A VERY BRIEF history of Classical Music (from 1000 A.D. to the present day)
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- čas přidán 29. 03. 2018
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1,000 Years of Classical Music History in one 10 minute video! In this video I try to highlight the main characters but also draw attention to some of the main ideas and developments that took place throughout the centuries, from the Renaissance, The Baroque, The Age of Enlightenment through the Classical and Romantic Eras through to the modern age. - Hudba
I was trying to squeeze so much in to 10 minutes that I seem to have rather neglected the 20th Century :-0 I will have to remedy that my making another video JUST about the 20th Century I think!
Yes please, this video is amazing. But I love contemporary music as well.
Yup, 20th Century and 21st Century would be great!
Dude...Mahler was 19th century lol
Please do!
That would be Brilliant!
You guys are insane, David did a phenomenal job trying to condense 1000 years of musical history into a single 10 minute video and everyone is just like what about Satie, what about Shostakovich, what about Rachmaninoff, Ravel, Bartok, Prokofiev, Mahler?
But honestly I would really love watch a 30, 40 or even 60 minute version of this where you could go into way more detail!
Right?! I could practically hear the indignant neckbeard cry "How do you forget Handel?!" XDDD
Sure, sure.. but really, what about Prokofiev and Shostakovitch and Rachmaninoff and Ravel..?!;) He just skipped the 20th century.
It could be nice to see one of this for the weirdest musicians of each era, the outcasts
Seconded! Great idea!
Luv it!
Suko Pyramid I want to see this.
Satie would definateley take debussy's place.
most of them were all outcasts. As for being "weird",I don't know. What's "weird" ?
I think it cannot be stressed enough how important Haydn was for the development of western classical music.
The Sleeping Giant of Classical Music honestly
"tuning into a river of sound that's always there"
"sublime form of expressions which is both humble and grand at the same time"
Very well written script. You covered the important aspects of each era much better than your average Music 101 teacher, especially given the short attention span of many people like me.
Thanks David.
A well composed presentation. I am impressed by the way you made the music examples merge.
Haha, well _composed_
Well composed? Too condensed and too brief to really tell anything.
?? Yo man you left out da dopest ballerz ,what bout:
Lil Woah?
Young Sleazy?
MC Bama?
Jell E. Gel?
Whoop Diggy Dig?
Smackdaddy?
DJ Schwarznigga & Klint Beastwood?
DJ Cancun & Uncle Tomb?
DJ Whiteside & $panish Main?
DJ Mixxxedbot & Lite$kin Jerome?
DJ Oprah Wi'f'ey & Docta Feeel?
DJ Wu Masta & Voodoo Yu?
DJ Glock/Chain & B.I.G. Tech?
DJ Wild Flava & Pill Cosby?
WOw a bunch of simple crossfades! What a genius!
Paganini, Rachmaninoff, Satie, Lil Wayne, Lil Pump, 6ix9ine, etc.
I was just making the case for Rachmaninoff a minute ago in another comment. Satie is another example.Not sure of Paganini because of his contribution to music is more that of a virtuoso composing to showcase his ability.
lil pump doesn't count. He doesn't have enough brain capacity like the others mentioned.
Yes, yes, yes he has money and women, fast cars. But money can't buy him a new brain.
I never heard thi etc. Is it any good?
Shrip Rai hahahaha haha I’m dying, I can just imagine a few classical musicians searching up the latter part of the list then turning around with a horrified look on their face
Ok but you forgot Niki Minaj & Cardi B. I mean damn Cardi can make some sweet noises. She's practically a human instrument.
My gratitude to you for educating us to the basic history of Western Classical Music.
I have been a student of Indian Classical Music, and despite having tremendous respect and fascination for Western Classical music (especially the Baroque and classical era), I never got an opportunity to learn Western Music, and there are thousands like me in India. Your video is extremely valuable to us. Looking forward for many more from you.
10 minutes is a teaser and a good one. I appreciate the presentation.
I'm interesting in learning about Indian classical music. What would you suggest to get an overview of it's history?
This is unfortunately however the traditional approach to music history survey courses - omitting the many women and black composers and basing the entire arc in European culture as if it’s music’s highest expression.
@@andrewjkm1 Which women or blacks ???
I love your description of the music of Bach, being grand and humble at the same time expression-wise. That's SO TRUE!
