Did Medieval Maps Actually Say “Here Be Dragons”?

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  • čas přidán 14. 12. 2023
  • Head to drinkag1.com/brainfood to get a 1 year supply of immune-supporting AG Vitamin D3+K2 & 5 AG1 travel packs FREE with your first purchase of AG1!
    Intro:
    Going to sea as a medieval sailor must have been a terrifying prospect. If, by some miracle, you weren’t shipwrecked by a freak storm or killed by scurvy or some other nasty disease, you risked sailing off the edge of the world into the abyss, or straying into regions unknown filled with horrifying monsters, helpfully marked on your map with the ominous warning HERE BE DRAGONS.
    …or did you? While we like to think of the so-called “Dark Ages” as a time of profound ignorance and superstition, in reality, medieval people knew far more about the world than we typically give them credit for. But what about the whole “Here be Dragons” thing on maps? Well, let’s find out all about it as we delve into the weird and wonderful world of medieval cartography.
    Author: Gilles Messier
    Host: Daven Hiskey
    Producer: Samuel Avila

Komentáře • 157

  • @TodayIFoundOut
    @TodayIFoundOut  Před 7 měsíci +9

    Head to drinkag1.com/brainfood to get a 1 year supply of immune-supporting AG Vitamin D3+K2 & 5 AG1 travel packs FREE with your first purchase of AG1! They also have a 90 day money back guarantee if you don’t like it. So check it out today. :-)

    • @marcbeebee6969
      @marcbeebee6969 Před 7 měsíci

      Are you still looking for a presenter? How would i apply 😊?

  • @thatguy66199
    @thatguy66199 Před 7 měsíci +16

    Here be Daven

  • @asianbandit4054
    @asianbandit4054 Před 7 měsíci +41

    Here be monsters. As a commercial diver I know this to be true.

  • @SharonHF
    @SharonHF Před 7 měsíci +16

    “These bones.. which humans have seemingly been coming across as long as we’ve been humaning” 😊 I love this line!

  • @lilgnomey
    @lilgnomey Před 7 měsíci +72

    As much as I miss Simon and his antics, you do a good job (and thank you for pronouncing things well haha). I really enjoyed the subject of this one. Massive medieval artefacts nerd!

    • @royalemeraldbuilder5058
      @royalemeraldbuilder5058 Před 7 měsíci +10

      Simon isn't gone; they just take turns now. And I agree; I think they're both great 👍

  • @fredblonder7850
    @fredblonder7850 Před 7 měsíci +15

    You missed mentioning the obvious convention that, given a map that had east at the top, when held correctly, was “ORIENTED”, which is the origin of that use of the word to indicate that something is in the “correct” position.

    • @TaiJendamNation
      @TaiJendamNation Před 7 měsíci

      Thank you for your comment!! This was a complete unknown to me and I went from "whoa really" to "whoa, there's so much to this.." pretty quick, thanks to a keyword search landing me at edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/mapping-past and then my trip down the rabbit hole while following the activities. Thank you very much for my new very cool interest.

  • @bunyipdragon9499
    @bunyipdragon9499 Před 7 měsíci +11

    Fun fact, in old Welsh the word dragon (sorry can't remember the exact spelling) translated as worm. It was used to describe a narrow line of rocks jutting out into the sea.

  • @DeaDGoD_XIV
    @DeaDGoD_XIV Před 7 měsíci +10

    When I worked at Boeing any internal site maps that included a body of water would always include a "sea serpent" in the water

  • @knurlgnar24
    @knurlgnar24 Před 7 měsíci +6

    It may well be that there be dragons, but here be not Simon.

    • @TodayIFoundOut
      @TodayIFoundOut  Před 7 měsíci +8

      I don't know what you're talking about. Simon definitely hosted this one. It's just the KEEPS and AG1 kicking in and so much time spent abroad, the accent slips. Can't be helped. 😋 -TOTALLY SIMON

    • @knurlgnar24
      @knurlgnar24 Před 7 měsíci +1

      Understood. Thanks for clarifying! @@TodayIFoundOut

  • @ghostratsarah
    @ghostratsarah Před 7 měsíci +26

    Have they allowed you out of the dungeon? Or did they just give you some books cases for enrichment? Either way, happy to see you! Loving the beard, are you using Beard Blaze in it?

