Artificial Lights on Exoplanets, Sun's Black Dwarf Stage, Iron Asteroids | Q&A 202
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- čas přidán 4. 05. 2024
- Can there be habitable worlds around black holes? Where did Mars get its perchlorates from? How are iron meteorites formed? How will the Sun die? Will China succeed with its Moon landing? All this and more in this week's Q&A with Fraser Cain.
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00:00 Start
01:10 Book Club: Termination Shock by Neal Stephenson
03:21 [Tatooine] What happens during Sun's black dwarf stage?
07:26 [Coruscant] Is climate engineering a good idea?
11:24 [Hoth] Can we see city lights of exoplanets?
15:42 [Naboo] Can there be habitable worlds around black holes?
21:01 [Kamino] How are iron meteorites formed?
24:27 [Bespin] How did Mars get its perchlorates?
26:03 [Mustafar] How do we measure sea level when there are constant waves?
28:45 [Alderaan] Will SSTOs ever become a thing?
33:54 [Dagobah] Is China landing on the Moon in five more launches?
38:05 Outro
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You are free to use my work for any purpose you like, just mention me as the source and link back to this video. - Věda a technologie
One constant that we can always count on is that most solutions to a problem have unforeseen and unintended consequences.
[Alderaan] I just wanted to add, the reason for 2 stages, specifically, is that the booster's sole purpose is to get the rest of the ship into space and the purpose of the rest of the ship (the space ship) is to move around in space. Building the space ship to be efficient in space precludes it being efficient on planet. Building the booster to be efficient in the atmosphere precludes it being efficient in space. So any ship made to go from the surface of Earth to any destination in space will always need at least 2 parts if built to be efficient.
There are ways around this - making as low mass an aerodynamic skin as possible, using aerospike engines, etc. But what you said is mostly true. Of course, you could always just brute force it. You can tell just by looking at it that Lunar Starship is (mostly) optimized for flying upwards within an atmosphere. However, it is so insanely overpowered for its intended mission, that this is not a problem (and its manufacturer can afford to do this because it's just an offshoot of a project they were working on for a different goal).
@@jeffbenton6183 Don't get me started on aerospike engines.
I believe with the continuing development in engines and the improvements in specific impulse it might be possible to "brute force" it now, where in the past it probably wasn't possible. I think, though, that efficiency will always matter. Why lug a booster around in space when you don't need it anymore?
Hello everybody :) looking forward to this! Thank you Fraser and Universe Today team :D
Speak for yourself eh. I'm north of the majority of Canadians in Anchorage and I've been getting flooded out for the past year. Rising water levels isn't just the ocean it's also the DIRT. Soil is melting. You can walk around Anchorage and see methane coming up in bubbles in parking lots. Gets worse the further North you go. I'm in the middle of planning a move because this house will have to be demolished as the water level has come up too high to make it not feasible keeping the basement water free. This global warming thing isn't gonna be happening over twenty,thrity or fifty years. It could happen next Friday and it could be ten degrees or more. All this methane is gonna release at one time and we are getting close to that tipping point. I've been in this ice box for over 20 years and have watched changes every year. I run a nursery and wild plant business and am well acquainted with the natural world. The natural world is changing faster than anyone knows.
It’s going to happen fast, like the younger dryas except no space impact. Mother Nature will win
I'm in the smack-dab middle of the Midwest, and have watched the planting zones move for 40 years. I used to be in Zone 5. Then, living in the exact same place (it was literally yards away, the last time I moved, and 1 mile before that), I was in 5a, then 5b, then 6, now at the edge between 6a and 6b. I've watched the storms get worse, and the droughts get worse, over that time, too.
I've had to drastically change how I grow my gardens, now having to use soil additives that both loosen it to help it drain so it doesn't flood AND hang onto water longer during a drought. So yes, I understand what you're talking about, even though the specifics are different.
@@MaryAnnNytowl Yah I run a small nursery. I knew over twenty years ago that the growing up here would improve with the heat. And it has. Try planting comfrey for your soil issues.
I watched documentaries about the soil melting and fossils being found in it along with ancient viruses. I live in South Jersey, close to Philadelphia, not too far from the Atlantic Ocean, and I have seen a lot of changes in the past 20 years as well around here.