Yes, I thought that descriptively accurate, as well.
What piece of Bach was that?
@@Alphabunsquad Erbarme dich mein Gott, from St Mathew Passion.
Exactly what i felt too! So elegant its almost shiny
Everyone needs to chill on the composers. It's a BRIEF history, you couldn't possibly cover all the composers that everyone is asking for in such a short amount of time. You especially couldn't do them any justice either in just 10 minutes.
Saka yes, but to be fair he did explicitly say to comment with anyone we felt was missed out.
let us not do brief histories of anything.
@@shnimmuc then dont watch brief histories
Complex topics like this can only be presented so briefly. At some point, it becomes too brief aka too American in approach, and no longer serves any educational purpose.
@@mechantl0up Then don`t present it.
Wow! You managed to encapsulate 1,000 years into just over eleven minutes! Terrific video.
Beethoven's Ode to Joy movement in his 9th symphony is where western music made a huge pivot. It was the first mainstream pop sing-a-long. The gap was bridged between lower class folk music and aristocratic classical music.
I don't think so. Considering that Bach's cantatas were all part of the regular church service and incorporated traditional hymns that the congregation sang along with. And he wasn't even the first to do this. What we call classical music was mainstream music back then.
Obviously no one can condense 1000 of music history into 10 minutes, but this is a valiant effort!
Comments are just ruthless!
Title says in capital letters "VERY BRIEF...". So chill out if your favorite composer wasn't mentioned!
Or make their own video, complimenting this one.
I agree that these kind of lists will always be controversial, we should focus on composers that contributed to the origin of music.
100 likes i wont ruin it
2:06 Wow. 13/64 is a crazy time signature to have mass in lol.
Wait for real?
@@MaxwellKozen He was talking about the year 1364, but the way he said it made it sound like a time signature.
@@johnray6906 Ahh. I see. lol I thought the singing was in 13/64 time looool
I started the study of music with the violin when I was 10 years old in 1962. This is the best overview I've seen since then. Thank you.
Very brief and very brilliant!!
What might take a 100 years to listen and understand, at an individual level - is being discussed and edited here under 12 minutes. One can never tell what the purpose or value of all such nugget size crap is .. Oh yes Patreon and hope based labor must precede the content itself...
Would be interesting to have an accompanying video about the history of "folk" music or the emergence of "popular" music genres in the late 19th / early 20th century.
David, you did an incredible job of summarizing the history of Western music in barely over 10 minutes! Bravo!
This is good. Someone needs to make a good 60-90 minute documentary on this topic.
Gustav Mahler in his later attempts at breaking traditional tonality had a tremendous influence on the second viennese trio Schoenberg, Berg and Webern. At least a little mention somewhere could have been nice. Other than that, it is very well summed up!
After many years of loosely listening to classical music, since my dad spun them on his turntable, your video has helped me sort out where do all these people fit in chronologically, and style wise. Good pace for your presentation allowing me to absorb a great deal. Thanks David!
Very interesting, makes me want to create a CZcams playlist and then just to sit and listen as the ages past me by.
Very nice video. I was thinking about Bruckner and Mahler, but they appeared at the end. Now I am thinking about Ravel and Shostakovich :)
Kudos from the Czech Republic for your very nice attempt at pronouncing Antonín Dvořák's name ;)
Dusan Pavlicek ...the British seem to have a genius for mis pronouncing foreign names!
Like Guy-do D’Arezzo ( Guido)
Too many squiggly lines over the letters :p
The last great composer. Everyone after is just trying to not be forgotten.
@@renzo6490 Americans also. Sometimes it seems they are not even trying 🤣
Fauré is a personal favorite - his Requiem has some really beautiful moments. The solo during the second movement (Offertoire) is so beautifully simple. And the 6th movement (Libera Me) is pretty evocative, too.
2:27 - “like tuning into a River of sound that is always there” - intriguing analogy, especially since that’s kinda like the impression I get of Minimalism too!
I'd love to see a longer summary, maybe half an hour to an hour.
I’d like to see a recap in real time.
@@ZenFox0 Very funny!
A long form summary would be awesome! This shorter one was really great.
I really enjoyed your video! I know you can only do so much in 10 minutes but it was really nice to watch an overview and remind myself of what's going on in music history rather than just reading about the sonata allegro form for 30 pages before I move to something else lol. Helps to put everything in the right place. Thank you!