    • @TodayIFoundOut
      @TodayIFoundOut  Před 7 měsíci +19

      One perk of the dungeon is indeed Simon hooking all of us up with those sweet, sweet Beard Blaze products free of charge. 😋 -Daven

    • @YeeSoest
      @YeeSoest Před 7 měsíci +4

      ​@@TodayIFoundOutthat dungeon contains zero pubes, Manscaped FTW😅

  • @SerpentineDeity
    @SerpentineDeity Před 7 měsíci +9

    I am glad your Keeps sponsorship is doing well for your hair, Simon. Am I right, Peter?! (But seriously, still subscribed. Keep up the good work.)

  • @vernelledouglas1801
    @vernelledouglas1801 Před 7 měsíci +15

    Thanks for your opening statements. We forget that people are growing, building on knowledge, learning(except for war) and inventing. The former world had knowledge that spurred on the need to know more. Us "moderners" can be too pompous at times.

  • @likebot.
    @likebot. Před 7 měsíci +5

    Great show as always Daven. Here be round-earthers!

  • @MatthewTheWanderer
    @MatthewTheWanderer Před 7 měsíci +6

    "Eastern Oriented maps..." And the map shown says "Oriens" on the top, which means "East". Hence why "orient" and "oriented" are related!

  • @Emanon...
    @Emanon... Před 7 měsíci +4

    It was actually just on maps for the Balkans: Here be Dragan's.
    And they were weren't wrong!

  • @chroniclesofnowhere1269
    @chroniclesofnowhere1269 Před 7 měsíci +6

    You are the "bears, beets and Battlestar Galactica" foil to Simon. Your stuff has such a "Connections" feel and is a joy to watch.

  • @FortyHyena
    @FortyHyena Před 7 měsíci +2

    Damn, not only do the Chinese eat endangered animals for magic powers, they eat extinct ones too lol.

  • @445588997
    @445588997 Před 7 měsíci +2

    The residents of the blazement have revolted and now Simon is the one being locked in it. 😂

  • @0ned
    @0ned Před 7 měsíci +4

    Old maps actually show giants on different continents.
    Heliocentrism is attested in The West as long ago as Aristarchus, and in the Vedas, much longer.
    Flat earth was started by Turkish sailors to control trade routes while they actually had the Piri Reis map.

    • @ripn929707
      @ripn929707 Před 7 měsíci +2

      The reemergence of flat earth in recent times was the product of a failed how-to book writer who wrote a book claiming the moon landings were fake. It was so much more successful than his farming books, the he followed it up with a flat earth book. He even admitted he didn't believe the earth was flat, but was willing to take money from those who did. 😂

  • @WaddedBliss
    @WaddedBliss Před 7 měsíci +5

    Good to see you, Daven!

  • @lilandry
    @lilandry Před 7 měsíci +2

    bloopers, awesome! joke about Simon having few videos on CZcams made me exploded with laughter

  • @Daniel-ht4wr
    @Daniel-ht4wr Před 7 měsíci +6

    Guys theres a video with Simon Whistler where he describes if its possible for a normal person to land a passenger plane. They described Helios Airways Flight 522, the story of the air steward who attempted to land the plane after everyone went unconscious (and failed), he also discussed other incidents where people did land a small biplane successfully.
    He even gave guidance on what to say on the radio if you find yourself in that situation. Please help me find it 🙏

    • @YeeSoest
      @YeeSoest Před 7 měsíci +11

      😂 First i need an answer: Are you currently falling from the sky in a plane?

    • @jpe1
      @jpe1 Před 7 měsíci

      @@YeeSoestpresumably he was, and since he didn’t respond, obviously he didn’t get the instructions he needed. 🪦

    • @Daniel-ht4wr
      @Daniel-ht4wr Před 7 měsíci +2

      Not rn, thankfully
      I understand the guidance is to put the headphones on and press a red button on the steering wheel to contact ground control and ask them for guidance on using automatic controls to land the plane

    • @YeeSoest
      @YeeSoest Před 7 měsíci

      @@Daniel-ht4wr afaik that's basically the idea, yes. Depending on how much time, fuel and turbulence you have, the odds rise and fall but I HEARD the average chances of a total nobody landing a commercial plane like that are pretty okay...it's more than a wild gamble for sure

  • @ChopsticksMcguffin
    @ChopsticksMcguffin Před 7 měsíci +2

    Daven is like a Meta-CZcamsr.