The release of methane from the high Arctic is one of the great unknowns of climate change, and unfortunately I agree, the change could be ridiculously fast as in one summer season have megatonnes of methane released. We have no plans for that, no way of really dealing with it other than probably to try to grow some methane-eating microbes but at our core humans are still primates chasing after the newest shiny thing. There are times where I feel like some of the most advanced societies that have existed are the ones that understood how to live mostly in harmony with nature rather than trying to become its master. The earth may show us yet who’s the boss, and it won’t be pretty.
Imagine a civilization with a planet orbiting a small black hole, and them being just used to it.. 🤯
Hope they keep feeding the black hole because otherwise say bye heat
Fraser,
Here’s a black hole question, though it requires a little setup…
As understood, the universe began primarily as a bunch of hydrogen (?)…
Then stars formed, fused hydrogen into heavier elements, exploded and spread those elements out, new stars formed and produced even heavier elements, etc.
I don’t know how many generations of stars have existed, but it is over the generations that heavier and heavier elements have been produced (you know the story).
Along the way, black holes have also been produced (as a part of the evolution of stars?)
The only two ways (that I’ve heard of) for “anything” to come OUT of a black hole… is through Hawking radiation, or (is it) quasars.
Quasars do not deplete a black hole entirely…
And, I find it hard to believe that a black hole will “evaporate” completely, leaving nothing behind.
SO… (here comes the actual question):
Isn’t it possible, that with their stronger gravity, black holes ultimately take “fusion” past the limitations we currently believe to exist… and that the cores of black holes may contain far heavier elements than what we know to be possible?
Referring to Hoth, my guess is a spacecraft like that would take 10-20 years to develop. Even if a program started in 10 years, it wouldn't launch for another 20 likely
Looking for city lights on other planets is a bit like Percival Lowell looking for smoke coming from cities on Mars.
(In Lowell's day all advanced cities had smoke-stacks belching thick smoke from steam-engines and coal fires.)
Even though Lowell HIMSELF had warned against this "projection" from Earth to Mars....."We may speak of Martian beings, but we must not speak of Martian Men."
As a Canadian, what do you think of the idea of bringing Churchill Rocket Range back on line and attracting small payload companies (including Canadian ones) to it?
Hoth
Hoth
Great show as always Fraser
Thank you ☺️
I was reading a recent publication about GRB 211211A from late 2021 and got curious. This gamma ray burst lasted for 50 seconds, but it was also remarkably close to us. What are the chances that previous GRB's could be similarly affected such that their distance moves us out of alignment with the blast so that we only see them for a brief instant? Sorry if this has been covered before, it just never ceases to amaze me the sheer scale of the universe.
Thanks for all the information you and the team put out! Always a pleasure to tune in
I'm sure you drive a car or some other type of gas engine right? You probably depend on one to be able to live so it's not very easy to just not use it because literally anyone who owns a vehicle has to depend on it to do whatever they have to do to survive. My point being is don't get mad at Fraser, be mad at these huge corporations who are at fault for ruining your home and everyone else's and all the lives lost to climate change
@@aaronjust5862 I'll assume that reply was meant for someone else and wish you a good weekend. It doesn't really track with what I said, and rather than bickering I'd prefer to put a little pleasant back into the universe. Take care and have a good one
@@Josh-ify I seriously don't even know how this comment got here, it's the right channel but from a TOTALLY different video! Sorry! 😂 Have a Merry Xmas!
@@aaronjust5862 haha. No worries, I've been there! You as well!
Dr Seth Shostak answers your questions about SETI (2005)
Q: What is the maximum distance at which SETI can detect signals which are not deliberately beamed at us, such as normal radio telecommunications traffic?
A: Our best SETI experiments to date could detect Earth-like “leakage” signals at no more than 1 light-year’s distance. So not too far.
Fainter broadcasting signals and continued digital switchover means Earth will soon be RF undetectable to extraterrestrials.
Thx brother 🙏
Good Work, love your comments.... Kamino
On the subject of city lights, I wonder about bioluminescence. Is there any way we could definitively differentiate between a possible biosignature and a technosignature? I mean, what if we're looking at Pandora and everything's glowing?
HOTH. As our telescope tech keeps improving, it seems to me lights on a planets surface will be a pretty solid evidence of "something" happening, at any rate.
[Alderaan] Staging makes a lot of sense! :)
I'm a little surprised no one proposes staging between LEO and escape velocity to other planets...
Boost a ship away from earth, detach, flip and burn, and the booster circles back to earth for refuelling and re-use..
