Yes Virginia, The Death Star Is Real! The Insane power of a Hypernova
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- čas přidán 22. 05. 2024
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REFERENCES
Why stars shine: • Why Does the SUN SHINE...
How white holes, neutron stars and black holes form: • The Startling Connecti...
Journey into a black hole: • What would we see if w...
NASA gamma ray detection: tinyurl.com/26qf8b9f
Paper: How gamma ray bursts form: tinyurl.com/28zo4zuk
What causes gamma ray bursts? tinyurl.com/ygq5h7un
Are we safe from gamma ray bursts? tinyurl.com/22vynrzk
How gamma rays would sterilize earth: tinyurl.com/27xkwqar
CHAPTERS
0:00 What happens to stars after fuel runs out?
2:12 Kiwico: how to practice science: www.kiwico.com/arvin
3:31 The birth and death of stars
7:04 How Black Holes form
8:23 What is a Hypernova
9:42 How does a collimated or narrow gamma ray beam form?
11:36 Can a gamma ray burst kill us?
SUMMARY
Stars represent a celestial battle of two opposing forces, gravity trying to collapse the star, and radiation pressure trying to explode the star. But it comes to an end close to the time that it runs out of fuel. Gravity then collapses the star. If the star is extremely large, at least 30 times as massive as the sun, a massive explosion so enormous that its power is second only to the Big Bang itself. This is called a hypernova.
This can be detected because it sends out a gamma ray burst, which are the most powerful and energetic form of electromagnetic radiation known. If such a hypernova burst occurs even 200 light years from us, it would fry our atmosphere, and end life on earth. And we would not see it coming because the gamma ray beam would be traveling at the speed of light. The moment we saw it hit us, it would kill us.
All the stars you see in the sky, including the sun started out in a cloud of dust and gas in a stellar nursery. Gravitational forces cause these clouds to condense and contract, increasing the density and temperature at their cores. As the cloud contracts further, it forms a dense, hot core called a protostar. It starts to shine when the core reaches 10 million degrees Celsius.
Eventually the core of the star runs out of hydrogen. Then the star can no longer hold up against gravity. Its inner layers start to collapse, which squishes the core, increasing the pressure and temperature in the core. While the core collapses, the outer layers of material in the star to expand outward into a red giant. But for massive stars greater than 8 times the mass of our sun, they explode in a supernova. And for larger stars greater than 30 times the mass of our sun, they explode into a hypernova.
The core of such stars collapses to a black hole with gamma rays emanating from its poles. What distinguishes this explosion from other supernova explosions is first that they are 10 to 100 times more powerful than a supernova, and that they result in a collimated, or narrow beam of gamma rays, similar to a laser that travels across the universe. These gamma ray bursts can last anywhere from fractions of a second to hours.
A typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun will release in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime. They are rare. A few such bursts occur per galaxy every million years. But since there are at least 200 billion galaxies in the universe, a few hundred thousand of these occur every year somewhere in the universe. About one gamma ray burst is detected every day on earth . But so far, every burst we have detected has occurred outside of our own galaxy.
How does a narrow beam of gamma rays form? Shouldn’t these photons be emitted spherically, just like the way that the matter is expelled from a hypernova? When scientists first discovered these gamma ray bursts, calculations showed that the source of the explosion would have more energy than the big bang itself, which was not possible. But this calculation was based on a spherical photon burst, not a contained narrow burst.
The hypothetical mechanism is the following: The rapid rotation of the dying star twists up its magnetic field. This means that the easiest path of escape for any of the charged particles being ejected from the supernova is along a narrow beam at the poles of rotation, since the magnetic field can’t get as tangled in that direction. The twisted magnetic field causes the electrons to travel in a kind of helix. The rapid change of direction produce high energy photons, or gamma rays.
A hypernova is the most energetic event in the universe, exceeded only by the Big Bang. If it is pointed directly at us within our galaxy at about 200 light year or closer, it would cause a global extinction event. Since they travel at the speed of light, we would have no warning. We and the earth would just fry with no warning whatsoever.
