Strange Stars | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios
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- čas přidán 15. 11. 2016
- What happens when matter can’t get any denser yet somehow does? The answer - it becomes “strange.” Strange Stars may be the most massive stellar remnant that is just shy of forming a black hole. And they could be even cooler than black holes.
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Neutron stars are made of a substance known as Neutronium. It was thought that this was the densest form of matter possible but some theoretical physicists believe that at the core of some neutron stars the Neutronium breaks down even further, into quark matter. It may even evolve one step further into “strange matter", the densest and most stable substance in the universe.
Previous Space Time episode:
• Did Dark Energy Just D...
How to Build a Black Hole
• How to Build a Black Hole
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Grayson Blackmon
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Comments answered by Matt:
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"Monsters in the math," good title for a book.
My math teacher was a monster.
When the nerd goes through an emo phase
@@PaulaJBean +1
Would be a nice sequel to "Industrial algebra" by G. Egan
Check this out
czcams.com/video/BCIMKkOvRLc/video.html
"Degenerate matter... not like your parents would have used it."
Damn son, slammed
Sketch Armslong lmao
LMFAO!
I feel like I'm being personally attacked by this. 😐
Haha, you stole the comment right out of my head!
"Is it personal attack or something?"
On the streets:
_Will propose grand unified theory for food_
I assumed he meant on the streets rioting and looting
GUTs for Food
Go for it !!
7:41 "Nearly 1000 years later--after some *small* technological advancements..."
That's called understatement, right?
Well if you think of humanities technological state since the dawn of man 1000 years of advancement is pretty minor. Prolly even more so if we survive another 10000 years without collapsing.
"Sarcasm" is the word you're looking for. Pronounced:(Sahr-kaz-um)
@@xebek Nope, definitely not sarcasm.
"a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain"
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sarcasm
I'm sticking with understatement.
@Le Tigidou The last 100 years brought more advancements than the previous 2000 years , which brought already more than the last 200 000, you meant
when astrophysicist call something strange... then you know that it is *REALLY* strange
Nah... physicists assume everything is spherical and in a vacuum. They would consider a cube to be strange... :-D
Strange is literally the name of the matter or should I call it subatomic particles.
strange is literally the name of the matter as far as i know.
@@DoctorOblivian wee woo wee woo it's the joke police!
@@philiphughes9899 If you find a big ol cube out there in space I'd call that pretty strange too...
“Monsters lurking in the math” makes me think of mathematical equations that summon demons.
SCP-1313 (Solve for Bear): *intensely breathes*
I hope one day I can make videos half as good as these - because this is exactly the kind of stuff that interests me
Your videos are brilliant!
Aww It’s great to see this comment and see what you do today :)
New sub to you
How would one pronounce the phrase-, “Anything is possible “
-In mathematician¿?¿
@Tibees Its been 4 years, go for it !! 🤗
As a physicist who works in this area I have to commend the producers of this video. It is very well done.
It's PBS
It's when you hit 13:00 that you realise that this guy cannot be fazed by anything. Spacetime and 3Blue1Brown are my go-to sites for understanding anything in physics and maths. Where just about everybody else waters the material down or ducks a difficult argument here or there, these two just plough right through providing clear descriptions and explanations and not ducking anything. Hats off to both of them. Is there some kind of Feynman or Carl Sagan award for scientific communication they could be given?
I'll check out the other channel - 3 blue 1 brown, yeah? Where's the name come from?
he has heterochromia, he has one eye that's about 3/4ths blue and 1/4ths brown
@@nicooooooooooooooooooo wow. Nice one, did not know that
I'd love to see a video on Quasars and insanely large super-massive black holes colliding. These sort of primordial galaxy-sized events have always fascinated me. Quasars really start to blur the line between a swarm of celestial bodies like a galaxy and a singular celestial body like a star, and are of such a massive scale. The "quasar cluster" that if I am correct still holds the position as the largest structure we've ever discovered in the universe would be an interesting subject as well. As well as how it deified basically all our assumptions of the limits of how big things could be.
