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How Radiology Works
United States
Registrace 19. 12. 2018
Spreading Rad Love of how x-ray and CT physics can be fun. How Radiology Works is a fun channel for Radiologic Technologists / Radiographers and students in these programs, often called Radiology School. We make x-ray and CT physics relatively painless. These topics include: x-ray generation, x-ray interactions, x-ray radiation dose, radiation biology, image viewing, and image quality.
Please support the channel by buying me a coffee: www.buymeacoffee.com/brianNett .
Please support the channel by buying me a coffee: www.buymeacoffee.com/brianNett .
X-ray Post Processing (Filters, Histograms, VOIs)
X-ray post processing including
Filters
Unsharp Masking
histograms
Values of Interest
Filters
Unsharp Masking
histograms
Values of Interest
zhlédnutí: 368
Video
X-ray Pre-processing [ADC,Quantization, Bad Pixel, Flat Fielding]
zhlédnutí 338Před měsícem
Pre processing including quantization, bad pixel correction and flat field correction (i.e. flat fielding) and histogram processing may also be used as part of the pre-processing.
DICOM (What it is and Why it is important for Radiology)!
zhlédnutí 998Před měsícem
DICOM stands for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine. It's an international standard that defines the communication format for medical images in Radiology. In this video we go into the details of: Why do we need DICOMs? How is the information arranged in DICOM images? How large are DICOM files? Info on modalities that use Dicom like: Digital X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound. How are DICOM ...
PACS (What is Picture Archiving and Communications System)
zhlédnutí 779Před 2 měsíci
The PACS (Picture Archiving and Communications System) at the hospital is part of an infrastructure within the Radiology Department of a given hospital and within the infrastructure there is communication to several components including the: RIS (Radiological Information System) HIS (Hospital Information System) EMR (Electronic Medical Record) Reading Stations Imaging Modalities Dicom HL7 Virtu...
LUTs (Look Up Tables in Radiology)
zhlédnutí 922Před 2 měsíci
In X-ray Radiology Look-Up Tables (LUTs) are commonly used to adjust the visualization of the images. Look up tables change the relative contrast in images. Typically increasing the contrast in the images to make them appear more like film images. LUTs are also used to invert the image contrast.
X-ray Tube Loading (Heat Units & Heat Capacity)
zhlédnutí 492Před 3 měsíci
Tube Loading limits the heat that can be put into the x-ray tube before damaging the tube and thus limiting the power that can be used in each acquisition for x-ray and CT imaging. The heat units and heat capacity of the tube are also introduced. Heat (HU) = kV_effective x mAs Heat (HU) ~ 1.4 x kVp x mAs Power (watts) = w x kVp x mA
ROC and AUC with (Sensitivity vs Specificity vs Accuracy)
zhlédnutí 647Před 3 měsíci
ROC Receiver Operator Characteristics are used to measure properties of diagnostic tests by plotting the sensitivity vs one minus the specificity. A helpful summary of ROC studies is the Area Under the Curve (AUC). These are superior metrics to accuracy for diagnostic tests as the are less sensitive to the prevalence of the abnormalities in the population.
Dependencies Of kVp And mA On Contrast, Penetration, Quality & Quantity
zhlédnutí 968Před 3 měsíci
kVp is the kiloVolt Potential (tube voltage) and mA is milliAmperes (tube current) and are typically the most important parameters in an x-ray or CT acquisition. We go through the basic dependencies of the kVp and mA in terms of: Beam Penetration Image Contrast Quality of the X-ray Beam Quantity of photons in the X-ray Beam We promise after watching you won't forget these relationships as we kn...
Radiation Dosimeters (Film, TLD, OSLD, EPD)
zhlédnutí 3,7KPřed 3 měsíci
This is a video about radiation dosimeters, where to wear them, the radiation doses for workers and details about the types dosimeters including Film Badges TLD OSLD EPD
X-ray Components (Radiography, Fluoroscopy: Tube, Circuit, CR, DR)
zhlédnutí 678Před 3 měsíci
x-ray system components for Radiography, Radiographic and Fluoroscopic Systems taking diagnostic x-rays. Designed for radiographer students and radiologic technologists, a.k.a. Radiology students. First Introduction to x-ray imaging and x-ray physics All of the components of the x-ray system are introduced including: X-ray Tube Operating Consoles Bucky CR DR Fluoroscopy AEC ABC , AERC Automated...
Radiology Display Brightness and Viewing (luminance, Dicom GSRC)
zhlédnutí 550Před 4 měsíci
This is a video about monitor quality quality assurance especially focusing around LCD monitors used for Radiology imaging including diagnostic monitors, secondary monitors, clinical specialists monitors and EHR monitors.