#supernova
#hypernova
#kilonova - Věda a technologie
this is one of my favorite scenarios for complete doom on earth, second only to vacuum decay. i particularly like the hypothesis that a past extinction event was caused by one. super cool!
It's fascinating to see these 3-dmensional fights between matter, gravity and the electromagnetic field. Thanks, Professor Ash!
Great work in your research, writing, production and hosting! ✨
What a wonderful video my friend! Thanks so much for another great topic approached with clear explanations as usual! I can t wait for the next one. Take care.
Greetings from Belgium.
Very strong video from Arvin Ash today. Every step of this meets with intuition, and that intimates of real talent in its making.
Dear Arvin, you always make my day special. Thank you for your fantastic infectious enthusiasm.
Good explanation, I was so curious about this topic in school days but forgotten, thank you for enlightenment
Great explanation as usual. Thanks for that Arvin
Great video as always Arvin. Thank you.
Very informative video thanks !!!
as always nice watching your video Arvin!
Excellent work Sir
9:43 THANK you for asking this question that NO OTHER documentary or YT video on this subject bothers to ask, let alone answer!
Awesome explanation! You put a big smile on my face!
That is so crazy that it could happen at any moment and it could just blast in our direction and just fry a super mediately.
Bankers are depending on it.
yeah if the ai doesn't kill us, or terrorists or a multitude of other things. which could also happen at any moment.
we ain’t that lucky
And the universe goes with no care in the world
Isaac Asimov's wrote a book called A Choice of Catastrophies. I don't think he included this particular possibility. 🤔 🖖
Good one, Arvin.
Love your videos ❤️💗🙏 thanks for everything
About 13 years ago I was looking at the night sky towards a patch with no visible stars when a small speck of blue light appeared, grew to about 15% of the moon then receeded back to nothing. This event has bugged me everyday since it happened and I've never been able to figure out what I saw... any ideas?
No one say aliens or an airplane because I know for a fact it wasnt!
Well, there’s a nonzero chance that your eye briefly acted as a neutrino detector, but honestly that’s probably only slightly more likely than aliens. I’m fairly sure earth’s atmosphere blocks out all the cosmic rays that astronauts report seeing, so it was probably a meteorological phenomena rather than an astronomical one. But I don’t know a whole lot about anomalous sources of light so take my word with a grain of salt.
Time travelers. I'm sure of it.
Possibly an Iridium flare.
I saw one of those while wilderness camping, about 16 years ago and only discovered what it was by googling after I got home.
The solar panels of an Iridium satellite could reflect a huge amount of sunlight. For a few seconds, it was by far the brightest object in the sky, then it gradually faded. First to a tiny speck, then disappeared. Spectacular!
@@antonystringfellow5152 this makes a lot of sense! Thanks!
if I see a light that isn't there I blame it on past mushroom use
Good video.keep the good work.👍
Actually we could have advanced warning, by minutes or hours depending on the star and distance and intermediate space, due to the production of neutrinos, the direction, properties of observation and classification of stars in the region, and advanced detectors that use use mass or attunement, weak force exchange pairs (like my battery), or unique property quark matter.
`
As always nice to see you Arvin.
“We on earth would fry with no warning whatsoever.” - What a cheerful thought for the weekend!
Many thanks. The topic of hypernova was entirely new to me. Learnt something new today.👍
I just got a high power green laser pointer today and I did the double slit experiment with a strand of hair. It was pretty cool to see first hand!
This was just the video I needed to see as my anxiety was already building up into a dizzying panic attack.
One more phobia to deal with.
If I may be so bold as to give you a tip GRB hitting the earth is so completely out of your control that you shouldn't worry about it because you can't do ANYTHING to save yourself or anybody on this rock for that matter. So just vibe with it.
That event is about as likely as world peace and would last about as long.
Don't eat the purple wobbly bit. No matter what else you ever do, never eat the purple wobbly bit ...
@@oleran4569well said 😅
I was just thinking shall I send this to a few fear based mates lol. I better not they won't be able to ever function again.