My favourite modern composer is Messiaen. At least he gets a quick mention at the end.
Me too
This was a pretty god video. Maybe one of the first documentaries that i actually wanted to finish watch instead of sleeping and I'm not even a teenager yet.
Hey, David -
An idea for a different kind of Music History video, possibly in conjunction with another channel: Compare the time frames and natures of the different eras of Musical Art vs. Visual Arts (painting sculpture, etc.).
For example, as I recall, the Baroque Era of Painting is typically thought of as a little earlier than the Baroque Era of Music.
It would also be very intriguing to compare the famous characteristics of each Musical Era to the famous characteristics of the Visual Arts of that era.
Wow! I'm stunned! You really covered a lot of ground in only 10 minutes. Don't forget the most important opera composer of the 20th century was Puccini. Great video!
I really enjoyed this brief survey of musical history. It put some things into perspective for me that weren’t there before. I’m glad you thought of Handel in the end because he’s one of my favorite. I definitely would be interested in more videos focusing in on specific composers or specific periods of time. Very interesting!
Handel is My Oppars and Favourite Too!!
I love how David put himself at the end. I wonder what we will call his style in 400 years
I have around 2900 CDs of classical music (a boxed set of 20 CDs counts as 20 CDs) and over the years I have found that there are three composers or styles of music that always meet with protest if I'm not alone at home and decide to play them. My late wife always complained whenever I put on something by Miles Davis (a jazz musician). My older daughter complains whenever I play anything by John Cage, and my younger daughter can't stand anything from the Middle Ages, not necessarily Gregorian chant, which I don't have much of. I used to play a CD that was just right for kicking people out from my home: Music for 18 Musicians, by Steve Reich. I also find it perfect whenever I accumulate a lot of shirts that need ironing. I got to see Steve Reich performing in Madrid back in December 2009. It was quite good. My younger daughter often plays records she finds on my CD shelves--Janis Joplin, Bob Marley, the Beatles, the Doors.... I even learn from her--she introduced me to the music of Isabelle Goffroy, a French singer known as Zaz.
Great show, David! Eight centuries in a mere 11-ish minutes is not an easy undertaking! Good on you!
Looking at that timeline, I can pretty much say that I usually check out at around 1900, because the "Modern Classical Music" isn't my cup of tea. However, I'm glad to see that one of the most recent composers, Alma Deutscher, is continuing the old tradition that music should be pleasant to listen to.
Yeah! Alma is quite a refreshing surprise, hope she goes on to do greater things.
Simply excellent, thank you. "All art is a gift of the Holy Spirit. When this light shines through the mind of a musician, it manifests itself in beautiful harmonies." ~ Baha'i Faith
Thank you, Mr. Bruce.
I have been a singer for over 60 years, and recently determined to learn something about music. This has led to Harmony and Theory, and a keyboard. Searching for a weird (to me) piano chord notation I stumbled into this site. A great start to my education.
Great video. The music enhances the narrative. Choice of excerpts are excellent. It gives classical music novices a historical thread which will stimulate them to look further. You include all of the basic concepts that describes the evolution.
You left out the climax of symphonic music... Bruckner, Mahler, Shostakovitch..
Well done though!
Thank you.
I completely agree.
That's what I was thinking, and especially Mahler. I didn't really get Mahler till well after I turned 65, but he does sound to me importantly poised between Romanticism and 20th c.
im studying for a humanities clep and you saved me at least a couple hours buddy tyvm
WOW--never was so much information given in so little time! Of course, not everyone could be included in 10 minutes, but in a clear and precise way, the general outline of the evolution of Western music is presented. Quite an achievement.
this was very informative! The kind of overview I've been needing for years. It puts a lot I already know into perspective, thanks!
This was a very wonderfully done introductory video of classical music history. And you did it in under 12 minutes. That's amazing. I enjoyed watching the timeline video slide of composers. Would enjoy a little more detailed video on individual composers or group them by Era to go along with this video. But this was a great intro into classical music. Thank you!
I found your channel in my “Coronavirus self- quarantine time”!! I really appreciated a lot your information! Thank you!
Thanks for recapping my three years of music history education!
Alright David, now that we're stuck giving music virtually, I'm using this vid for an assignment to help my exam students , . . .