CRT vs LCD vs OLED ( How Monitors Work )
zhlédnutí 669Před 4 měsíci
Display technology comparison of Cathode Ray Tubes CRT Liquid Crystal Display LCD Organic Light Emitting Diodes OLED
X-ray Radiation Sources in the room
zhlédnutí 522Před 4 měsíci
This is a video about radiation sources within the room.
Transformers
zhlédnutí 358Před 5 měsíci
Transformers are used multiple places in an X-ray circuit and thus understanding how they convert the Voltage and Current based on the ratio of the number of primary to secondary turns is critical.
X-ray Circuit (Primary, Secondary, Filament Circuits)
zhlédnutí 2,9KPřed 5 měsíci
The X-ray Circuit powers the x-ray tube from the wall power consisting of the primary, secondary and filament circuits. Which includes Transformers, AutoTransformers, Rectifiers, and Rheostats.
Dose Area Product DAP, Kerma Area Product KAP
zhlédnutí 1,5KPřed 5 měsíci
Dose Area Product DAP, Kerma Area Product KAP
X-ray Filters (Physical Beam Filtration)
zhlédnutí 875Před 5 měsíci
X-ray Filters (Physical Beam Filtration)
X-Ray Energy, wavelength and frequency
zhlédnutí 1KPřed 6 měsíci
X-Ray Energy, wavelength and frequency
Light Field and Central Ray X-ray Alignment
zhlédnutí 893Před 6 měsíci
Light Field and Central Ray X-ray Alignment
Scan Field of View vs Display Field of View (CT SFOV vs DFOV)
zhlédnutí 3,1KPřed 8 měsíci
Scan Field of View vs Display Field of View (CT SFOV vs DFOV)
Care kV and Auto Prescription [kVp Selection for CT]
zhlédnutí 2,2KPřed 11 měsíci
Care kV and Auto Prescription [kVp Selection for CT]
CT patient positioning [Centering Rational]
zhlédnutí 4,3KPřed 11 měsíci
CT patient positioning [Centering Rational]
CT Contrast Injection (Flow Rate, Delay and Duration)
zhlédnutí 11KPřed 11 měsíci
CT Contrast Injection (Flow Rate, Delay and Duration)
DQE , NPS and MTF Clearly Explained (Detective Quantum Efficiency)
zhlédnutí 3,2KPřed rokem
DQE , NPS and MTF Clearly Explained (Detective Quantum Efficiency)
Contrast Agents in X-ray and CT Scans: What You Need to Know
zhlédnutí 23KPřed rokem
Contrast Agents in X-ray and CT Scans: What You Need to Know
CT Image Noise (Dependence on Technical parameters)
zhlédnutí 3,5KPřed rokem
CT Image Noise (Dependence on Technical parameters)
Technical Parameters for CT: CT Physics!
zhlédnutí 6KPřed rokem
Technical Parameters for CT: CT Physics!
Firstly, thanks for the video! The animation for the on screen words are not necessary IMO, and the audio was a bit choppy, it got mini-skipped here and there. Another thing is i hope you don't make the slide swapped left and right, feels a bit dizzy seeing that.
Thanks for the tips!
What do others think? I haven’t had the comment before about movement?
Great video ❤❤❤❤
You are so kind, thank you for the comments
give this man his flowers , what an understandable way to explain it
Thanks for dropping the comment much appreciated.
I learned a new term also saw Lil Wayne has a song about this 😊
How big were detectors in a single array ct scan machines ?? Anyone ?
10-20mm so a very thick slice was generated
Thanks for the video. Are you saying that the DC voltage value in the electrodes is not the same as the voltage value across the filament?
The filaments need about 20 volts (usually ac) to give off the proper amount of electrons for the ma current through the x-ray tube, which would be dc current. The filament voltage varies depending on the ma and kvp selected by the Technician.
Thanks John, yeah the filament needs high Amps to warm it up so it uses a low voltage to get high amps. And then the kVp is the voltage across from the electron cloud to the anode to pull the electrons across 😀
Hi guys on the 25th February of this year i have a ct scan with iodinated contrast dye, and i noticed that 2 weeks after that i was having irregular heartbeat, and muscle cramps and twitching, and inching too, i want back to the hospital many times but theh keep letting me its not from the iodine contrast, but 100% knew all this symptoms am having is from the contrast. Please i help to save my Kidneys. I really this it's had effects on my Kidneys.. please i need help to save my Kidneys. It been 2 months now.