"Its strange"
"Perhaps. who am I to judge."
I got that reference!
Also, did you get that reference? Hahaha.
@@Locke19901 Doctor......... Doctor Strange
The word Quark Epoch has been replaced by 'Quack' Epoch in subtitles in 6:36.
If someone has pulled off such a prank, hats off.
There is a lot of quackery among mathemeticians who have ruined science
@@fivish How? Please elaborate.
@@tiffanyohara7713 Okay thanks for clearing that up for me
My apologies!
-Donald Duck
A star made of Strange Quarks is strange. Can a star be made of Charm Quarks? That would be charming.
yes, but a Top star would top them both :-D
KohuGaly Isn't "Top Star" the name of one of those reality/talent contest TV shows?
Master Therion I have no idea. Pretty much the only thing I watch on TV these days is Simpsons...
I'd find a star made of Down Quarks to be pretty depressing.
Master Therion I'd be down to see a video about Down Quark Stars
So much in these videos goes over my head... why can't I stop watching them?
Josh Nolan I've never related to a comment more than this one
Curiosity, which is a fine quality. Ignorance can be cured through study, but lack of curiosity is a permanent affliction.
Arioch IV Well said. Anyone who isn't a little interested in this stuff is missing out.
Will Lastnameguy "is missing out" and not just a little bit. It informs your world view in a big way and pushes silly ideas like a 6k old earth out the window :3
Can I have your comment on a plaque to hang up over my desk? lol incredibly well stated.
Always love the thumbnails this channel has. They’re like epic clickbait ones, yet not clickbait. Kinda refreshing.
I've heard before how pulsars can be spinning thousands of times per second. It made me think of how light (cosmic speed limit) can circle the Earth about 7 1/2 times per second. So these pulsars would have to be under so many kilometers across to not be spinning faster than light. And of course, I've also heard about these pulsars being the size of a city, which makes them extremely dense.
Just thought it was a neat reminder of how awesome science is, and how using the scientific method can lead to such great discoveries and insight ^_^
Perhaps the fact that neutron starts are made of degenerate matter mean that there is no surface to rotate at all, and thus no violation of relativity, and thus infinite angular momentum is allowed?
I will donate money as soon as my poor ass can afford to.. I donated to my local NPR station this month already -_- YOU GUYS NEXT
Thanks for supporting public media!
I'm inspired. I'm gonna write a screenplay for a movie called "Strange Matter", starring Lorenzo Lamas and Richard Harrison. It'll have physics stuff in it, but also ninjas.
And now I'm picturing a physicist wearing a leather vest and a red-and-white "Ninja" headband.
Science ninjas!
QBasicTNN and don't forget a technocratic empire enforcing a finger slit salute
The Rogue Wolf Don’t forget to include blackjack and hookers!
QBasicTNN "strange magic" by ELO better be the soundtrack
"i don't mean that in the same way, your parents use the word." Did i just get a sick burn from Matt and his strong flawless eyebrows?
Year 3000: First picture of strange star 💚
I believe it will be sooner if it is real. Who knows
@Mayank Nigam yup, I'm here after Kurzgesagt video
@@kutaykockar I hope so 😌
Nah....we already have those.
We already have a picture of a Strange Star and it's the one mentioned here. We've had it since 2003.
And they don't look exactly the same as Neutron Stars - they're smaller.
This one is 11km in diameter. The minimum for a Neutron Star is 17km.
PBS Space Time, and Isaac Arthur, two of my favorite channels since late. Keep it coming, can't get enough (even if i sometimes don't understand half of it) Greetings from Belgium
Well, I feel all special now :D Thanks for answering my question!
Osmium: "Im the densest natural material on earth"
NeutronStar: "Hold my beer!"
Quarks: "Step aside kiddo!"
Like seriously its someone said to quarks that you cant get denser than that and they were like yea i can. Its like that kid who keeps inventing rules as the game goes along
He did the meme 2 years before it was funny he's a time traveller
Next you're gonna tell me there is something more dense than a black hole.
