchrd They believe a heavily meat based diet with no grains or legumes was what ancient people ate and she debunked that pretty quickly... did you even watch the video? Also demonstrated there aren't many if any physiological adaptations to eating meat.
@@friedtwizzlerman3295 How do you know what they believed? Paleo is not anti-carb or anti-vegetable. Paleo mostly focuses on fruits, vegetables, lean meats, nuts and healthy fats. People confuse paleo with keto/carnivore a lot.
So.... basically she gave the same presentation word for word that she gave six years ago. Nothing new was said which means she hasn’t really done anything research wise.
Right, but worse than that, what she said were lies. That's an even more prescient point. She's a lying agenda driven propagandist.
Why am I reading your comment in a Chris Kresser's voice?
@@BadassBikerOwns why do you say such a thing? Did you not laugh yourself at the many lies and omissions? Didn't you laugh when she said thst during our evolutionary history we ate primarily "lean small game"? Didn't you cackle at that one? Of the complete absurdity and sophistry of that comment?
She also didn't debunk the Paleo diet, she just t emphasis on plants over meat lol. She seem to have an agenda. Wouldn't be surprised , she works for the government lol.
what more does she need to present? the information presented disputes what paleo advocates suggests was the diet of paleolithic people. she does it with facts. she doesn't need to update b/c she already has the facts - paleo people ate tubers, legumes...essentially a lot of starches.
Excellent presentation! Watching it for the third time!
@Chief - I don't think you got my point... My point is look at the science. Should I look at uneducated opinions on internet coming from people for whom the best counter argument is an ad hominem attack?
She's a lying propagandist. This talk is a disgrace.
I loved the talk. Thanks!
Great breakdown of information. I wish everyone would see this video!
Why do we have to supplement more on a plant vs. carnivore diet if we are evolved more to consume a plant based diet?
Im surprised with this comment section. Please re-watch this presentation without your anti-vegan or carnistic bias. I’m reading people being angry about claims she didn’t even make and she is not advocating a vegan diet. Her only point with this presentation is to show that the marketed paleo diet is not paleo and the problem is much more complex. Just because your beliefs are challenged does not mean they are wrong. Go investigate fairly with a mind set of learning instead of trying to prove yourself right. For the love of all that is good listen fairly to what people have to say and stop imposing your inaccurate beliefs on others to feel good about yourselves 🤦🏻
well said
Well, I will only guess that a lot of people came here with their excess baggage of prejudice.
When she did not discuss N15 from the get-go, it was hard to take her seriously as an anthropologist. When you look at the studies showing Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens having higher N15 levels than wolves, foxes and hyenas, and even the anthropologists who did the studies don't seem to make the connection that humans were more carnivorous than these canines, it makes you wonder about the curiosity of these scientists. How can you look at these numbers and not draw the obvious conclusion that we humans are first and foremost carnivores?
@@davidgmillsatty1900 Good point
@@seaslob2820 It's like they can't see the forest for the trees.
I'm not really done a paleo diet, but as fare as thought your trying to pin down the diet, but ends up confirm what i've read was the base of it. No refind and processed food (like sugar) Omnivores eath what they find, but i also beleave there are some consensus about human eating all the big game until there where almost none left..?
What is certain is our ancestors did not ingest inorganic metallic iron filings "fortified" into foods, nor did they have inorganic copper and inorganic iron in birth control pills and falsely called "placebos."
Nor were we as depleted in magnesium and ceruloplasmin-bound copper.
Search "Morley Robbins" for more information.
From this video, the point is that there is no one correct diet for everybody. We are in heavy food processing right now,and the paleo diet is a good idea. However, each person has his own uniqueness, so the diet that suits everyone is also different. We should learn how to find the right diet for ourselves.
she presented carefully selected evidence to present her case and says some things that are purely wrong, she says humans would eat small game and organ meat, why would they throw away the rest? we do in fact have evidence of humans hunting mammoths, maybe even to extinction. She is also advocating as an European, what I assume to bunch of Europeans to eat plant-based, would like to see what kind of local plants and fruits do the Scandinavians or other northern populations eat during the winter.