I want a very detailed, accurate writeup of what would happen. From stellar collapse to cinderized Earth. Play by play. Anyone know of one?
Well .. we would have a few days notice BC if neutrinos. Not BC of speed but because they escape a few days before the hypernova. Also, it also depends if the area of the Gama ray burst is clear of clouds. If it's not, much of the Gama ray is absorbed from the plasma cloud around the area.
My understanding is that the difference is only a few hours (the time it takes the supernova shock wave to power through the star, which the neutrinos just breeze through), but otherwise I had the same thought. Then again I heard that about regular supernovae, and do wonder if a gamma ray beam might power through quicker.
@@JustinMShaw If that's correct then the gamma ray will likely outpace the neutrinos, given the incredible distance such an event would take place from us.
@@orbitingganymede5403 I meant quicker than the regular supernova shock wave. The neutrinos move very nearly at c. I'm not sure what range you'd need for light from a regular supernova shock wave to catch up and pass them, but I know it's a lot larger than the distance across our own galaxy.
I take more comfort from the belief that there aren't any massive dying stars with their axis currently pointed in our direction than from the knowledge that a nearby hypernova aimed at us would kill us before we knew its gamma burst arrived.
It's misleading to say we couldn't have advance warning of gamma bursts. Massive stars approaching their end of life aren't invisible and presumably could be catalogued. And perhaps astronomers could determine, even at great distance, whether their axis is currently pointed in our direction.
Agreed. If there were such massive dying stars in our vicinity, we would probably already have seen them, and even know in which phase they currently are. If we would see such a star fusing neon, oxygen, or silicon, than this would be an excellent early warning (not THAT early in case of silicon though ;)).
What if a hypernova beam hit the moon first? How wide is such a beam? How long is its duration? Does it attenuate with distance? How many joules is it, hypothetically?
It's like a wave , it expands as the distance increases so it just depends where you are, the farther the wider the area it covers but with lesser power.
I think Moon may become radioactive due to induced radioactivity.
@@kinexkidno we won't the beam will reach us even before we can possibly see the moon disintegrated
Please search for videos titled. What if the earths moon suddenly went away. Hint. It’s not good
The Wikipedia article "Gamma-ray burst" has some of those answers in the section Energetics and Beaming.
Arvin, I've been watching your lectures for a long time and I have been a subscriber for a long time.
I would like to know if you think the standard model of stars is correct.
I also note that you say the heat and light of a star are produced by the fusion processes within. But, doesn't current theory posit that the heat and light come from the corona?
Keep up the good work! Thanks for your tireless work.
I heard that the merger of two supermassive black holes can have ranges of energy of: 10^59 - 10^61 joules, this is 6 to 8 orders of magnitude larger than a hypernova
How does the gamma ray burst loose energy over space?
What would would be the effect if the burst happens in the Andromeda galaxy and hit us from there?
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law
It’d certainly be detectable but I doubt it’d cause any issues whatsoever for earth. Iirc a GRB has to be within about 6,000 lightyears to cause major damage to us, and andromeda is something like 500 times that distance.
And it “loses energy” for the same reason that sunlight is dimmer on mars and brighter on mercury (the inverse square law).
@@wmpx34 Maybe you should read what the article is about before linking it as if it was relevant.
Inverse square law applies to a source of energy that is radiated evenly in all directions. Which is exactely what a gamma ray bust doesn't, it's all concentrated in one direction.
Chatgpt exists
@@theslay66 🗿 even a laser beam will spread out over a sufficient distance
from that EXACT same article:
“For non-isotropic radiators such as parabolic antennas, headlights, and lasers, the effective origin is located far behind the beam aperture. If you are close to the origin, you don't have to go far to double the radius, so the signal drops quickly. When you are far from the origin and still have a strong signal, like with a laser, you have to travel very far to double the radius and reduce the signal. This means you have a stronger signal or have antenna gain in the direction of the narrow beam relative to a wide beam in all directions of an isotropic antenna.”