Such a well explained and helpful revision video than you so much
Glad to hear that! Thanks for the comment 😊
HELLO SIR . HELP PLESE -TRILP-TR300A RADIOGRAPHIC X-RAY UNIT-KeV, kVp, mA, and mAs
Can you write the question on a little more detail?
Thank you for presenting everything in a structured and proper way
You’re welcome thanks for dropping the comment
I am a Korean student who is learning about Ct. Which has more influence on pixel size between Scan FOV and Display FOV? And is pixel size closely related to SFOV?
Scan field of view is determined by the bowtie filter and the reconstruction field of view is often called the display field of view, the pixel size is DFOV/ matrix dimension, ie 250/512mm is a common pixel size for the brain
That was a great explanation of Tomosynthesis. I'm a Project Manger for a hospital and I sometime need additional understanding about new equipment, what is being used for, and why departments need to upgrade their equipment. These brief tutorials help me understand the reasoning behind why certain equipment is better than others and also how the logistics of the equipment may factor into the design of a new space. Thanks again for that very clear and concise explanation of Tomosynthesis.
Glad to be of service, thanks for dropping the note
thnx for the amazing effort
You’re welcome thank you for letting me know it helps
Thank you! 👍✔️
Welcome! Thanks for sharing 😊
The quality of the video is not the best, the sound is good, but your movement comes late,which distracts us ,so I suggest to you to not showing yourself, just make a video with your voice with some videos on the screen about the topic that would be more than enough ..thanks for reading☺️
Thanks for the suggestion, what do others think would it be better without the video?
Can cognitive skills diminish cuz of contrast agent?
I have not seen anything in the literature to suggest that
Hi Sir Can radiation therapy following keloid excision on back of ear cause carcinogenesis? machine used was electron beam radiation with LINAC 6mev 18gy/3 fr 3 days thanks
In general any radiation can induce cancer later in life. The treatment is planned where the benefits of the treatment should outweigh the potential risk of cancer induction later in life.
Lo pueden traducir al español😢
Hey i recently underwent a head CT ( NCCT brain)..But i was given 2 CT datasets ( image sheets) instead of 1..Does it mean they repeated scan and i got double exposure to radiation..SFOV , slice thickness, Voltage was same in both CT datasets and current was also mostly same( 160 ma in middle rows of both dataset and lower values on upper and bottom rows)..Please if u could comment upon it..I m really worried
Typically the same raw data from the detector is used to make two image sets: one for soft tissue and one for bone. On the dose report it should include all the acquisitions but it sounds like you just had one. If there was contrast injected after the first scan then it may have been more than one
I have a dilemma. I am currently making 99k/year as an account executive for a marketing company. I could start the X-ray program in California (Oakland to be exact) in August 2024, which means I would have to quit my full time job and focus on the X-ray program for 2 years straight. Once hired by a hospital, I would most likely make less than 99k. Is it worth it?
Maybe other viewers can chime in? I agree it would probably not be something for a pay bump. If you can find someone local that does it or someone you can shadow that would help. Sorry this is a personal decision so you will have to weigh the options and see what is best. Good luck 🍀 and let us know what you decide.
This was helpful
Thanks Brian, that’s our goal. Thanks for leaving a comment
Thank you very much for the great lecture. After watching your lecture, one question arose. If optical fibers arranged in series are used to collect blue light generated from IP, does noise occur due to loss of light in the gap between optical fibers?
Yes there is some efficiency loss in the transfer as not all the light is transferred into the optical fibers.
❤❤
🙏 thanks
Why does it cause rapid heart rate
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31016447/#:~:text=%E2%80%A2%20Iodine%20concentration%20does%20not%20influence%20the,the%20contrast%20medium%20affects%20the%20injection%20pressure. I’m not sure of the root cause but an interesting thing is that the change in heart rate does not change with concentration.
Love the creativity! Thank you so much for the byte size explanation and kudos to your son the hero of the video!🥹❤
Any time! My son Luca appreciates it.
What parameters control the bow tie filter used? My assumption is the scanned FOV…is this accurate?
Yeah that’s right
Thank you so much for your excellent videos!
You’re welcome thanks for dropping the note
Please could you guide me how can I protect from daily dental xray because I work in dental clinic
www.iaea.org/resources/rpop/health-professionals/dentistry/staff , here are best practices that keep radiation dose low.