  • @lauren9667
    @lauren9667 Před 7 měsíci +5

    Were the ground up dinosaur bones better for you than AG1? Daven, you could be the son I never had… our eating habits are identical. If it’s green, it means it’s gone bad, so I can’t eat it! 🤣

  • @xDmindless
    @xDmindless Před 7 měsíci +4

    ADD OVER AT ~3:45

  • @SaschaHannig
    @SaschaHannig Před 7 měsíci +1

    I think is healthy to have more than one host, especially for these types of channels that are meant to be informative. I'm also reading comments to see how deep into parasocial relationships people are, and I think a lot of subscribers got confused because of the whole channel-splitting thing. Guys, please just enjoy the facts and videos.

  • @kelleren4840
    @kelleren4840 Před 7 měsíci +2

    One important, often overlooked note. Columbus wasn't the first medieval European to find the Americas. And no, I'm not talking about the Vikings either.
    The Portuguese had been to the Americas for at least 20 years prior (we know they located Newfoundland, Canada by 1471) and Columbus even used Portuguese maps of the Caribbean to get to... well, the Caribbean.

    • @ripn929707
      @ripn929707 Před 7 měsíci +3

      And there is no telling how many made it there, and never returned.

  • @lewisbrodnax7898
    @lewisbrodnax7898 Před 7 měsíci +1

    My favorite inscription from this period of cartography was 'This way lies madness ' I don't really know why but it seems authentic. 😅

  • @TitularHeroine
    @TitularHeroine Před 7 měsíci +1

    Thank you, Daven, this is really fascinating!

  • @42Oregon
    @42Oregon Před 7 měsíci +1

    Excellent video, Daven!

  • @kirbymarchbarcena
    @kirbymarchbarcena Před 7 měsíci +2

    Google maps would have been much fun if it existed back then

    • @julianaylor4351
      @julianaylor4351 Před 7 měsíci

      There be apothecaries and untrustworthy traders here. 😁

  • @yodaflyz
    @yodaflyz Před 7 měsíci +1

    He hates cooking he says while I'm watching this on my phone next to my stove. It's 🍝 night by the way here. 😆

    • @TodayIFoundOut
      @TodayIFoundOut  Před 7 měsíci +4

      I really do. Just the worst... The real irony is some of my favorite CZcams channels are cooking channels. 🤷 Tasting History and You Suck at Cooking. 😋 -Daven

  • @YeeSoest
    @YeeSoest Před 7 měsíci +1

    I never really wondered too much about these. When I doodled in school books, I used filler nonsense all the time...I just expected these drawings and notes to be just that: Filler

  • @auro1986
    @auro1986 Před 7 měsíci

    now most of these new dinosaurs are hiding in parts of sea where it's safe from pollution

  • @rgnyc
    @rgnyc Před 7 měsíci

    Thank you - nicely done!

  • @katcaparula7898
    @katcaparula7898 Před 7 měsíci +1

    Doing a great job guys❤️

  • @susanwoodcarver
    @susanwoodcarver Před 7 měsíci

    Very enjoyable. Thank you!

  • @mssuxmyass
    @mssuxmyass Před 5 měsíci

    There are at least 2 survey plats recorded in Fresno County that feature conservation easements clearly labeled "THERE BE DRAGONS HERE", I know, I drafted them...

  • @victorialynnstruble
    @victorialynnstruble Před 7 měsíci +1

    It never ceases to amaze me how absolutely bankers ancient Chinese medicine is. Or any ancient medicine. How did any of our ancestors survive long enough to allow our species to still be here is beyond me

  • @highpath4776
    @highpath4776 Před 7 měsíci

    Dont forget the Kimodo Dragon (and similar lizard) , while not having fire breathing breath at such , does have a mix of venom glands and a bacterial cocktail in its mouth that leads to a slow (about 5 to 7 days on larger creatures (inc humans), death, allowing it to scavenge on the dead cadiver

  • @ninjapirate47
    @ninjapirate47 Před 7 měsíci

    That barnes & noble copy of The Count of Monte Cristo is absolutely beautiful... I have a copy myself.