Fantastically creative presentation David! But, DUDE! BARTOK!!!!!
I think that de Falla would be an interesting inclusion.
Interesting, but not so relevant.
Not Right Music hell Yeah, Bartók!😃
@@christopherstube9473 Wtf no
Bullshit
Congratulations on putting this together. It's an entire semester on classical music squeezed into around 11 minutes.
Fantastic video. Rachminoff is the only one I can think of off the top of my head. But he was known as a brilliant performer at the keyboard
Some people with overly Bach-centric view argue that Baroque period ended in 1750 with Bach's death, yet the fact is, the start of Classical period did not happen simultaneously with the ending of Baroque. Early Classical period overlaps with late Baroque period by a large margin. In fact Mozart (born in 1756) is generally agreed to be a "LATE Classical composer" and if we define the reign of Style Galant, Style Rococo as the Classical era in European music, it began as early as late 1600s. The fact that JS Bach was considered old-fashioned most of his lifetime and Frederick II of Prussia is said to "have liked old fashioned Baroque music" validates this. Opera Buffa, Galant Style composers like Pergolesi (1710~1736) were famous, prominent figures of the Classical Era. If you were to follow your logic classicism didn't start until the mid 1700s, that would mean de-facto Classical composers like Pergolesi lived before the Classical Period began, which doesn't make sense.
Darkness CZcams great points. Have you read Evening in the Palace of Reason?
“Overly Bach-centric view” seems like a difficult thing to achieve, given his undeniably massive impact on so much important music that came after him. But I agree that the dates should be more fluid than they often are presented.
Certainly, the way we structure the history of academic music often happens to be very limited in terms of styles and the way they evolved through the times...
In history you have do to compromise. ^^ But because Bach has such a massive impact on the evolution of music, I think it is more an homage to him to say that then end of the baroque period is his death.
Music historians have never known what exactly to do with the music between JS Bach and Mozart. CPE Bach was a far bigger deal in his lifetime than his father was in his but now we don’t have much of a way to classify him.This point is very well taken. Also, Bach’s influence wasn’t on his immediate successors so much as on later ones. It was Mendelssohn, left out here, who brought Bach into focus. And it happened again in the twentieth century when Pablo Cassals presented the solo cello sonatas as masterworks rather than as exercises.
I really enjoyed this video. Thank you!
Thanks so much :)
It’s truly remarkable how this sets up the stage for what music became ultimately. I mean, if you continue the trend, it seems obvious that the absolute extreme prediction would be what modern pop music is today. Not saying whether it’s a good or bad thing, but it makes sense to me when I reflect on the history of change in music, and how the trend has continued and seemingly accelerated vastly to give a lot of the music we have nowadays.
These are VERY broad, blanket statements, to be taken with a tablespoon of salt. I could develop further what I mean but I think most will understand what I’m getting at, and I don’t want to write a whole essay in a comment to explain exactly what I mean...
This video is a public service. I've been a musician for 50 years, and learned just as much about classical music in the last 10 minutes as I had in the preceding 50 years.
I think you did a great job giving the A-tier view for the complete novice. I don’t think someone like Satie needs to be in there. I love Buckner, but he wouldn’t make my list of “listen to this first” artists.
If I added anything, maybe more opera composers. I think Rossini and Verdi made massive contributions and probably deserve a place in the A-tier.
*note: I am not suggesting that all of the “A tier” are the best and you need not go further. Simply that they are most well known and /or provided the best exemplars of a particular style.
A musicologist, ( that I cannot recall his name, as I heard him on the radio), stated his perceived dilemma in modern music.
Early music formulated structures upon the basic aesthetic fundamentals. As rules were formed and expanded in later periods the aesthetic aspects became more complex and perhaps less or non approachable to the mind and soul.
Perhaps,(he stated) we need to slow down our experimentation with micro tones and strange harmonics, as perhaps some or most of these structures aren’t fundamentally proper and are simply exercises in intellectual justification.
He stated that perhaps it’s time to work with and combine all the music theory that we’ve established already, for the permutations are endless.
I personally would not look down on any modern composer that composes in the early styles.
similar to other genres, as well. take a great idea and run it into the ground and make it all but unlistenable to all but the most diehard fans
Have you checked out Alma Deutscher? She's all about back to basics. I recommend Waltz of the Sirens.
@@humblesparrow ,
I will check her out.