The inverse square law has a more complicated relationship with lasers and other beam-like sources, but it is still relevant.
That's coming up, Right now - is one the many reasons I watch your videos. 😆
We could do a probability calculation assuming random direction for the gamma rays bursts, I didn't do it, but it looks like the prob of a gamma ray hitting earth in the next, say 1 million years, should be really small
The 3 main function of space. Enable thermodynamics, to slow down light to C and to keep TIME.
A gamma ray burst from a star seems to imitate the way a human can die when we die the energy can escape through our big toes or through the top of our head it can also escape from any opening from the body . There are also other ways it escapes according to our Karma, just think of the equation E = M x C squared ,energy and mass can only change and not be destroyed.
@11:36 - a colony of people on the Moon would be unaffected for up to 14 days since that's how long it takes for night to end on the Moon. Also, if the colony was located inside a polar crater, they would not be affected at all if the gamma ray beam is not directly visible from inside the crater. They wouldn't even have to be in a crater, because at a 45 degree latitude there's roughly 20% of the universe that can never be seen, which means the mass of the Moon would protect them indefinitely. Therefore I am immediately calling for permanent human habitation on the Moon at both poles, or at least we need to create a "Library of Alexandria" on both poles of the Moon. One of those polar libraries would easily survive a direct hypernova event.
I love this channel.
The best channel for CZcams ❤
the space is so empty that gamma ray hitting earth has the same chance of me switching on my tv on earth using remote from moon
"Singularities are an undefined realm of space-time which our current theories can't explain."
Well, we know time and space flip in a black hole so a singularity isn't a place in front of us but it's a time in front of us.. the singularity is in the future
Ash makes a hypernova sound plausible. I'd also call it ripe to be a literary hyperbole. Its on either end of the single dimension exaggeration line.
@Arvin - Magnetic field requires charges to move/spin but there is no mass in a Blackhole other than in its center, therefore no charge spinning outside the center, hence no magnetic field possible. Then, what generates this (strong) magnetic field ? A Blackhole full of charge would attract opposite charge with a force much greater than gravity and should neutralize in a few (micro?) seconds. How about the magnetic field then ? Vanished ? But that's not observed. So, it feels like electro-magnetism also has the ability to curve space-time using some equation not covered in General Relativity but along the lines of Einstein's Field Equations (with Newton's gravitational; constant G replaced by electric (permittivity) and magnetic (permeability) constants). Standard model may be too complex to extend (to GR), but at least QED (Quantum Electro Dynamics) could at least be just a bit more generalized to explain this specific phenomena.
What I've heard is that a magnetic charge, like anything else, cannot emerge from the event horizon. The ferocious magnetic fields are said to be created by the matter near the event horizon but not behind it.
Brilliant video...I have a question ... You can also take it as a challenge... Why do all neutron stars, magnetars, pulsars and black holes shoot jets of particles onky from their poles and not from equator.... We know that if something gets really close to black hole it is impossible to get out of its enormous gravitational pull... So how can black holes shoot particles with so high velocities from its poles despite its super strong gravitational well. Does frame dragging plays a role or what is actually happening at the point... Are those particles coming from inside the blackholes? What is happening over here... Is the black hole not spinning and only the accretion disc spins... That is causing a lot of confusion... I would appreciate it if you reply to my comment... In addition to replying to this comment, I humbly request you to make a video on this topic... As it is very counter intuitive..
@@A-Ron-Hubbard Yes you are right but I have applied Fleming right hand rule and left hand rule but still can't understand the ejection of particles from the poles.
Even if the scientist knew about a death star, it's not likely they will publish that info to public
Please make a video on gamma ray laser or graser😊
Hi Arvin, When these stars collapse how fast is the collapse?
Just awesome......
Thanks for taking one for the team Mars. ;O)-
❤❤❤❤ niz narration ❤❤❤❤
As always superb contains bt I seemed that gamma rays jet ejected from super massive black hole is most powerful
I read that the cracking of the outer crust of a neutron star is the most violent event we have discovered in the universe. Maybe do a video on that.