    • @TodayIFoundOut
      @TodayIFoundOut  Před 7 měsíci

      Genuinely my favorite book of all time. :-) -Daven

  • @dutchvanderlinde2002
    @dutchvanderlinde2002 Před 7 měsíci

    as soon as I saw the title I had Fargo flashbacks

  • @agalah408
    @agalah408 Před 7 měsíci

    This would have come from a mistranslation of a map of the West coast of the Americas which said 'Warning! Here be Dragqueens'

    • @YJ0AUF
      @YJ0AUF Před 7 měsíci

      @@aussieobserver3219 Perhaps we should include Moonee Ponds. RIP Dame Edna.

  • @DavidGarcia-vb7rl
    @DavidGarcia-vb7rl Před 7 měsíci +1

    Rrrrrrr this not be simons.... Walk the plank

  • @vernelledouglas1801
    @vernelledouglas1801 Před 7 měsíci

    Fascinating and video!

  • @carddamom188
    @carddamom188 Před 7 měsíci

    For example, at this moment on a map in the place where the kremlin is located it is a symbol meaning here be rubber ducks...

  • @dominicwaghorn6459
    @dominicwaghorn6459 Před 7 měsíci

    Imagine being the first to figure out the circumference

  • @bretfisher7286
    @bretfisher7286 Před 7 měsíci +3

    Since this period was rich in superstition and dark imaginings, we see the art and language reflecting that. People were consumed with mystical fears and ignorant meanderings in folkways and rituals, in their attempts to find solutions to the sufferings and uncertainty of day to day life.
    I've always been fascinated by ancient cartography because of the abundance of mysticism found in early charts.

    • @1IGG
      @1IGG Před 7 měsíci

      Eh, just look at people today. If there are still humans in several hundred years, they will think that everyone was an idiot and believed the world was flat, vaccines wouldn't work and vampires ruled the world, if they look at social media.

    • @KristinkaAranova
      @KristinkaAranova Před 7 měsíci

      Medieval isn’t ancient

    • @bretfisher7286
      @bretfisher7286 Před 7 měsíci

      @@KristinkaAranova Oh, it isn't?
      You like to argue, don't you?
      Wow.

    • @KristinkaAranova
      @KristinkaAranova Před 7 měsíci

      @@bretfisher7286 lol I’m just saying medieval isn’t ancient

    • @bretfisher7286
      @bretfisher7286 Před 7 měsíci

      @svetlanakuznetkova4292 "Ancient" is relative, is it not?

  • @anthonyperno1348
    @anthonyperno1348 Před 7 měsíci

    What about Claudius Ptolemy's First Century CE gridded map?
    The map the historian James Bruke claims inspired Columbus.
    I thought his map was north oriented (mainly because he was drawing from Alexanderia with most of the Roman Enpire lying north of him.)
    I am not certain, and I'm asking.

  • @grapeshot
    @grapeshot Před 7 měsíci +2

    I think medieval map we're more about showing pretty pictures and they were more religious oriented showing very pretty pictures they wasn't even there wasn't even oriented to the north they were oriented to the east.

  • @SpacePatrollerLaser
    @SpacePatrollerLaser Před 7 měsíci +1

    She did not say there was no right to mass protest. She said that there was no right to do so in the streets because it denies others right to free passage. She did say you could assemble on private property if the owner was willing. She did not mention parks, which exist as gathering places and which is where demonstrations were held originally. Also, street parades were often held by the town or city, such as Memorial and Veterans' Day parades. Then the city allowed others to have parades by permit
    She correctly said that there is no such thing as "symbolic" speech, this was more in the line of flag desecration. This is not speech, this is an act. "Speech" is either oral or writtn material. Aside from that, we have had something for over 150 years: Hanging Uncle Sam in effegy. Uncle Sam reference SPECIFICALLY the Government; NOT the nation at large as the flag does

  • @BattleDamageProps
    @BattleDamageProps Před 5 měsíci

    .......fitness nut....sure Daven. This is right up there with Simon trying to pitch hair products.
    Also, love the videos.

  • @aweemonkey
    @aweemonkey Před 7 měsíci

    3:23 the actual start time of this video.

  • @ElectraFlarefire
    @ElectraFlarefire Před 7 měsíci

    **lurks in the comments**

  • @highpath4776
    @highpath4776 Před 7 měsíci

    It is worth checking the Bible for mentions of possible sea monsters (leviathan may have been land or water based ?) as well as mentioning lions and so on.