@@GuyFromJupiter Your mom
Maybe the missing mass is composed entirely of apostrophes...!
I really like this videos. He does look like he's about to sneeze all the time
"Stay strong comrades." LOL I'm starting to love you even more.
Y O J I M B O 用心棒 I believe this is related to No Nut November. I’m pretty sure he’s not dog whistling the murderous ideology of Marxism lol.
How can neutron star have millions of degrees temperature when all the neutrons inside are so close they are not moving at all?
i assume the pressure
Argentarii Homini 'Amen'
Argentarii Homini Mmm, the tears of the ignorant.
Because Nature.
Oh, the neutrons are moving. Those extreme densities don't prohibit movement. There's thermal motion (although this does't quite work the same way in degenerate matter), and probably all sorts of weird superfluid motion going on also, like microscopic vortices that stretch from the crust to the core.
Monsters in the math should be a series. Give us more monsters.
I’m glad theoretical physicist are off the streets 😂
LOL
It is terrible when they turn to theoretical crime!
Be careful what you wish for....
Yes! Imagine them roaming the darkness terrorising us with their equations.
Me loves this Time Space show. It makes I smarter.
me also feel big smart
Me fill small and stupid
well, it aren't called PBS Grammar time for something.
My intilligence levels are increase in my brane after player this video
Very science. Much smart. Wow.
I CLICKED AS SOON I SAW A NEW VID :O
Veronika Alcoba There's nothing like a pretty woman who likes to get mentally stimulated by science. 😍😍😍
there's nothing like creepy dudes on the internet and every other walk of life.
Thomas Ingram There's nothing like creepy dudes that mention personal attributes over the internet. 😂
Johnny, please keep your sexual opinions to yourself. NO ONE cares.
aspuzling And you take the time to mention this because you care? 😆
For anyone who missed it, this is from their Patreon page, dated 22nd of November: "The Space Time team will be taking the week off for the holidays but we will return next week with our episode on Pilot Wave Theory!" No need to panick yet :)
No one remembers your name, when you're strange.
"I like to say 'quark'! Quark, quark, quark, quark!"
--Thomas Hobbes, 1637
Scowlie Meerkat 1993 C & H
"Instead of making an idiot of yourself, why don't you go find me some scientists?"
John Calvin, -1562
Donate on patreon to keep spacetime moving forward? What if I want to see spacetime move backwards? Is that physically possible?
You'll have to steal from them.
Special EDy Just find a way to break the lightspeed barrier. Then you should see everything else go backwards. All you need is a way to find a little more than infinite energy and a way to survive collapsing into a black hole, but those are minor obstacles.
Orrrrr maybeee dark matter isn't just the opposite of matter but matter looping back on itself, you could perhaps find a way to do that. But for that you would have to end the existence of your physical body completely and hope that your consciousness will loop along just to see if that idea is real, which it probably isn't. For that there would have to be exactly the same amounts of matter and antimatter and antimatter should follow the exact path of matter but backwards in time. But maybe there are some possibilities similar to that idea that just don't require antimatter.
Other ways of time travel are even more dangerous. As long as Hawking is alive anyway.
Hawking the Anti-Time Travel guy...is *Time Travelling* from past to future at about 1 second per second.. xD
Setekh I think you could escape the event horizon. You just need to be in the right place as two massive black holes spiral into collision. Fall into the first black hole on suborbital path in the opposite direction the two black holes are spiraling each other. If you subsequently hit the Legrange point between the two black holes at precisely the right place and vector, you escape. If the black holes are massive enough, the tidal forces won't rip you apart. What happens in this corridor is beyond my imagination, you are theoretically inside of two event horizons, but the net gravitational pull is zero at some point. I don't know if that means spacetime will be undistorted at this point, or some other crazy effects. I think that this is the epicenter of the gravitational waves that we are trying to detect though.