Sir you r just doing a very good job No one make videos on radiography in India as like u I am becoming a huge fan of yours ❤❤ Mashallah 😊 Thank you sir for helping us Lottts of luv from students like me --From India 🇮🇳
You are welcome 🙏 Thanks for these nice words ☺️
I’ve spent the past few months absolutely baffled by window width and level. Your video is the first time it has clicked for me! Thank you for making this! I shall be rewatching many times for revision :)
Great to hear! Thanks so much for leaving the comment. Pass it on to friends
Hi Sir, I have a question regarding the pressure limit. Is it true that the purpose if pressure limit is to prevent the syringe and coil from exploding and doesn't really do much to prevent extravasation. Thank you.
patientsafety.pa.gov/ADVISORIES/Pages/200812_136.aspx , yeah a major reason for the limit is to prevent tubing issues
wow, you are too under rated
Thanks for saying so, you can spread the Rad love to others you know in the field.
Nice video! Do you have some sources so we can deep dive into the topic?
www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/RPT_270.pdf , Here is the best reference to dive deep and there are references therein as well.
Sir please make video on HL-7 language format
What are your questions on HL-7?
Basic terminology used to represent messages explain them brief?
Xray of sinuses - "Image And Fluoroscopy Area Dose Product" = 1.673, which according to DICOM info is dGy*cm*cm. When doing head CT it's 1.7 mSv.. But when converting sinus xray's 1.6 dGy to mSv, that's 163 mSv... Is this correct? How is this number so large and higher than for head CT?
These are different units. I have a separate video on Dose Area Product or Kerma Area Product but I don’t have a calculator currently
Hello , i have a question, is it normal for a digital xray( the one used by dentist ) to make a buzzing / humming sound when the xray is emitted ? Plus, what would be the cause of the sound? Since other dental / digital xray machine used in another office didnt make such noise at all
Thanks of another detailed video Brian! Always learning a lot on your channel
Glad to hear it! Thanks for the comments😊
Nice video. My only comment is about the filament transformer. It does not need to be a step down transformer. It could be 1 to 1, with no step up or down. The filament needs about 20v to heat up properly. Its main purpose is to isolate the low voltage circuit from the voltage circuit. So there would be 50K to 150K volts between the primary and secondary sides. There would also need to be two transformers so both filaments and not on at the same time.
Thanks for the clarification, yes this is a simplified circuit with representative components
Watching in hopes that I can get help at my new clinic! Preset techniques are way off and admittedly I’ve never been good at manual techniques (still somewhat new grad)
Too slow!, awith annoying background music.
Thanks for your feedback.
Thank you!! Also can you not put loud music?
Thanks my newer videos do not have background music, appreciate the feedback
Is the DLP more for contrast ct ? I read that with contrast ct the body absorbs more ?
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8452580/ , recent papers suggest about 30% increase in organ dose with iodine contrast. This is not included in traditional DLP methodology.
@@HowRadiologyWorks do you think if I do the DLP calculator and add 30% that would give me an estimate ?
you should make it clear that the diagram you explained is for the low frequency x ray voltage generator, nowadays all x ray generators are high frequency generators which have negligible ripple and are much smaller and more efficient in converting the electrical potential.
Thanks for the comments, we have videos on kV waveform and Tube Heating that go into high frequency inverters more. This video is a basic introduction on the simplest circuit designed for radiologic technologists.
hey there, great video, but the interactive calculators aren't working properly on your webpage.
Try it now. I just did an update so should be working now. Thanks for letting me know it was down.
Misrepresents the fact that the most advanced scanners (Naetom alpha) don't cover the whole heart in one rotation but in fact at ultra-fast pitch.
Thanks for the comment, please see our video on helical vs axial where we cover that scan mode.
Triple lumen
What is a triple lumen use for?
Do you work for Triple Lumen?
You simplified it in a very nice way.. we could gain the same knowledge in 1-2h but you put it n few min straight forward for us, So thank you so much
Thanks I really appreciate it. I try to keep it simple. It does take longer to make the shorter videos concentrating on the main points.
Great video, thanks!
You’re most welcome Taylor. 😊 thanks for the comment
Hey, is there any chance that you would make the time for a informational interview regarding radiography? Or do you know anyone that would have the time? Thank you.
What is the context, what would it be used for? Also I’m only an expert in the physics of it and not the procedures side or daily life so probably better to reach out to the local school and see if they can put you in touch with recent graduates.
Really appreciate it. You made it easy for me to understand LUT!
Great glad it was helpful ☺️ share we others and teach them too
only just today heard about these non rotating EBCT machines. never seen one in practice. Our Siemens force does a great job of CTCA and much more, I imagine these EBCT machines are now obsolete.
You’re right the engineering improvements on third gen CT have been impressive and put EBCT out of business. The modern tubes can deliver a lot more x-ray flux than EBCT and 3rd generation CT is also versatile for all anatomy.