I live in norway, and no way I would be able to rely on plants during winter, lol I prefer meat.. my chickenns and rabbits do well on what can be found here:)
where i live they also ate other humans, it was widely done. and known. so you would have been on the menu. stone tools no metal. and this was only done away with fairly recently.
@@Ganpignanus i don't see an issue, concerns about cannibalism are mainly ethical not nutritional. I would probably eat a person too, in medieval Europe it was popular to consume human organs as medicine as well.
She clearly described the Vikings and other Northern Europeans as milk drinkers and alluded to fermented milk products (and fermenting in general for a wide variety of cultures) . . .thus keeping cows (duh) through the winter, creatures who helped keep them warm in turn. Certainly in Winter inhabitants would kill and eat what they could, and in Summers the lingonberries (or their progenitors) were eaten in turn. Please provide the evidence that somehow humans 'ate' the path toward Mastodon extinction. That's a lot of poundage to chew through.
Admittedly, all sides can and seem to cherry pick in presentations similar to this one.
For me I found many of her modern day food comparisons absolutely hilarious (and compelling). Smart chick. I am sure she has moved on from debunking paleo, back into her natural realm of deep, thoughtful science. I appreciate her cavorting around in modern culture however - refreshing!
AND refreshing for her to summarize that we need to be adaptive in our consumption strategies, and eat a wide variety of food stuffs for optimal health (no bandwagon for her).
Someone mention she is not 'fit' looking, like a paleo eating physical trainer/lifter. It's true. She is a brainiac researcher - this does not happen in the gym.
@@eugeniebreida1583 it has been a long time since I've watched this, at what point does she mention Europeans eating meat in winter?
Humans arriving at mammoths locations coincides with them going extinct at those locations and it wouldn't take much, since they already had a low population.
I enjoyed your lecture and learning. Looking for more of your lectures! Thank You
She keeps saying "meat meat meat" when the truth is: 2 million years fat-adaption.
Fun fact: many people today have crooked teeth and overbites due to thousands of years of eating softer more processed food. Over time our jaws grew shorter and wider.
Very interesting, thank you 👏👏
except it's all wrong
@@greenfield1944 in your brainwashed flat earther brain it is yes :D:D:D:D
When she said something about "hyper-masculinity" I thought "oh boy here we go..." But she was pretty good. Be weary of any fad diets. She makes a lot of sense.
Many of the people who have tried the Paleo diet have been amazed by the results.
@@KB-sv7fm you bet, having your body cannibalize itself its always going to give amazing results!! on any context.
@@emiliohoms6491 When I was first diagnosed with diabetes my mainstream doctor wanted to put me on this complicated diet. I talked to a doctor in Integrative Medicine. He told me about the Paleo diet. I have much better blood sugar control. Even if you don’t follow it EXACTLY you still could have good results.
@@KB-sv7fm oh, so you don't have diabetes anymore?
@@emiliohoms6491 Once you have diabetes you will always have it. I could control my blood sugar better with the Paleo Diet because it removes many common allergens like dairy , corn , gluten , soy, etc.
Excellent presentation and done with a good attitude.
That was an amazing presentation! Mind blown🤯
How to up gut microbiome diversity?
Eat less industrialized(=sterilized) food?
step two: avoid antibiotics, including antibiotic residue in the meat you consume.
step one: be born to a mother whose microbiome was not already reduced from antibiotic exposure.
There are probably things you can do to partially restore lost microbiome diversity, although I have not read much about that. Perhaps you could take probiotics, or get a fecal transplant (I know, ewww!).