As two black holes approach each other, the event horizons would become elongated along a line intersecting both singularities, but initially they wouldn't merge. As they got closer, they would begin to expand on the axis perpendicular to the line intersecting them, but I think there should be a point where they are bowl shaped. You could load Dr Hawking into a space ship and send him on a trajectory where he passes through this extending wall, which is trying to close around the bubble of the Legrange point in the center.
Maybe someday I will have sufficient knowledge of the physics equations needed to test this, and the skills to plug it into a simulation.
"Stars made entirely of quarks"
Well technically...
Not really. The mass of electrons, neutrinos, etc. in the sun would be not inconsiderable. A tiny fraction of course but not negligible.
@@CommissionerSleer he means all stars are made of quarks
@@user-kx5es4kr4x If by that you mean "they have quarks in them" then... well... obviously... like everything else. My point is no star is made "entirely" of quarks.
@@CommissionerSleer yea, just 99.9% XD
I think we can safely say:
"May contain trace amounts of leptons and bosons"
@@CommissionerSleer and you KNOW this how ?
The person/people who do PBS ST thumbnail graphivs are doing a bang up job. Nice gig if you can get it.
He seems to be speaking a little slower and with a little less energy, at a pace that makes it easier to absorb what he says.
wcsxwcsx I agree, I retained the information from this video a lot better than previous ones
wcsxwcsx I still like when he gets super passionate about it, though. It helps me stay engaged. Same speed, but put your heart into it m8!
He's approaching the end of his hosting life. Soon his core will run out of fuel and he'll suffer a total collapse. Fear not, his last video will be an energetic burst wherein he seeds the clouds of potential replacement hosts with heavy elements.
Gareth Dean, comments like yours is the reason why I keep reading the comment section on youtube
I actually thought he was picking up a bit of the Vsauce style. A speaking style I find easy to digest.
You guys should 100% do a series on first year college, calculus based physics. A comprehensive set of videos explaining basic physics principles in the format of videos like these would be incredible resources and even references for those wanting to learn or brush up on physics.
I was really impressed with the video about quantum eraser, very fascinating. The fact that the particle "photon" new it was being detected to determine which slit it was going to pass through, that was amazing.
You are doing amazing work with these videos. I hope that many people will be inspired by them and pursue a path in physics or astronomy. The world can never have enough scientists!
Black hole information paradox? Holographic principle? That's Leonard Susskind stuff! Yes, please!
Yes please!
@@daveanderson718 Make Physics Great Again!
A new Space Time video? My day is made.
these guys are off the charts with all these space science, cant thank you enough for your dedication on this subject, when i get older, ill make some money and donate to keep this channel going strong
Ooohhhh... how had I not heard of the potential quark star finds, yet?? 😳 Wow!
Love PBS space time, half the stuff makes my brain melt but I still love it.
Same here.And that's without most of the mathematical equations!
Same Here. I wish I could understand even 50% of most videos. Such a great channel.
Some articles about these strange stars also mention one even more extreme variant, the Preon Star, even smaller than a quark-gluon star. The science seems mostly unsupportive, but I'd like to hear Space Time's take on them
The music during the last part is so sick!
i didnt remember seeing this when it was upload, i think it's time to rewatch everything over again :)
Come on guys we're at 1349 views and there aren't any dislikes, keep it up!
You invoked the law of puppies and kittens. No matter how liked something is in CZcams, there will always be someone that has to downvote. -2 for some reason.
They'd be strange people.
I'll see myself out..
You jinxed it.
People will read this comment and dislike the video just because. This channel has a pretty good community but anonymity always brings out the worst in people.
Not that dislikes have any kind of effect. They're a placebo.
Got to keep those crazy theoretical physicists off the mean streets somehow...
Saw one trying to sell a Tesla coil at a pawn shop the other day. Hard times mate 🐨
Tens of thousands of theoretical physisists and mathematicians have to keep coming up with stuff to justify their huge salaries and billions spent on their toys (LH C etc)
3:18 was so savage
Thinking about space is so calming and helps me forget my troubles and worries.
Damn clickbait titles, I was expecting to see stories about nutty Hollywood celebrities.
you should be top comment.