  • @IAmAlgolei
    @IAmAlgolei Před 7 měsíci

    Fossilized dinosaur skeletons are usually found disarticulated and incomplete. Reconstructing them requires knowledge of anatomy and even phylogeny. It's unlikely that dragons were the artistic renderings of dinosaur skeletons that were stumbled across fully exposed, articulated, and complete.
    On the other hand, snakes were the subject of mythology and folklore for a long time. Dragon mythology could have developed from serpent mythology. In Europe, for example, dragons appear to have started out as large serpents without arms or legs or wings, which were added in later stories.

  • @julianaylor4351
    @julianaylor4351 Před 7 měsíci

    I love ancient, mediaeval and renaissance cartography, so filled with amazing names and illustrations. ❤
    Some of those so called dragons, could have been early sightings large reptiles like Komodos as well as fossil bones, after all crocodiles were known to ancient Egyptians and Romans, etc.
    The Romans decimated the Asiatic Lion species, because they used them in their arenas, for sport.
    Whales, etc, must have terrified early sailors, nevermind the oceanic tides.
    In the early Renaissance Rhinos were often referred to as Unicorns.

  • @PlagueDaddyNurgle
    @PlagueDaddyNurgle Před 7 měsíci +2

    Dragonsess

  • @MotherBiscuitLover
    @MotherBiscuitLover Před 7 měsíci

    It was my understanding that here be dragons was sometimes used to indicate rough seas like around cape horn & what not.

  • @craigquann
    @craigquann Před 7 měsíci +1

    Yes! Thank you!!! Dinosaurs were thought to be dragons. Said that for years.

  • @Abe_Hiroshi
    @Abe_Hiroshi Před 7 měsíci +1

    What have you done to Simon?

    • @tashahansenpersonalaccount9633
      @tashahansenpersonalaccount9633 Před 7 měsíci

      They posted a video (i just found it today) i believe on top tens explaining what up i believe it said it was posted around 3 months ago

  • @markdollery2325
    @markdollery2325 Před 7 měsíci

    AG1 looks like Soylent Green.....

  • @Aramis419
    @Aramis419 Před 7 měsíci

    I hate to sound like a jerk, but I totally zoned out during the AG1 plug. A squirrel ran across my backyard and I suddenly realized, "Oh! Did I click on a video or is it just over-saturated advertisements that I've trained my brain to ignore?"

  • @jaygatsby3039
    @jaygatsby3039 Před 7 měsíci

    I'm a new parent so, I think I need some dragon teeth for my "manic running about". Anyone got any?

  • @Emcron
    @Emcron Před 7 měsíci

    we may laugh as we disparage the incomplete knowledge of the ancient world, but just think about what our far future descendants may say about us. there’s always so much more to know & learn.

  • @user-eh6th9wj5k
    @user-eh6th9wj5k Před 7 měsíci +1

    Daven!

  • @HereBeDragonsYT
    @HereBeDragonsYT Před 7 měsíci +1

    Please tell me!!!!

  • @Cronus716
    @Cronus716 Před 7 měsíci +4

    Idk why but I just can't get into these one without Simon

  • @destinytroll1374
    @destinytroll1374 Před 7 měsíci

    1 slight correction, medieval "doctrine" did not say animals could not go extinct. Rather is was a commonly excepted belief. Doctrine is something very different

  • @Roll587
    @Roll587 Před 7 měsíci

    Video starts at 3:30!

  • @chriswillis4153
    @chriswillis4153 Před 7 měsíci

    Where's Simon?!

  • @KrytoRift
    @KrytoRift Před 7 měsíci

    Wait..where's simon?!

  • @Thyranel
    @Thyranel Před 7 měsíci +3

    Daven you sounds like a nice guy and hope you get in to the role. And I say its really cool how Simon have mor ore less created a fact network! When his streaming site comes hope they call it the whistlerwerse! Free the basment writters!

  • @fearthehoneybadger
    @fearthehoneybadger Před 7 měsíci

    They used to say "Rand - McNally.

  • @Aaron_b_c
    @Aaron_b_c Před 7 měsíci +1

    What happened to Bald Guy

  • @jmas893
    @jmas893 Před 7 měsíci

    Dude... If you shaved your face you would definitely be a Toby McGuire doppelganger!