I'm both interested in exploring the new and established styles.
Superb . Thank you for this. I hope many historians and educators use your approach to giving historical context to such derp and important subjects.
This is an outstanding video! I enjoyed the concept of the “moving timeline”. Thank you very much for this!
Very well presented Nick! Looking forward to your 20th Century video...but please don't forget George Gershwin, Ottorino Respighi or Manuel De Falla. Thanks! 😊
I don't feel like he had a full Händel on the Baroque period.
A minor mistake.
Your pun makes no sense with the anachronistic umlaut - Handel didn’t use it for most of his life - with it, the name is pronounced ‘Hen-del’.
It doesn’t make sense to you obviously, but your not everyone.
To me, his comment is light hearted and humorous.
Aside from perfect pronunciation,
It reads like this: he didn’t have a good handle on the broke period,
Its just a minor break of the handle, no big deal.
Not a major B.
Oh I know none of it makes perfect sense to you.
…its just joking around with word play.
Try to relax a little and refrain from being a Mrs know it all.
Can you Handel the truth?
Or is your sense of humor Baroque?
Use a little imagination and then it will make perfect sense.
…Then your pride, will be replaced with peace.
Great share, helps anchor the sequence of major movements and names associated with them. Especially for noobs like me.
I think you missed out mentioning Rachmaninov and his return to romanticism during the "modern" era, heavily downplayed by his colleagues but now renown as a great influence in early more elaborate pop music and the return of timeless melodies and motifs well explored through his concertos and other pieces. A true revel of the time, not willing to commit to atonal or minimalistic movements.
Funny for Guillaum de Machaut he used Vivaldi's face!
stellario82 I noticed that! 🤣
Very interesting for someone like me that is starting to appreciate classical music more as I get older. I love hearing the examples as you speak , but sometimes they are much louder than your voice. This is the 1st video of yours that I've seen. I'm interested in the history of music, especially classical, so I've subscribed to your channel.
Same here to classical music is extremely fascinating musical genre and so beautiful and alluring to listen to.
This was useful! As somebody who is studying to be a music teacher and to pass their Praxis two. Thi I something easy and digestible to come back to when needed
Thank you for this! Notable contemporary composers that were not mentioned include Copland, Bernstein, Part, Britten, Holst, Rutter, R.V. Williams, others.
And hundreds others. Not in a 10 minute video about 1000 years of classical music development.
I think Beethoven actually deserves *_more_* acclaim, distinctly within Classical, Romantic, and the modern era (with the Great Fugue) as well.
Otherwise I think you've nailed this.
Yah I mean he centered on him a lot but there has never been a more influential person in the world of music ever
No mention of lil John smh
OR SHOSTAKOVICH!
Based god was also missed
Or Tiffany!
or billy that lives around the corner from me...
?? Yo man you left out da dopest ballerz ,what bout:
Lil Woah?
Young Sleazy?
MC Bama?
Jell E. Gel?
Whoop Diggy Dig?
Smackdaddy?
DJ Schwarznigga & Klint Beastwood?
DJ Cancun & Uncle Tomb?
DJ Whiteside & $panish Main?
DJ Mixxxedbot & Lite$kin Jerome?
DJ Oprah Wi'f'ey & Docta Feeel?
DJ Wu Masta & Voodoo Yu?
DJ Glock/Chain & B.I.G. Tech?
DJ Wild Flava & Pill Cosby?
Brilliant presentation! Very enjoying as learning should be. Thank you! 👏🏼
This was FANTASTIC. This deserves millions of views. Your effort really helped me geta glimpse of the progression of this incredible and timeless genre.
Hello David, I'm really enjoying your videos! (Shamelessy binge watching...) I was wondering if you have any experience arranging? Or if you'd do a video on it or allow it in your composing series? :)
Beethoven’s personal life is so sad. Despite huge musical success, he couldn’t figure out personal social happiness.
Mozart was burried in a mass grave
@@ireneuszpyc6684 At age 35 no less.
Loved it! It helped me to make sense of the bigwhigs and why the eras worked and flowed into one another. Thanks!
David, I'm a musician (pianist, teacher and a bit of an arranger) living in Mexico City. I've just found your videos a week ago, seen four of them and I'm really inspired by your approach to music and the way you create this material. Thank you very much for sharing your knowledge and your enthusiasm.