I could be wrong, but isn't that just a nova?
@@potato-ld1ujno, it’s a star quake. Functionally the same as an earth quake, but I think it would be the equivalent of, like, 35 on the Richter Scale or something.
The electrons in a white dwarf are not repelling each other (neither coloumbs constant nor charge appears in the Chandrasekhar limit), rather they are just filling quantum states, and two electrons cannot be in the same quantum state.
Sir, please suggest tips and topics for writing physics research paper.
Why is this the first time I've heard of the celestial battle between gravity and radiation pressure? I feel cheated. I should have learned this in the first grade. This is profound.
A massless particle does not require any energy to move, neither in space, nor in time or in space/time for that matter. They are all the same, you are traveling in all of them at the same time. That is why mass can´it reach lightspeed, takes more and more energy. In the double slit something with mass ask something with no mass," hey, where you at". Big gap in fuel consumption to move in 1 D, call it what you want space or time for no mass, to relative motion in 2 D space/time for the scientist.
1 + 2 = 3 TRINITY
This is why humanity need to become an interstellar civilization
Need to be putting most resources into space ships that are habitat indefinitely. Our only hope .
So one question. Why do physicists continue to think GR needs to be extended to handle the singularity problem? In fact, it seems like GR is working perfectly fine, predicting the geometry of spacetime in response to a particular mass energy distribution. The problem seems to be with quantum mechanics, as its unable to describe a mechanism which can halt the collapse past neutron degeneracy.
Its quite surprising the number of extraterrestrial occurrences that can wipe us out. If the Sun farts and we are in the wrong orbit area we are done for. Its only a matter of time, Though our time is miniscule compared to the universe
Its funny because humans give their short lives so much meaning, when in reality it has zero meaning at all in comparison to the universe. The human delusion.
Thank you Arvin. I'll be sipping a Gin and Tonic, so when it happens, I won't particularly care. The odds of it happening, won't stop me from having a sip. Cheers.
06:55 -- "...the core recoils from the heart of the star..."
Core and heart are generally synonymous, especially since heart isn't the technical name of any part of a star.
This makes the above statement appear to say that the core of the star recoils from itself, which I think doesn't match what I have learned about supernova from books and videos.
Did you mean that after the core is down to iron ash, and the collapsing outer regions of the star strike the core and recoil outward?
Once the core runs out of fuel that can be fused to produce the energy needed to create outward pressure then the core collapses in on itself at ⅓c. The collapsed core creates enough pressure to crush its center down to a BH or NS. Then the core rebounds upward and slams into the upper layers of the star. Temperatures reach an incredible 100 billion degrees. This is where new elements are formed. However, the rebounding core does not have enough energy to unbind (blow apart) the star. The enormous number of neutrinos trying to exit the star finish the job of blowing the star apart.
11:06 that might be the path of electrons but this doesn't explain why the bremsstrahlung is so tight too.
Brem is from collisions. Synchrotron is from acceleration. The animation is misleading, the spirals have to be way stretched out, with the radiation Lorentz boosted into the forward cone. (So in a comoving frame where the electrons are circling, the radiation is tangent to the circle, a disk, which can then be boosted into forward cone
Oh, great! Just what I needed, another thing I don't need to worry about... 😂
What is the pressure in space at approximately the high orbit above the Earth, and how does that compare to the pressure outside our solar system..?
The purpose of science is not solely to provide a complete and definitive explanation of a phenomenon. It is often impossible to fully explain something, as there are always deeper layers that elude investigation.
Instead, the primary goals of science are to offer predictions and to apply the effects discovered through research.
Astrophysicists call "dark matter" an observable effect for which a cause has not yet been found." Once causation has been found then predictions can be made.
@4:00 - when a protostar turns into a fusion-capable star, does its visible size change? My gut is telling me that it would expand by a few magnitudes.
It is said in the video a gama ray burst is believed to be caused the Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME) but that's not entirely true. Glaciation is mostly agreed on as the probable cause of this event and gama ray burst is a minority hypothesis
Excellent vid as usual, Arvin. One detail: You might have mentioned that a GRB causing the LOME is a minority hypothesis and not generally accepted.