Don't drink tap water
avoid antibiotics whenever possible, so avoid meat.
eat fiber, this keeps your microbiome happy, eat more fiber, most westerners are undereating, NO MOOOORE (not all at once!) (seriously, build it up slowly & wash your legumes)
and of course, eat a variety of different food to get the most out of them (WFPB)
drink more water to help you with the fiber
after these three steps, add probiotics like sauerkraut etc. there are nutritionists & docters on youtube that have video's on this including links, like 'Pick Up Limes' & Nutritionfacts.org
@@michaels4255 I would take a fecal transplant from a truly healthy young human any day. No 'ewww!' about it. This material will be the most sought after on the planet one day very soon, if it is not already. Irreplaceable, irreplicable. 'Natural' healthy humans are very hard to come by.
(In many cultures eating sh_t in 'yellow soup' and similar was not unusual for people with certain diseases. Dogs and many other creatures eat feces. There must be some benefit - expanding our microbiome diversity is extremely important.)
This is an amazing video. Thank you for posting this.
Excellent presentation. Thank you for sharing it.
Thank you for this video.
Great and very informative talk.
Orchis mascula or the early marsh orchid has an edible root from which a food called salap or salop was made from it.
Sahlab/sahlep/salep may be the better spellings
Not only mascula but many other old world orchid roots are used like militaris(genus orchis)
What about Weston. A Price? Were just gonna ignore all his work?
Yes.
That’s what I was thinking he did long study of communities
@@edwards1148 On their dental health yeah sure lol
@@ApexRevolution yes he did, he was a dentist
I love this. Thank you for sharing.
If you were a Neolithic person living in what is now London, what plant's exactly would you have consumed? Potatoes came from the new world along with all of the night shades. No Bananas either . Brassica's were cultivated much later. Hunting wild boar, deer, rabbit etc. seems like a more plausible food source, and we would have likely eaten the entire animal, to include breaking open the bones and skulls.
UK was mostly forests, if you did your research, you'd know there are hundreds of edible wild plants, mycelium and edible trees in the UK. Many plants in the UK that are considered weeds are quite nutritious, and have been around for thousands of years. Living entirely on wild animals would cause rabbit starvation, you'd die from malnutrition.
look at the poop of our ancesters. Their fiber intake was around 90 gram and meat has no fiber in it
@@skedi33 did you look at it personally?
@@Flobb1t those edible bullshit plants come with anti nutrients since its their natural defense mechanism because they can't run. If you think during Northern winters you would of survived berries and bullshit leaves I would of been glad natural selection to have done its job on you. Northern eurooeans egen today are huge dairy consumers.
@@Flobb1t Our forests had an abundance of wild animals. I am from Romania and our bear population is oversized even today Lol.
Her whole issue seems to be with the label “paleo”. If the diet was originally named “inflammatory food free” then I guess as an avid archeologist, she would have no bug to bear. Modern farmed GM wheat and refined sugar is the root cause of lots of autoimmune conditions, joint pain, fatigue etc. Check out “what the wheat”
I agree. I had had hashimotos and I have fought it with paleo diet
Preach. I my keep fibromyalgia,.cfs and severe depression under control with the paleo diet.
Inflamattory food free...There is no evidence that grain cause inflamation except in those with preexisting allergies and even then, it's not system inflammation it's local inflammation in the gut. The diet name you are proposing would be just as unscientific and just as dumb.
@@redragna3648 Do you live under s rock?
@@aa.4639 Rock, no not last time I checked. But I do remember the definiton of an ad-hominem from rhetoric.
Thanks Christina, for using real anthropology science to debunk the Paleo meat diet myth!
debunk what ? her argument is nothing primates have less of a lower intestinal tract we are omnivore right and what is wrong with that ? She also missing point of seasons of food available and why our lower intestine developed more than monkey our gut is more like a Bear and why our stoumch Acid is like a Wolf
She didn't debunk anything. At the end she supports a nutrient dense and natural food diet, which what paleo diets advocate for.