It's not click bait though.
Nate Daniel: you dodge a bullet on that one, it flew just over your head.
You should check out guywithaboxforaface. Some say it's Shia. No way of knowing but still some strange stuff.
CyberFenix000 Is is a bird? Is it a plane? No, it's a joke flying waaaay over your head!
*Please, forever and ever and ever!!!*
BUT THE HEAT DEATH MAN
Pink Freud - TOLL Acct: Don't tell me Patreon is Koch Bros owned too?
Nice documentary on the discovery of quark phase state changes; good example of the unified symetrical field theory.
4:03 I like the pun (intended?) that 'this quark gluon plasma is its baryon (very own?) type of bizarre' !
But what is the strangest star, AKA Nicolas Cage, made of?
I believe he's made of Fever Shaman, whatever that is.
He's made of bags full of sharks. Or something.
50% bees, 58% overacting, 3% incorrect math.
Well, he's not made of quacks. That might explain it.
pissing myself '3% incorrect math' hahahaha
i want that on a t-shirt
The Strange Stars, you said that they are made of the most stable matter in the Universe and would hence never decay and stay forever.
Being absolutely stable, doesn't it mean that it's Entropy is the Highest Possible?
I have two questions,
Q1. Can't we say that these stars are actually frozen in time, since the Entropy is highest, no more processes would happen?
Q2. Would a Type-3 Civilization ever be able to reproduce the situations of a Strange Star? Can we do it now if we make some advances in Physics?
1. Not highest possible entropy if the universe is your system. Very high if your system is the strange star. What is interesting is that, at this state, things are happening (those quarks and gluons interacting), but its hard to detect change. So not necessarily frozen in time.
2. Probably. No, we can't create quark liquids at low temperatures (relatively low).
A strange star isn't the most stable matter in the universe. A black hole is. Throw enough matter into a strange star and eventually it'll turn into a black hole. They are the true objects in the universe in which time has frozen that isn't going at the speed of light.
Q1 - They aren't frozen in time. A strange star may have a very, very high state of entropy; but, it's not at it's absolute highest, as state above.
Q2 - A Type-3 Civilization could reproduce a strange star; but, why would they? After all, a strange star is degenerate matter in a compressed state. Other than scientific curiosity, I see no reason to pour resources into making one.
Paul Ngo thx for the explanation
Sarah Hansen Well, Weapons & Defense Industries. Hyper-Dense Alloys could be developed which can be used as Shields for SpaceCrafts and non-Nuclear but extremely powerful Kinetic Impact weapons
_"Hyper-Dense Alloys could be developed which can be used as Shields for SpaceCrafts and non-Nuclear but extremely powerful Kinetic Impact weapons"_
Subtract the ultra extreme gravity and what is strange matter?
A highly compact ultra efficient nuclear bomb. The matter would fling out in all directions at ultra high-speed while the strange quarks decay into up and down quarks (forming neutrons and releasing huge amounts of energy). After the strange quarks decay the neutrons would rapidly decay forming high-speed charged particles.
Strange matter doesn't exist unless its in excessively extreme gravity.
3:12 felt that
Great video series. I have been hooked on these for a few days. I love the response to the question at 11:20.
Neutron star: Damn it's cold round here!
Strange star: Yeah mate, whats the temperature?
Neutron star: Less than a million kelvin, its cold af
Strange star: You must put on some mass, mate. You'll feel warmer.
A "Quack Star" you say, hmm...
no. he said qwawk. g'day, mate!
G'damn koala fuckers🐨
this is one of the very few videos of PBS space time I can understand. I feel smart
This is my favorite channel yet. Love to learn this kind of information.
"Monsters, John. Monsters from the math!"
Dont forget Bell's theorem! Still waiting on that vid :)
Remind me, what is it exactly?
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell's_theorem
Just talks about the the limitations of "observing" the quantum world. I don't understand it as well as I would like to so I hope they do a video!
Viktor Maciag Ah okay. I hope they do, too.