The idea of having the booster is that you need a massive stage to get out of the atmosphere but you don't need it in space. Once the booster has detached, you are left with a ship that should be designed for efficient manoeuvres in space. If you boost away from LEO towards another planet you gain nothing from discarding a second stage until you actually have to slow down at the destination planet. At the destination planet you will need similar thrusters to slow down that you used to leave LEO, so it wouldn't make sense to discard them. That pretty much just leaves the fuel tank which you can't discard without being wasteful unless it has a thruster attached.
@@roccov3614 Yep.. the fuel used on the destination burn is equal to the fuel used on the arrival and return burns combined..
So by detaching half your ship and returning it to earth, you have half as much dead mass to slow down on the arrival burn..
The ship doesn't need as many engines for arrival and return, because it has almost half the mass by then..
Plus the booster can be refuelled and boost another ship, long before the first ship returns..
The high escape velocity needed to leave earth's deep gravity well, is much like the high boost needed to leave the atmosphere..
Once free of earth's gravity, a ship is fairly free to roam.. :)
@@D_Rogers I'm not sure. Sure, you would use half your fuel to leave earth but what you detach is just an empty tank whose weight might be negligible compared to the weight of the whole ship. Plus, if you have 2 thrusters, one for each part, that would add extra weight to the initial ship. Also making 2 separate ships with 2 separate tanks would be a lot heavier that just one ship with one thruster and one tank. I haven't crunched the numbers, but I don't think you can get the same level of advantage that you get from the first booster stage.
@@roccov3614 Yea, the interplanetary ship designs I've seen usually drop 2 tanks after the destination burn, and keep 2, one for arrival, one for return..
The arrival tank is then dropped after the arrival burn..
Like NASA's Copernicus NTR proposal..
But I'm resistant to the idea of just throwing huge tanks into solar orbit. Most of the mass of ships is propellant tanks, so there is considerable weight saving, but reuse seems desirable to me..
Reusing the destination burn tanks seems doable..
A ship built for Mars, would have enough propellant and engines to return it from Mars..
A ship built for Europa, would have enough propellant and engines to return it from Europa..
But both ships could be hurled from Earth with the same booster, reused a few months apart..
Rather than sending all that top notch engine hardware on a years-long trip, it would return to earth for reuse..
There are also propellants that store well for years, and propellants that perform well, but not so much both! :D
The earth booster could use, high performance propellant, like an NTP engine using hydrogen - because it gets refilled many times a year.
The main returning ship could use (NEP powered) ion engines with xenon propellant, which can be stored for years, no problem..
Having a system in regular use, that is dropping empty tanks everywhere, just seems a bit wasteful to me.. :)
Mustafar - Always wondered this, but could not produce the question. Great show. Sub'd
nice questions
Hey Fraser, have we ever used our planets as gravitational lenses before? How effective is it and could we use Jupiter to see more of Proxima Centauri?
I was wondering how effective Jupiter would be as well, because it’s such a long time to wait to use the sun. Perhaps trying to maintain the correct distance and orbit around Jupiter is infeasible too though. Very interesting question, hopefully we get an answer in a future post!
Too small, it takes something close to the mass of the sun for the lensing effect to occur. Also the planets are too close.
hello fraser, a question popped in my brain. i was looking at pictures of ingenuity and i noticed that its solar panels are on a support placed above the blades and it has quite a small area. so my question is, wouldn't it be more practical to lay a sheet of photovoltaic panel directly on the four blades of the drone? i mean, you can have more surface area, less mass (you don't need the extra support above) and maybe with the movements of the blades it can clean them from the sand...? i mean, when i think about it, i imagine that the panels on the blades could create problems for maybe moving charges that generate magnetic fields (maybe) or maybe solar panels on the blades would make static electricity that prevents the sand from falling off. or maybe other things? i don't know. could you clear mY doubts? thank you and keep up the good work
Coruscant gets my vote but it was a close thing - they were all interesting
Was the DART mission so successful because of the composition of Dimorphos, being loose conglomerate of rocks and dust?
If we attempted a similar impactor test on a metal rich asteroid like Psyche, would an effective redirection require a far more massive impactor? Is that simply a function of the asteroid's mass, or is the asteroid's composition a factor, too?
Kamino
Just my own guessing process here (so by no means a definitive answer to your question):
I would think “composition” would definitely be a factor… although, perhaps in a way that is opposite to what you mentioned.