Lol one more detail: anyone who comes to these channels to nitpick technical details is a colossal loser.
Ditto, and it would've been useful to see mention of the wide cone / narrow cone as observed with GRB 080319B which has implications on those GRBs we observe at all, and the frequency of such occurrences.
Good point, thank you! Sadly a lot of science videos do not clearly differ between generally accepted theories and more fringe hypotheses. This is a real problem, as a lot of people tend to accept the last hypothesis they heard of as fact, leading to incredible confusion.
Ouch professor Ash, hypernova.
I ain't afraid of no ghost
Why is angular momentum disregarded? Do these implosions cancel spin measured in 100s if not 1000s of kilometres per second?
The twins. Our clocks don´t agree because we where separated in time, by time, voluntary motion. Are you close to a black hole you need to accelerate, not to get pulled in or slowed down to its passage of time = 0. You don´t get sucked in but you do slow down relative to the rest of the universe. There is no separation in space, only IN TIME.
Please make video on recent discoveries by James Web space telescope
Since the elections funnel along the twisted up magnetic fields, does that mean that there is a correlation with the width of a gamma ray burst and the rotation speed of a black hole? Or can we even measure that due to us only seeing the width of the gamma ray burst that hits our planet?
Per Dr. Stan Woosley (Professor Emeritus of Astrophysics, UC SC) the GRB would be the width of our solar system.
@12:28 - if the atmosphere of the Earth would be completely burned off, (and I don't believe that's correct) then so would the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, since they are made up entire of gasses. Those "planets" would completely disappear leaving only Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. However I just googled how long do gamma ray bursts last, and most are measured in milliseconds, but hypernova bursts can last up to 60 seconds. Therefore everything on the leeward side of the Earth should be unaffected. Well, with half the atmosphere of Earth disappearing instantly, maybe the whole Earth would die from oxygen starvation. But I suspect there are some insects and plants that could survive a low pressure environment. After all, the air pressure on the top of Mount Everest is about 50% of sea level, and people don't die instantly from that. Some people have climbed Mount Everest without oxygen tanks.
Fortunately we know enough about stellar life cycles and none of the stars within or "nearby" neighborhood.... 200 light-years or so away.... are at the point in their life to go super hyper nova. But if we did see such a star near the end of its life what if anything could we do? Not much
And here's to hoping that there's no nearby and closely orbiting neutron star pair with its orbital axis pointed in our direction.
These GRBs are deadly up to 6,500 lightyears (per Dr. David Kipping, Cool Worlds.) At that distance a GRB would not vaporize the Earth but would destroy the ozone layer exposing life on the surface to high-energy UV. The would cause a mass extinction.
Perhaps we could convince you to expand on this issue. (Incidental pun)....
One point of mythology that has always puzzled me is the combination so many things into a cohesive storyline. Is it possible that the Sun has expanded past Mars in the past? I refer to a theory that the oceans would evaporate and collect in space amongst the magnetic fields to form a protective layer. Thereby explaining all the subterranean theories and the melted areas of ancient settlements. While visualizing the so called firmament in the sky, as it would look like we were in an egg shell.
No...
lol no
Know why? Because we have observations that say otherwise. ;)
@@NeovanGoth I think you missed the point. The sun has done so. Supposedly around four billion years ago. So yes, there is proof it has happened. There is a ton more that shows our star throws off Mass Ejections on super large magnetic field lines. Having burned out planets to either side of Earth may be inferred as evidence.
Just being open minded here. I'll join the sheep that go up hills.
When stars with enough mass run out of hydrogen to fuse they contract creating temperatures and pressures allowing their now cores to fuse helium. Helium fuses at 10 times the temperature of hydrogen fusion. This heat causes the outer layers of the star to expand and cool. This is why stars like our Sun expand.
I don't know which is worse, being fried by a hypernova, or by the false vacuum decay.