LOL the secret science salute earned my like.
This is my favourite episode of PBS SpaceTime.
Oh wow, LITERALLY strange stars.
Charmed, I'm sure.
Beauty-full comment
Basic Summary: That pizza you're eating is mostly empty on a atomic level, so go on and eat the rest and leave the guilt behind.
Great video, very informative , thanks for the information
I just enjoy hearing the Star Trek sound effects.
I'll be checking out Patreon to support one of my favourite channels. :)
Is there such a thing as quark degeneracy pressure? Maybe a ball of quarks that has an escape velocity faster than light is the end result inside the inner horizon of a black hole rather than a singularity with a bunch of infinities.
+
Interesting theory, but the characteristics between neutron stars and black holes are quite different, and if black holes were really quark stars, then there should only be minor differences between them. For example, the escape velocity of a neutron star is between a third to half the speed of light. Since a quark star is slightly more dense than a neutron star, then its escape velocity should be more than half the speed of light, but not faster than light, as is the case with black holes. Also, neutron stars behave as pulsars. We get no pulsar detection from black holes. A quark star should also have pulsar-like effects.
@@jeffo9396 Still, there is the possibility that there s exists even further degenerated matter inside Black holes. That we don't observe magnetic fields, is because of the event horizon.
It should be possible on paper to calculate the density and diameter of such a star to have an escape velocity larger than c. Then figure out at what energy level conditions that would exist, and what period after the Big bang that resembles?
The notion that once an event horizon forms all matter becomes a singularity, is just a remnant of GR, there is no reason to think this happens as the same density. What about a Gluon star or even a String star, which quite fittingly could be called a yarnball??
@@Tore_Lund That's certainly possible. I was only making the argument that black holes and quark stars are different cosmic objects.
If, as you suggest, that black holes comprise of another type of degenerate matter, then one possibility would be something on the plank scale, such as very dense superstring matter.
Dudes from Space Time, as a very curious person who has never had nything to do with the physics world except for that curiosity, I must say that it's very nice to, once in a while, understand pretty much everything that is said in one of your episodes (haha). I'm a graphic designer and tattoo artist, but I like to understand how our universe works and, unlikely as it may seem, Space Time has given me some awesome inspirations for my work. Sad thing is I can''t talk about the videos with pretty much anyone at work. Thanks for being awesome.
Enjoying this with a little catnip tea.
What happens when quarks burn? Could somebody elaborate on that?
Strange Charm That is not a sensible question. It's like asking the electronegativity of a house.
Strange Charm They are converted directly into leptons in a core about the size of an apple. This releases a tremendous amount of energy. If I understand correctly, it is a type of tunneling from one vacuum state to another.
Strange Charm they poof away into energy. Think of what happens when a quark-abtiquark pair meets, or when a black hole decays due to Hawking radiation. At least that's what I THINK happens. Someone else will have to confirm
Quintino, I understand that. I'm sure it's a simplification but I think it's a quote from the video.
Musky Quarks converting into leptons sounds like insanity. Did you mean bosons?
How can a neutron star rotate thousands of times per second? Would the outermost particles in the star move at a speed close to the speed of light? Or are neutron stars too small for that to be possible?
Jason Holtkamp neutronstars have about a diameter of 10-20 km, so it "only" spins 10-20% of the speed of light
Ahhh ok that makes sense I didn't realize how tiny they are
It's also worth noting the atoms are so densely packed and connected, it's "harder" then a diamond (By a loooot) that combined with the small size of the star is what lets it rotate at a significant fraction of the speed of light without flying apart. We've found some that spin at nearly half the speed of light. Sounds like a lot! But compared to the jet streams we've clocked spitting out of quasars at around 95% the speed of light, it's certainly not the fastest or craziest thing in the universe.
+Simon Thor
They actually also cheat by dragging the local space time with them slightly, allowing for higher apparent speeds.
Also on heavier neutron stars, the gravity is so strong that light rays emitted at some angles can actually bend back into the star's surface, and light can have closed orbits around it.
to the contrary, you clearly have full comprehension of what you are saying, which is refreshing :)
My mind got blown out of proportions.