@@cypriano8763 humanities.exeter.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/title_84572_en.html Dr Outram has an ongoing research interest in past human use of bone fats, i.e. bone marrow and bone grease. It is only relatively recently that fat, whether on people or in food, has become deeply unfashionable within Western society. This current perception tends to distract one from the extremely important role that the procurement of fat played in many past societies. The calorific value of fat is much higher than that of protein or carbohydrate, by a ratio of 9:4. As such, sources of are very unlikely to be ignored by people under any degree of subsistence stress. Fat can also be used as a fuel for lighting, for waterproofing animal skins and a host of other craft purposes. Bones are an excellent source of fat. Their marrow cavities are packed with fat and the rest of the bone can be broken up and boiled to extract grease. The processing of bones to extract fat will leave a very specific pattern of fracture and fragmentation within archaeological bone assemblages. In order to study these patterns, Alan has carried out many replicative experiments in fracturing bones. He has applied his work to the study of Mesolithic assemblages from Britain and Alpine Italy, Palaeoeskimo and medieval Norse assemblages in Greenland and a Neolithic hunting site in Sweden. His work has shown interesting trends in levels of bone fat exploitation, which are almost certainly related to levels of subsistence stress at particular times of the year. This work was continued with a study of Icelandic medieval Norse sites, funded by the British Academy. The Greenlandic Norse were under exceptional subsistence stress and had to process their bones for every last drop of fat. In the end they had to abandon Greenland, having been forced to eat their dogs, but they never fished despite a plentiful supply! The Icelandic Norse did fish. Is this extra food resource reflected in the level of bone fat processing required? Alan is currently studying the bone fat processing practices at a Plains Indian village at Mitchell, South Dakota. This is a site where, c. AD 1000, maize horticulturalists and bison hunters may well have been producing very large quantities of 'pemmican', a mixture of dried meat, berries and bone fat. At this site, he recently carried out an experiment into bone grease rendering and pemmican making.
@@cypriano8763 Neanderthal diet, lab samples of the feces were pulverized and examined for spectroscopic identification of their chemistry. In particular, the researchers looked for compounds created when bacteria aid digestion of meat and vegetables. news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140625-neanderthal-poop-diet-ancient-science-archaeology/ The results identified four fats associated with meat. But two cholesterol-related compounds that are an unambiguous fingerprint of plants also turned up. "They were eating a lot of meat," Sistiaga says. "But we believe they were omnivorous."www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/evidence-for-meat-eating-by-early-humans-103874273 The first major evolutionary change in the human diet was the incorporation of meat and marrow from large animals, which occurred by at least 2.6 million years ago. www.americanscientist.org/article/meat-eating-among-the-earliest-humans Meat from the occasional animal forms only about 3 percent of the average chimpanzee’s diet. In 2009, Claudio Tennie, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, and his colleagues developed a hypothesis that offered a nutritional perspective on the group hunting they had observed in the chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, in Tanzania. According to this hypothesis, the micronutrients gained from meat are so important that even small scraps of meat are worth the very high energy expenditure that cooperative hunting entails. Important components of meat include not only vitamins A and K, calcium, sodium, and potassium, but also iron, zinc, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12; the latter, although necessary for a balanced primate diet, is present only in small quantities in plants. In addition, macronutrients such as fat and protein, hard to come by in the environments where chimpanzees live, may be important dietary components of meat-eating. This chapter examines the oldest known archaeological evidence from 2.6-1.5 million years ago (Ma) from several sites in East Africa, to improve understanding of the diet and related behavioural capabilities of early human ancestors (hominins) from that period. The archaeological evidence from the period consists of both small scatters and large, dense concentrations of flaked stone tools often found with fossil bones of large animals. The proportions of different skeletal elements, particularly once-meaty limb bones, and the abundance of stone-tool butchery damage on those bones, indicate that by 1.84 Ma at the FLK Zinj site at Olduvai Gorge, hominins had first access to prey carcasses. Moreover, mortality (age at death) profiles suggest active hunting by early Homo rather than secondary access to scavenged carcasses. Evidently, early Homo was repeatedly transporting meaty portions of large carcasses for delayed consumption and probable food sharing-behaviours characteristic of humans, not apes.www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199694013.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199694013-e-5
chicken has about half that amount -- roughly 1.4 milligrams of coenzyme Q-10. You’ll even get a small amount of coenzyme Q-10 from an egg. A medium hardboiled egg offers 0.1 milligram. www.livestrong.com/article/256149-what-foods-are-rich-in-coq10/
@@cypriano8763 No I'm sorry you can't think your way out of a biological need. Some people can last longer on a vegan diet than others. I've read a lot of ex vegan accounts and there were some who lasted even 20 years but eventually had health problems. Some people have better genetics for converting things like beta carotene into vitamin A. Body builders and athletes are usually on gear and supplements. I don't believe it. Lots of ex vegans have come out saying while they were vegan they had vegan CZcams's who told them they took fish oil on the side or got very sick and started eating animal products but still promoting a vegan diet. I don't trust vegans, the ones I know are either unhealthy physically or mentally. I've seen fruitarians emaciated.