A “loose rubble pile” type of asteroid, would have greater “absorption”, and may require a stronger push than something more “solid”, which would absorb less of the energy that you impart to it.
Like I said, just guessing 🤷♂️
Hello
Thanks for a great show.
I have a question, would it be difficult to put a satellite with a high definition camera in a very low orbit around the moon. So you can, for example, see the landing gear of the Lunar Lander?
Why would you want a photograph of the landing gear of one of the lunar landers taken from low lunar orbit? I'm trying to understand what the point would be. We know what the landing gear of the lunar lander looks like.
I love the black dwarf Sun question, tatooine.
Alderaan. Great answers as always
Thanks!
About the Climate Crisis... I'm in the smack-dab middle of the Midwest, and have watched the planting zones move for 40 years. I used to be in Zone 5. Then, living in the exact same place (it was literally yards away, the last time I moved, and 1 mile before that), I was in 5a, then 5b, then 6, now at the edge between 6a and 6b. I've watched the storms get worse, and the droughts get worse, over that time, too.
I've had to drastically change how I grow my gardens, now having to use soil additives that both loosen it to help it drain so it doesn't flood AND hang onto water longer during a drought, BOTH. I have to cover the soil with things like straw to help slow down the pouring rain and hang on to moisture during dry spells, for example.
Light pollution is so freaking bad in places that I would wager more intelligent species out there would stop making so much of it. We can't even see POLARIS in some cities in North America, for crying out loud! I hope we will be able to see continents and asteroid mining before we see lighting. That would mean they're smarter than we are.
The black hole system sounds fascinating! But I'd prefer we study any potential life found on Mars there ON Mars. And I REMEMBER those early plans for the shuttle! I was reading about them in magazines way back then!
I really, REALLY want fully reusable multi-stage to orbit rockets to work well! The only thing I hate about spaceflight is the messy waste. Well, and the detritus we are filling the skies with that could make spaceflight impossible for decades because of how much is there.
Showing off is exactly why WE went to the moon, so we can't fuss about China doing it. As for the Star Wars planet name? I wouldn't choose that by which question I liked the most, LOL!
Sounds like you're in my age group, Mid 50's. When I hear Fraser and others say, "Oh we'll get this project up by the mid 2050's." I hate it because chances are I won't be around to see it!!!
Prepare for Unforseen Consequences, Mr Freeman!
Made me feel like you were doing a subtle hint 🤔
Naboo. Question regarding human space exploration, do you think we should be doing crewed missions to near earth asteroids to 'test' exposure to interplanetary space before attempting to go straight to mars?
QUESTION...Hi Fraser! My question is: In order to make Mars habitable in likeness to the Earth that generates its own Magnetic Field to protect the atmosphere and life upon it from solar radiation, could we not in theory direct high voltage current directly into the Mars core to artificially generate a magnetic field sort of like a magnet does around iron filings? And would it be possible to calculate the minimum voltage required for this effect? Thanks.
Coruscant. Taking AP Environmental Science right now so it was an interesting tie-in, I hadn't really heard that take on Climate Change before, I like it.
Is the link to the book club missing from the description?
Hi Fraser. I have a question that has stayed with me for a while now that I just can't wrap my head around. Based on JSWT recent released observation, we have seen galaxies (like CEERS-93316) which is one of the furthest galaxies we've seen to date. Light has left this galaxy ~13.6 billion years ago and we are seeing as it was ~235 million years after the Big Bang. Does this mean that at that time, this galaxy was 13.6 billion light years away from us? I've always imagined the Big Bang as a "bang" followed by a gradual expansion of matter. But I didn't expect it to be more than 13.6 billion light years of expansion in the first 235 million years. Just when I thought I had it figured out, I learn I know nothing :). Thank you in advance for your attention. Love the show for years now.
Hi Fraser, question here. When we look at distant stars we are looking into the past and probably some of them are dead but we are receiving the light just now. Can the same logic be applied to planets orbiting these distant stars?
The same temporal shift occurs no matter what we are looking at in space, so yes. A star and it's planets are all seen how they were in the past at the time the light we are seeing with left them. The same applies for all things we can "see" on the electromagnetic spectrum.
as in chemistry water is typically measured by/from the bottom of the meniscus, i can ONLY imagine that 'sea level' is also gauged by the average lowest point of ocean level despite the waves.