Isn't it true that so far we haven't any evidence that the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit takes effect? So how do we know that this is the reason that black holes form? It would make more sense, that as the mass of the neutron star increases and the radius stays the same (or gets slightly smaller), the event horizon would eventually overtake the radius of the neutron star and form a black hole.
Do you mean maybe there's just a very compressed neutron star rather than a singularity inside every event horizon? If so then yes. The singularity prediction comes from Relativity, which is like using Newtonian Mechanics to describe the space near the event horizon. It's out of its reliable range.
Though they may have clues about some of the things matter might do from particle collision experiments, and there are multiple hypotheses about what other than singularities might exist at the centers of black holes.
@@JustinMShaw Yes, we don't have any proof that there are singularities. Calculations show that a neutron star's radius decreases slightly as its mass increases. The Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) limit was initially calculated to 0.7 masses of the sun, which means there should be no neutron stars at all, and instead the star core should collapse to a singularity immediately. But we have evidence that neutron stars exist, so scientists say that the TOV limit might be higher, without providing any specific calculation. It might not even exist, we simply don't know.
What we know, however, is, that the event horizon increases linearly with an objects' mass. So, for instance, if an objects increases 8 times its mass, the event horizon would get 8 times bigger, but the object's radius will only increase 2 times (2 cubed 3 equals 8). That means, as a neutron gets heavier, its event horizon will eventually overtake its radius, which will make it a black hole.
An interesting and seemingly paradox implication is, that bigger black holes have less density. For instance, the black hole in the center of our galaxy, Sagittarius A* has the density of water, and the one in the center of M87 has the density of a thin atmosphere. And the event horizon of the whole universe is around the size of the universe. Many scientists believe that we live in a gargantuan black hole.
Edit: this video explains it a bit: czcams.com/video/As7vWYmb5L8/video.html
So the gamma bursts occur on opposite poles on the black hole thereby canceling out the momentum and thus the black hole remains motionless with respect to another object, so could that energy be generated artificially to engineer a hypernova engine using charged particles and magnetic fields to direct the gamma bursts?
And if so this hypothetical spacecraft could use a burst to accelerate it near to the speed of light and could generate another burst in the direction it's moving to decelerate it to a standstill.
Well, yeah, when your engineering is good enough that you can create and control a black hole, you can certainly do a lot of crazy stuff.
But if you're at this stage where you can bend spacetime at will, then it would be certainly more efficient to use something like an Alcurbierre drive.
@@theslay66 I was thinking that it could be used for subluminal travel when superluminal velocities aren't required.
@@cosmicwakes6443 You don't have to go superluminic with an A-Drive. You just can.
And it's certainly better than having to deal with relativistic effects.
But to get back on your idea, basically what you describe is an ion thruster. You use an electric field to accelerate matter.
It's already in use. Just not at the same level of energy that a black hole can produce.
But if we could scale it up to this kind of energy, it would be quite an efficient way to move around.
Yes, actually. Throwing stuff into a black hole is the most efficient way to transform matter into energy (much more efficient than nuclear fusion), hence black holes can be used as an energy source (like by building a Dyson sphere around it).
Weren't neutrinos doing some part in these explosion? I think I saw an explanation about that. It seems like it's not included here?
One explanation of a supernova I've seen is that the last act in that crushing of the iron core is to force all the protons to absorb an electron and become neutrons at the same time. This is said to produce a wave of neutrinos so thick that even their tiny influence on the rest of matter causes the shock wave that then starts ripping through the star. Not that the neutrinos are bothered by that, though. They just zip out on their way while the shock wave plods along far behind them.
As neutrinos, though, they may also not be bothered by the magnetic fields that are twisting up other particles. And they're zipping away from the newly born neutron star or black hole at nearly c.
@@JustinMShaw Thank you so much for your kind explanation!