Замечательная лекция!!!! Спасибо большое!!!!!
AMAZING conference !
Alright, I like the level of detail she's giving and I find her presentation more convincing than the usual of this type. But I have a lot of questions. One is, if only the elite amongst the Maya were allowed to consume animal products, what does that say about the value of meat?
I'm also wondering why she says we have a plant-adapted gut based on its size when the size of our GI is more comparable to carnivores than it is to our nearest primate relatives.
The value of meat came from it's rarity and it's difficulty to process, where as plant agriculture you can keep all of your food in one place and not have it run away from you.
Shes wrong on the gut part thats been debunked time and time again. Meat in eastern european cuktures was a staple, not a luxury.
With all the information she's puts out somehow it still seems biased and doesn't convince me. No matter how you slice it or dice it the Mediterranean Diet seems to be the most optimal for humans and stats prove it.
In regards to the thought that human GI tracts are closer to carnivorous - On average, carnivores have a GI tract length of 3-7 feet. Herbivores have a length of 10-12 times the size of their trunk. This easily put them above 10-15 feet in length and most times, more. Looking at humans, our GI tract is 30 feet long on average. Simple Google search to find this info. This instigates that we are natural herbivores, not carnivores.
Not to fight on this, it's just the facts and I'd be sad if you went your life telling others that our GI tracts are that of a carnivore, when they factually are not.
@@kaminski1ayla surely this has more to do with the ratio of gut length:body mass than absolute length
Yesterday i had great paleo protein bar with my raspberry shake, ofc paleo frendly
Very interesting and informational. This film made me understand lots of professional knowledge. Thanks for sharing this.
This does not contradict the overall message of the Paleo camp that humans eat meat. Of course Whole Foods, but other than sustainability why the vilification of animal foods in general?
Very informational. I like the simple, clear style and mentioning different studies and facts.
Christina Warinner, gotta make a mental note of that name because this lady is just inspirational! also can we please include her name in the video title?
A few major holes in her assertions; firstly that we're not designed to eat meat, yet we have four organs purely for digesting fat, our stomach acid is stronger than most carnivores and nearly as strong as scavengers, and the length of our GI tract is far closer to a carnivores than even apes.
Then for the hunter-gatherers data, saying its heavily skewed to the artic regions doesn't address that nearly all of the other hunter-gatherer societies still follow similar diets; Hadza in East Africa, Batak in Asia, Piraha in South America, Spinifex in Australia. Regardless of continent, hunter-gatherer societies still live on mostly meat, milk, and if they can find it, honey.
Nuts and seeds have fat.
Our stomach acid isn't very good, it doesn't digest bones like a cat.
Did our ancestors lift weights 5 days a week though... Lean meats, and eggs are working great for me.