The problem the X33 had was the composite fuel tank. it leaked and was fragile. But there was no funding provided to fix it (or even replace it with a steel tank which required no research to build). The engines worked and were tested.
I'm sure the aerospikes will be back.
Tatooine.
1. Can we de-orbit Phobos and Deimos to inject heat and gas (by vaporizing subsurface ice) to decrease the engineering tolerances necessary for manned missions?
2. Why not release clouds of gypsum or salt into space at the Lagrange points? The clouds would disperse or coalesce over time making the cooling effect temporary. This could be done in orbit of Earth or Venus.
3. Could we use a large mass of fissile material to melt/bore down into the crust of mars to release heat/gases from the interior of Mars? This would be akin to an engineered Elephant's foot from Chernobyl.
If you de-orbited either of the Mars moons, it would be like crashing huge asteroids into Mars and make the place very bad for a long time. You can't disperse material into the Lagrange points because they're not stable. Anything you put into L1,2 or 3 will just drift away.
We can barely dig more than 10 km on Earth, I can't imagine trying to bore through the crust of Mars.
The best solution is to put a solar shade at the L1 Sun-Mars lagrange point (with propulsion to keep it in place). That stops the solar wind from blowing away Mars atmosphere and will let it start to build up a thicker atmsophere. It'll melt the CO2 icecaps and thicken the atmosphere even more to the point that you could get liquid water.
@@frasercain The impact would be much softer than a normal strike and faster to recover from because of a much lower impact velocity than normal impacts.
The instability is factored in because you only want the cooling effect to be temporary anyway.
We can’t exactly drop a large mass of refined uranium into the ground on earth. With a nuclear drill all we are doing is sticking that material in a crater and letting heat and gravity do the rest. No digging involved except for an initial shallow shaft and infrastructure to keep the fuel separated enough to remain sub-critical until it is ready to be joined together.
You talk about the blueshifting of light from the universe as it appears to a civilization living outside the event horizon of a black hole. What does that say about the radiation environment experienced by that civilization? It seems it would be much more energetic, or damaging, than what we experience in "normal space" and much more intense (experientially) because of time dilation.
If their time dilation is 10x, then the radiation from outside -- stars, microwave background -- will have 10 times the intensity.
Fraser, you seem very confidant that reusable stages is economical. This is in contrast to Thunderf00t who thinks that they are not. And he shows numbers and calculations. Can you justify your position with real costs? Reducing the cost of engines only pushes things in favor of single-use, especially for the first stage.
10:50 stock footage was taken in Québec! There are Québec flags!
How would you distinguish city lights from lightning storms, lava eruptions, moon reflections or other natural night-time light sources? While forest & wildfires are proofs of life, they don't require civilization as an explanation. Earth has city lights and all those others all the time… could we tell the difference from stellar distances? Determining the source(s) of night light seems difficult… Cool to observe but problematic to explain.
Hey Fraser, I agree that currently SSTO isn't viable. There's to much stuff you need to bring with you, the tec isn't quite there. But in the future, when infrastructure is built up on orbit we may only need to get people to orbit on the regular. Then a people mover only capable of LEO, is a good option. At some point building and flying IPT missions from the ground is going to be the inefficient way of doing things.
Hey Fraser, hypothetical for you.
If for some reason no rockets could launch from earth and all the escape pods / return vehicles were damaged on the iss preventing any of the astronauts from returning to earth. How long could the iss support life before the astronauts sadly perished. Would they die of starvation or thirst or would the life support fail before this happens?
Sad question but always been curious
Thanks and Merry Christmas
I once read that it's stocked with enough food for a full crew of 6 astronauts and fuel for orbital adjustments for six months before it needs a resupply mission.
Fraser, my wife is Chinese. In "Chang-E" the E sounds like "eh?" like the Canadian trope, including the rising tone. I think Wikipedia has a pronunciation, or you can hear it spoken via Google Translate.
Oh interesting, I figured it was pronounced similar to hungry. 我饿了
@@frasercain No, it means "4th".
My vote is for Hoth! Hi Fraser, is quark stars stable like neutron stars or are they totally theoretical!
The state in question is color-flavor locking, where you'll have equal number of up, down, and strange quarks. Normal matter has up and down quarks only.
Whether or not this is expressed at some greater pressure but _before_ it turns into a black hole depends on the exact value of certain parameters that's not yet known (last I heard).