Great video. I think more composers could have been included (without pictures). Also completely neglected late romanticism (Bruckner, Mahler, Strauss).
That would be great to have a 10-minute video just on the Romantic Period.
it's a great video but i think Ravel, Prokofiev, Bartok and Shostakovich are very important composers
Exactly what I was thinking
All four are boring and without spirit. Just ugly music.
@Michael Thoma I hope too...?
@@hungrymikepencetd5686 ???
Yes exactly Bartok is important when I think of it
Beautiful. Thank you very much, David, you are the exact person I was hoping to learn this from!
Congratulations! This video is an extraordinaire brief. Undoubtedly quite practical for studying & research purposes. Thank you very much.
I think Mahler was a huge influence in the "atonal" composers like Schoenberg, Webern, Berg. In a way he pushed to the limit the massive sound of the romantic era and he reached the limits of harmony like Debussy
I always found shostakovich very important and erik satie
Shostakovitch is amazing, one of my personal favourites
DSCH is my favorite Composer, followed closely by Mahler.
@JASON P. Roberts say goodbye to life, saying shostakovich sucked is a death sentence
@JASON P. Roberts for me the joke is the "MuSiC" of Stockhausen and other atonal composers, I like both Shostakovich and Beethoven.
@JASON P. Roberts ok you can dislike a composers music, but by no means should you call them an idiot. Shostakovich is more talented than you will ever dream to be. He wrote his first symphony when he was 19 years old and that symphony is performed pretty regularly by world-renowned orchestras. What the hell have you accomplished? Probably nothing. So have some respect.
Such a great video! Excellent work!
Thanks for the refresher course. Much fun to watch.
when it comes to classical remember to start on Debussy and finish on the Bach, never finish on Debussy
I don't get it
I love Debussy, sometimes all I can think about is Debussy😂
Thats disgusting
Lmfaoooo
I noticed in a couple of your excellent videos you seem to leave out Mahler. He was the bridge from Wagner to Schoenberg, Webern and Berg who were all Mahler's disciples. Yr not one of those critics who used to maintain that Mahler was derivative program music are you? Mahler's music is very identifiable even apart from Wagner.
He says in the end of the video he missed Mahler among some others
Not at all, love a bit of Mahler. Although my favourite is his 4th Symphony, which is arguably his least Mahlerian, so I don't know what that says!?
Loved your short History of Music. Please provide more!
Great video, really interesting and so well put together, thank you.
Nice timeline. Point of information: Where did Schubert, and *Mahler*, and John Cage go...?
Very impressive, thank you for this! Iguess I have to watch it a view times to absorb all information. I didn't know that the organ came before the orchestra, always thought it was invented to emulate the orchestra. You didn't mention Erik Satie, but since you got Debussy I guess it's fine.
The organ was a Roman instrument, but the romantic organ was invented for orchestral reductions during the 19th and twentieth centuries.
Thank you very much great perfect video bro!
I really enjoyed this, very original. You have gained a new subscriber just because of your creativity. Thank you, I look forward to more of your work!
Missed Mahler as the last big gun of the romantic classical era, and also Eric Satie et al that somehow bridged over to jazz in various ways...
Wasn’t rachmaninoff the last romanticist? Made the bridge to early film music as well
arguably Rachmaninoff though
The main history of classical music isn’t thru modernism and minimalism!! It’s in film-music! Post-romanticism
Film music deserves its own 10-minute, "brief history of" video
I completely agree with this. In fact, film scores were a major gateway into the world of classical music for me. John Williams, Danny Elfman, and Hans Zimmer are definitely amongst the great composers of our time.
Mussorgsky, Stockhausen, Lutoslawsky, Carrillo, Johnston, Gesualdo, Rachmaninov, Scriabin, Revueltas, Ligeti, Germán and the list goes on and on, I know, no enough time, good video ;)
Thankyou ! This will help me in class and it's also interesting, informative and creative! Thanks!
I think the most predominant composer you left out is Ravel! Great video though!
Ravel was literally the greatest genius of modern classical music along with Debussy and you forgot him ;-;
Sad Sad and Sad 😭😭😭😭
what a great primer, thanks for this
Hello, Thank you for this very informative video. I am 21 years old and I am falling in love with classical music, and I’m fascinated by these composers. I learned a lot from this video. It was well organized and easy to follow!