They just ran dozens of kilometers a day and risked their lives on a daily basis to hunt enormous wild beasts with tools they made themselves...
Wow! Fantastic podcast! Thank you so much for this wonderful and enlightening info!
2:20 Since when are the Vikings considered pre-history?
Haha I stopped right there! If 1400-1000 years is pre- history then you gotta wonder when history began! In a historical view the vikings are modern! I’m fifty five, 20 old farts like me after each other and you are in the era of the vikings!
I don't know. But while we're discussing them, I wish I could consume all that milk they supposedly thrived on. These days it causes cardiovascular disease. Bummer for me.
right, I'm sure the Masai were drinking milk long before them, and ancient Israelites were already dreaming about milk and honey
Awesome talk! Thanks
Super eye opening ... Thank you kindly 😁😊
This is really informative
Word
What plants and starch did northern Europeans eat - even in summer there's just about nothing to eat
They stored them underground.
I grew up in Germany. We always found lots of wild berries in the summer, as well as fruit trees. Grains were harvested in the fall for winter consumption.
Dude, I live in Norway...
@@ModernLady so list the starches your ancestors lived off before farming
@@lf8238 we are talking about pre farming
Go to a forest in Germany and tell me how you would feed a tribe of people
I think scientists are missing the point of the Paleo Diet.
This is a clickbait title.
Fantastic Lecture! Thanks for sharing this.
Very interesting ! The point you make about wholefoods and diversity in the diet rings very true. Thank you for this video - it really makes me think about what I eat and what form I eat it in
Has she ever considered our teeth lost the carnivore structure due to the invention of fire. This made chewing meat easier and could have affected our teeth structure over time
just one straight question without any studies - why it can reverse diabates, if you have an anwer go ahead
Diabetes is caused by intramyocellular fat. (fat In muscle tissue)
If you want to prevent diabetes, eat low fat.
If you want to reverse diabetes, eat low fat.
In other words, plants prevent diabetes, while fattening foods such as meat cause it.
@@anarchy7741 Wrong. Diabetes is insulin resistance which is caused by eating high amounts of sugar and no fiber to cushion it for the liver, which ends up causing inflammation to the liver and pancreas, which controls insulin. Eating a high fat diet and eliminating sugar reverses diabetes. Diabetes is a "mismatch disease." Humans don't need any carbs to survive, actually, since we can convert protein to glucose via a process called neoglucogenesis. A low fat diet can actually cause a lot of harm and deficiencies in the body.
@@RachelKreynin
Ha.
You don't even understand the mechanism....
@@anarchy7741 no sis you dont
@@karga9014
When you eat carbs, the carbs turn into sugar (glucose)
In response to this, the pancreas secretes insulin.
The insulin joins together with the glucose and enters the muscle cell.
If the muscle cell has to much fat, the sugar cannot get absorbed.
This makes the pancreas secrete excess insulin.
So if you remove the fat from the muscle cells, the problem goes away.
I agree that true paleolithic diets were varied globally and over time, but I think we should still look to the past for inspiration and guidance, and eat more primitive foods, and primitive processes like soaking, drying, grinding, cooking, fermenting.
I hope she is as critical of the modern food industry and our industrialized diet as she is of the paleo-diet. Does she propose the same corporations that made us sick, now make us well?
Perhaps we need fewer people. Hopefully we won’t solve that problem with corporations.
Now please say what they ate in the Winter when there are no plants
Nuts like acorns, tubers like cattail and carrot, seaweeds, dried berries, seeds like pine nuts and wild grasses, there is a lot of food out there if you know what you're looking at and where it's found.
Animals
Also potatoes and other root vegetables.
@@SI-ln6tc Potatoes came from South America after 1500, but there were other tubers that they ate, such as beets and turnips.
@@cuscof2 Beets are about 430 kcal per kg, turnips 290. Nothing like modern, high-calorie tubers.
Thank you for the information, food for thought.
This lecture was awesome! Dr. Warrinet is magnificent!