LOL, sorry, you'll get a notification about a comment left here, so I'll explain... I accidentally left my video comment here, not where it belongs. I had lots and lots of furry help.🐈🐈⬛ Hey, it's an excuse, but a true one!
So, when I noticed what I'd done... I came back to fix it. 😄
One of the ideas to solve "Global Cooling" was to be to cover the poles with soot, to melt the caps and heat up the planet. This makes me ask, what if 'they' are wrong? What if the changes in the earth's climate are within the natural system, and the supposed solution causes bigger problems?
24:50 casually talking about drinking Mars lol 😂
[Coruscant] Wouldn't dumping sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere lead back to acid rain?
Other options to increase atmospheric albedo include:
• marine cloud brightening - nano crystals from salt water in lower atmosphere.
• calcium carbonate - micronised particles in the stratosphere, with the benefits of sulphur dioxide but no acid rain.
Micronised calcium carbonate is likely to help rebalance ocean PH, too, when it eventually falls back to sea level, but there's still the issue of unintended consequences if we attempt this at scale.
well the repositioning of the solar gravitational lense telescope would take years kust to move it to a different position
Saying geoengineering has unintended consequences, says volumes about the actual confidence in the science of climate.
Aerosols are hard to control however, and I think shades hovering around L1 would be better and allow to testing on specific regions of earth. Perhaps you could do an 'eclipse' during a punitive heat wave as a small intervention and see what that does. Do small tests. Build theories and check them out.
Can the sulfur dioxide be removed from the atmosphere after we've switched over to a green economy therefore negating the need for the sun shield? Love the show! Thanks for all you guys do!
One of the advantages of adding sulfur to the atmosphere is that it doesn't last long. To reduce it, just stop adding it. This has happened naturally via vulcanism. I don't recall the half life; it may still be long on human scales but it's short compared to the carbon cycle. It also depends on the altitude it's put into.
I was thinking, if you are near enough to a black hole that time dilation was significant the Hawking radiation would also be blue shifted (assuming it works the way he proposed, which I'm still very doubtful of). So even when the CMB became too weak to power your civilization, you could point you solar cells at the black hole since it's decay would be greatly accelerated in your reference frame.
I was right, it didn't completely prove it, scientist are leaving open the possibility other black holes may behave differently but the collision they measured with LIGO did behave as Hawking predicted in that the total area of a black hole’s event horizon - and all black holes in the universe, for that matter - should never decrease. And these did not after the collision. Either way, you gotta LOVE Black Holes!!!!
@@theoptimisticskepticSorry, I'm a bit confused. Isn't hawking radiation caused by the splitting of virtual particle pairs by extreme tidal forces at a black hole's event horizon, resulting in a blackbody emission from the surface of the event horizon of the black hole? How is the data gathered at LIGO (a gravitational wave detector) relate to hawking radiation?
@@zachcrawford5 I heard Hawking just made up the virtual particle explanation because his actual explanation is too difficult to understand.
Pretty insulting if true.
Fiery Mustafar this week!
The presence of perchlorates in the top layer of the Martian regolith doesn't necessarily preclude the presence of life. There are many halophilic terrestrial microorganisms, mostly in the Archaea domain
(Tatooine Hoth)
Just a friendly observation
I think it's fine to do the intros, outros, announcements etc outside the live show
(as I think the intro was done here?)
I want the audio to sound exactly the same, so it makes sense to record it all together.
Good video. HOTH
optimistic take on the sgl, 2065 would already be nice and then several more years for the data to be collected
I was a 24 year old person when wolves were let loose in Yellowstone Park. A 'good example' of messing with Mother Nature.
#Tattoine Mr. Cain how might we observe the white dwarf remanent after it has cooled? And is it possible we may have overlooked them?
Every few decades we have a volcano that do just that to send sulfur up, we in some way know what could happen, what we really don’t know is what could happen if we let the planet keep warming. I think that is a no-brainier we should send sulfur up to the atmosphere while we try to lower the emission to zero and later to take it down again, mine while we have this hope to keep thing at list under control
??? Question for next week:
NASA coverage of Artemis has had frequent telemetry "shots". Within them are windows showing velocity and distance.
What is the velocity relative to?
Surface? or center of mass? of the Earth or Moon (as taken within the presented context)?
Or is it to a frame of reference wherein those two bodies are (instantaneously) static?
Context suggests that distance refers to that to the respective surface. Is that a fair assumption?