  • @usonumabeach300
    @usonumabeach300 Před 7 měsíci

    Here be trolls... Man I miss WHF

  • @Astyn024
    @Astyn024 Před 7 měsíci

    Topic looks really cool, but I cant get through even a minute of this video without Simons accent 😩

  • @flufffycow
    @flufffycow Před 7 měsíci

    Now don't do it a second time.

  • @JammastaJ23
    @JammastaJ23 Před 7 měsíci +3

    Where is our sweet fact boy!? Is he alright!?

    • @lilgnomey
      @lilgnomey Před 7 měsíci +1

      He left this as well as all the ‘-graphics’ channels after … ‘creative differences’. Hes still on the Megaprojects channel.

    • @TodayIFoundOut
      @TodayIFoundOut  Před 7 měsíci +4

      @lilgnomey Simon hasn't left TIFO. :-) And TopTenz, Biographics, and Geographics don't have anything to do with TIFO. Different company. :-) -Daven

  • @poeterritory
    @poeterritory Před 7 měsíci

    People really believed the world was round back in those days? Oh, those wacky but ignorant savages!😉

  • @KimTaura
    @KimTaura Před 7 měsíci

    Anyone else get distracted by the Samsung jingle in the background?

  • @oscarsainz9865
    @oscarsainz9865 Před 7 měsíci

    Pretty sure it’s the same shit as that type architecture that tries to keep ppl away. Forgot what’s it’s called

    • @1IGG
      @1IGG Před 7 měsíci

      "Defensive" architecture?

  • @MilesBellas
    @MilesBellas Před 7 měsíci +4

    Where is Simon ?

  • @fm9572
    @fm9572 Před 7 měsíci

    I'm sorry you hate food (AG1 Commercial). Who hurt you with the veggies? Baby carrots make horrible vitamin A suppositories, I guess.

  • @mattball420
    @mattball420 Před 7 měsíci

    A.I Simon looks a little off🤔

  • @doogandoggin2571
    @doogandoggin2571 Před 7 měsíci

    Probably just ducks

  • @fhuber7507
    @fhuber7507 Před 7 měsíci

    Bring back Simon

  • @Poigmothoin
    @Poigmothoin Před 7 měsíci

    Bring back simon

  • @jackmason5278
    @jackmason5278 Před 7 měsíci +1

    Do you really believe that there are no dragons? Perhaps you should visit Komodo, assuming that Simon lets you out of his basement.

  • @stewiex
    @stewiex Před 7 měsíci +1

    That was a long AG1 ad. My attention span is too short for that, on to the next video.

    • @Planag7
      @Planag7 Před 7 měsíci

      Clearly never been on double toasted...
      When you sit through a 5-minute ad filled with bad jokes, puns and trying to be funny? then come back...

    • @dancingdingo
      @dancingdingo Před 7 měsíci +1

      amen!!!!

  • @RarelyReplies
    @RarelyReplies Před 7 měsíci

    Yeah, nah.

  • @ravenhill_firelord_1968
    @ravenhill_firelord_1968 Před 7 měsíci +3

    wtf? where is simon whistler?

    • @ghostratsarah
      @ghostratsarah Před 7 měsíci

      Don't question it. You'll put him in danger.

  • @luannnelson547
    @luannnelson547 Před 7 měsíci +1

    You lost me on that anti-vegetable rant.

  • @alexawolf1030
    @alexawolf1030 Před 7 měsíci

    Who are you and what have you done with Simon.

  • @2255223388
    @2255223388 Před 7 měsíci

    This guy is not Simon

  • @flareinc7413
    @flareinc7413 Před 7 měsíci

    A host that claims to be a healthnut while not eating fruits&veggies AND sounds like he has an insanely had flu or other disease that makes his voice hoarse and unstable?
    Nope. Hope they get a new host or hope this guy's throat gets better.
    The content atleast was fine.

  • @MapSpawn
    @MapSpawn Před 7 měsíci

    why are you pushing gross green powder like immediately? Get real

  • @curtstacy779
    @curtstacy779 Před 7 měsíci

    You missed the dragons that still live today!? and what do you know most are around Asia.

  • @chillpillology
    @chillpillology Před 7 měsíci +1

    almost 3m commercial after 40 sec? unsubscribing