Peace! “In the twinkling 💖 of an EYE 👁️ “! Thank you 🙏 sir…
Wow 🫨🫨 if my classmates thought 💭 I was a NERD in the late 60’s ( spending my time in the LIBRARY 🤓). Today with iPads and laptops 🧑🏿💻 I would be glued to channels like professor Ash 😅😂👏🏿👏🏿👏🏿🧑🏿💻🧑🏿💻👨🏿⚕️👀
Would all people on the opposite side of the GRB hit point have a bad deal? Like, that they wouldnt instantly burned away but rather suffocate?
If the moon is out, even the light from it being hit could kill them
Assuming that it happens within 200 ly, say 100 ly, would the life only on the side of the earth facing the beam get wiped out or all of it? I mean, can it pierce through the earth?
The GRB from a hypernova would be the width of our solar system. At close range the GRB would "blowtorch" the Earth leaving only its core behind.
Yikes! 😧
If the pressure in the core increases because of decreasing fuel. Shouldn't that make the fusion process easier, in turn increasing the life (relatively speaking) of the star?
My understanding is that fusion in a star is easy however what it's fusing at each stage would make the difference. It doesn't take as long to fuse a smaller amount of helium then hitting a few more elements on the way to iron so there is no increasing the life of a star. You know what happens then.
Increased pressure generally means more fusion. This is why heavier stars burn faster. Coincidentally, increasing atomic number elements seem to need increased temperature to fuse, but give a decreasing release of additional heat. This is why stars go through a series of fusion layers which heats them up and makes them bloat into giants. And why they spend so long in the initial main sequence of fusing hydrogen while spending a much shorter time fusing heavier elements.
The crisis comes when iron is fused, which absorbs rather than releases heat. And so do all the elements heavier than iron.
we could try and build a GRB power converter and energy storage device (the Moon?) and when a GRB hits have energy for the rest of the life-time of this planet plus energy to travel the galaxy with star ships. Only question is how?
Many people believe the gravity from a black hole is much greater than the gravity from the star before it collapsed.
Actually, it's less because some materials are blown away during the explosion.
Strang that nobody mention this when explaining how a black hole is made.
Density is inversely proportional to radius cubed, and gravity is inversely proportional to radius squared. Those factors dominate even if the star loses most of its mass in the explosion
As hinted above, with black holes the description is usually about how strong the gravity is near the event horizon - for a stellar mass black hole maybe just miles away from it. For large stars nobody is interested in the gravity a few miles above the star's surface (and likely many millions of miles from its center).
But indeed, the change in mass between a newly born star, a star about to go supernova, and a stellar remnant is generally not emphasized.
Waiting for Eta Carinae to flash one more time.
@11:36 - Would a gamma ray beam penetrate the Earth's core? Apparently not. So the people on the leeward side of the Earth wouldn't be hurt immediately. But they would die when the Earth rotated 180 degrees, in 12 hours, and they would probably die even before that as the atmosphere would be stripped from the Earth's leeward side, but only as fast as the speed of sound permits. Since the Earth's surface rotates at the equator at roughly the speed of sound, that would give a few people who were at the right spot on the Earth's leeward side about 8-12 hours to survive. Also, I suspect that people who are living in a nuclear powered sub 300 feet underwater would also survive for a few months, until they ran out of food. The oceans may not be stripped from the Earth immediately - it could take a long time for that to happen.
I hope there won't be any hypernova ray hitting the earth until your next video.
11:22 - Why do electrons move in the direction of the spinning magnetic field instead of perpendicular to it. I guess it's just a visualization error in the video - end result is still a large beta ray coming out of the poles of the Blockhole.
The magnetic field doesn’t affect the component of velocity parallel to the magnetic field,,,,,that would violate conservation of parity
This Death Star stuff worries me. I just don't feel that lucky.
Looks like the Death Star.. 😬
Yes indeed, it's the death star planet crashing beam 😅
that is why we as species need to colonize other gallaxies in order to survive
Well,consider me propielly terrorized.
Two questions:
Hypernova=Pair Inestability Supernova?
There is any remnant left or the explosion obliterates the star completely?
Gotcha
If the universe has started small, how can it be infinite?
No matter how fast it expanded, if it started small it cannot be infinite. Can you explain that please?
Galactic Disco Balls of Death...