Oh boy, if you find the idea of Sci Fi troops being delivered to a planet via a drop pod, I have a fun series you might like.
Before solar gravitation lens what about using Earth's atmosphere as a lens?
SGL would require a distance of over 500 AU, this would require 250,000 times the power to send communications than a 1 AU distance.
[Kamino] this is the first time I’ve heard that there might still be volcanism present on such a small body. Is the thinking that there could be sufficient nuclear fission occurring internally to maintain a high temperature that can keep things molten?
re Coruscant (not a vote): why do we need new aircraft to fly higher than normal airliners?
Why can't we simply add sulfur to jet fuel?
I think that the iron and the oceans has other beneficial effect particularly where there are dead zones
Could the magnetic fields Andrew Higgins discussed be modified to protect interplanetary travelers from solar storms?
Good afternoon from California I'm cj. And I would love to know what you know about the moon Titan and how habitable you think it os
I've seen this before, is it a re upload ?
This is an edited version of the livestream we did last Monday. So what you saw was about three times longer.
@@frasercain thanks for clearing that up, your a legend just FYI, one of my favourite content creators, keep up the good work.
Fraser? We do know what it's like inside a singularity. 'cause we're in it right now . . .
CO2 is lower atmosphere, there is none in the upper, and lower creates reflection which contracts the atmosphere causing cooling. So my question is what do you think the probability is that we’re going through a magnetic pole shift, which would have this effect? Pole flips take up to 150 years from start to finish.
Fraser do you have an email address for us to ask you questions? Thanks
Coruscant!
Hi Fraser question for you: Is it possible for a large meteor to enter Earth's atmosphere at relatively low speed? Slow enough speed that it wouldn't burn up, or at least only minimally. If it did would it be more dangerous because it retains it's bulk or less dangerous because its going slowly? Or do orbital mechanics make it impossible? How about an extra-solar object?
For an extra-solar object, it will be traveling much faster than Earth's orbit, so can't match velocities with it. It will still be going very fast even if it hits when Earth is moving in the same direction.
For a solar system body, imagine something that's _almost_ in the same orbit as Earth. You can try setting that up in Universe Sandbox (available on Steam). Now the Earth pulls on it, and causes the orbit to change -- this is called a horseshoe orbit. You can see what the velocity is when the body passes Earth. You can imagine it passing closer than Earth's radius, so it hits the Earth at that speed.
You might look up "Transfer Orbit". These are tangent to the planet's orbit and used by spacecraft to minimize the fuel needed to match speeds. Imagine a collision of asteroids that caused one of the pieces to just happen to have a transfer orbit to Earth.
Are there 1st Gen. Stars still and what Gen. is our Star?
A good old sci fi book from the early '70s
Hunters of the Red Moon
by Marion Zimmer Bradley
I believe it was co written w/ her son.
From God Reads:
This long unavailable novel by Bradley, the bestselling author of The Mists of Avalon, and her brother, a well-known science fiction author in his own right, tells the story of the Hunters--fierce killers and shapechangers who promise fabulous wealth to any opponents who can survive being hunted by them for the time between two eclipses of the Red Moon.
[Hoth] woulnd't good occulter be WAY easier and better than going for crazy solar gravity lens?
Could we tell the difference between a brown dwarf and a dyson swarm? Don’t they both only transmit light in the infrared through heat loss?
Let's imagine a huge black hole, so big that the event horizon creates a sphere that is much bigger than our solar system. We could be easily travel inside that horizon without noticing and remain trapped without actually experiencing any tidal force. It actually would be very similar to what we experience now... so this led naturally to this question: could there be smaller black holes, inside the event horizon of the bigger main black hole? And would that create the weird possibility of an infinite series of black holes that are nested one inside the other?
Interesting.
Isaac Asimov wrote about this idea, many years ago. In some sense, the horizon caused by the expansion of the universe is the same as the event horizon of a black hole. So it makes sense that black holes can exist inside a larger black hole.
But, we see _mergers_ of black holes. One doesn't fall inside the other, but they seem to combine like soap bubbles.
But consider the possibility of a stellar black hole forming out of a star that's already inside the super super giant black hole. That would not affect the total mass, so does not change the event horizon.
So here's how I see it: _any_ mass falling in will cause the EH to grow. If it grows a lot, suddenly, we get noticeable gravitational waves and mass lost to them. This is the case when a BH eats another BH or neutron star.
The small BH cannot be torn apart due to tidal forces. So it, and its singularity, can fall into the large BH. In addition to the large BH's EH growing to match its new contained mass, the small BH continues happily forward, inside the EH of the larger BH.
This very concept has been covered, I believe it was on PBS Spacetime but I do follow several physics / astronomy channels so could be getting it wrong.
at 38 minutes you should have mentioned ESA's Moon village proposal. How many years before they send people to the Moon?
Back around 2010, Domino's released some plans for a pizza franchise on the Moon too -- gonna make that 30-minutes-or-it-s-free promise a fun challenge when they eventually really do build it hehe! :P
@@olencone4005 L O L
Tatooine!
Scientists hypothesize how life began based upon the conditions on earth 4B years ago, but what if life began on mars or Venus? We’re the conditions back then on mars or Venus significantly different and what impact would that have on their hypotheses?
Seeing it as a glass half-full, on the X-33, it wasn't so much the weight constraints as it was the lack of advanced material science to enable the manufacture of reliable carbon-fiber fuel tanks. The Aerospike engine would have made up for some of the inefficiency and weight of the airframe design. It "could" be built today - if someone felt compelled to spend the money to continue development.
The most beautiful diamond will exist in an era where its beauty cannot be resolved, as there will be no light to see it.
Very true.
How do they keep telescopes clean? What is involved?
Bespin
Is it fair to say that Ingenuity may be the coolest thing NASA has built? It seems to have the power to dramatically change the way we explore other planets.
My son had a great question. What is the predominant theory as to what came before the big bang?
Nobody knows. We might never know.
There's no predominant theory, but if you want to look into some things, look up:
* continuous inflation
* the Ekpyrotic (cyclic) theory
* Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology.
Excellent recommendations. Thank you John.
CCC was the theory I had actually discussed with my son. It's funny how we always think we come up with these things only to find out that many people have thought of this before. Thanks again John.
What are the most common molecules in the universe aside from molecular elements? The only one I know of is water.
"we're just gonna do it" scares the hell out of me, especially when you factor in the fact that some of the richest most influential people in the world are consumed by their own greed, and think population control is a good idea. As our population grows so does our collective brain power, IF we could only find a way to communicate on the issues without manipulation we find a way to address all our collective problems in the most efficient way and we reach past boundries that we only dreamed of and some that we can't even fathom at this time.
There are many ideas that are probably good, but should still be thought through carefully with everyone involved. Especially when the fate of humanity is at stake.
@36:20
The Soviet Union was NOT "almost bankrupted" by the space race.
The Space Race caused them to divert resources that could have been otherwise directed elsewhere, this is true.
But, as a Monetarily Sovereign nation, that issued their own currency, the Soviet Union could NOT involuntarily "go bankrupt". Like every Monetarily Sovereign nation, they always had the ability to pay debts denominated in their currency.
The race to the moon was purely political. That's why, after the Americans landed on the moon, they cancelled their manned moon program.
That the Soviet Union was able to compete with the US at all was an amazing achievement given where they started from and the horrific loses they suffered in WWII. Let's not forget, it was the Soviet Union that defeated the Nazis.
#MMT
Single stage to orbit will happen once we get impulse engines like the shuttlecraft in Star Trek have. By then we might be teleporting up to a Starbase and then taking off from there though.
In the process of the sun cooling down to the background temperature of the universe, the sun would obviously pass through temperatures we would consider pleasant here on Earth. Could anything interesting happen during this period? How long would it stay in temps similar to those on Earth today?
Now that's a novel I'd like to read!
Why do we expect other civilizations to have circular cities? ⠀⠀
Because it would minimize the average distance between any two points?
Right angles are hard.
KAMINO
If a conductor moves through a magnetic field, electricity is produced. Hence, could a large enough iron-nickel asteroid passing through Earth's magnetosphere create an arc between Earth and asteroid ?
18:20 A sped up universe? Wouldn't the Universe be red-shifted since you're accelerating away from it?
I loved the shrek reference 😂
orbital ring launch costs are in the hundreds per kilo. even two stage reusables aren't *that* affordable lols.
Coruscant
Naboo Question. If time dilation is so intense close to the event horizon of a black hole so that billions and trillions of years pass for you before you reach it. Will the black hole singularity have evaporated in Hawking Radiation to a point where it will simply disappear when you reach it? (Lets say its a supermassive blackhole with a 1AU event horizon)