I love these great videos.
I love this channel...
I follow a lot of youtube channel, but I never donate through patreon, but , seriously, for your channel, being the best ever to grace the land of youtube, I will. I mean, I'm way more intelligent than I was before because of your video. So yeah.. you can count on me.
Oh I also wonder, if you might consider to make a video about your own research, this would be really cool.
Sylak More educated,not intelligent.That is not how intelligence works.
Wow really? I'm like super positive and complimenting them and you have to be a buzzkil. I know that «this is not how it work» ( probably more than you would think), but I also do other stuff to cultivate my intellect, I read other stuff( Sean Carroll book at this moment for example),I work, Practise scientific skepticism, learn about psychology, neurology, medicine etc. But, this channel as a lot to do with it. After 38 year on this marble, I know that intelligence is complex. But It seems that you lacked the insight to see that, and see that I was just overhyping my support to them and that i don't take myself too seriously ( like this channel does all the time), and you had to be pedantic.
I apologize for triggering you.
Seriously though,You do not get more intelligent from learning,your logical reasoning and such do get better,but not your actual intelligence.
on the contrary, neurology seem to show that, yes there's genetic, but you can actually improve it. That it's nothing completely fixed. of course there's people defending both side ( fully malleable, or completely fixed) but the science it not clear on both side, and seem to be a little of both. here's a list of interesting article about intelligence. it is quite interesting topic. for example. www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201110/intelligence-is-still-not-fixed-birth Also before saying intelligence doesn't change, you have to actually define what it is which is hard to do in itself, because it's really complex. Anyway. This is not the subject of this video and channel. Steven Novella blog a lot about this too.
theness.com/neurologicablog/
So I won't respond further.
There is no scientific reason to believe that becoming more educated does not translate to increasing intelligence. While simply interpreting and remembering information does not necessarily increase one's intelligence, the act of learning new things may improve one's ability to learn and understand new information, which is a significant feature of intelligence. Learning valid information could also be useful for establishing a more objective and effective framework by which to evaluate and understand reality; another important feature of intelligence.
I wrote a script about a planet that lives in a system with a dead star. There's so much cool stuff to explore here and mixed with fiction makes for incredible sci fi writing!
Melting Hadrons and Boiling Quarks is a cosmic recipe for unity.
Hi, Matt! First of all, congrats on your great channel. I really enjoy watching it and sharing what I learn with my kids.
I've noticed that many things in Quantum physics (on this episode as well) depend on the so called "Pauli Exclusion Principle". Many of these "principles," when mentioned, look like some sort of "tips delivered by aliens to ancient civilizations" :-)
Would you please elaborate on how this particular principle was discovered/invented/whatever?
Many thanks in advance, and keep up the good work!
It's actually a mathematical consequence of the probabilistic nature of Quantum Mechanics.
Basically, if you write out the Dirac Equation describing 2 fermions, if they are both in _exactly_ the same physical state, two terms in the equation cancel each other and multiply the rest of the equation by zero, which means that the probability of this state existing is zero. That's why it's "forbidden": it just has zero probability of occurring.
Something this video omits to mention is that isolated neutrons are not stable. They decay into protons and electrons and [anti]neutrinos. However, if you force electrons and protons together with enough energy, they're faced with either (1) trying to do the impossible [that zero-probabilty result that we call the Pauli Exclusion Principle]; or (2) reversing a natural reaction and creating a neutron, one that's held together by the gravitational pressure that overcame the Pauli Exclusion Principle. In short, the lifetime of the neutron appears to depend on the pressure it's under.
[Edit: Neutrons are also stable when bound to protons in a nucleus. So the lifetime of the neutron also depends on what's around it, as well as the pressure it's under.]
That raises the question: what's the dependence, as a function of pressure, of the lifetimes of other 3-quark hadrons … not only the ones involving a strange-quark, but those involving all 6 quark flavors? Perhaps those hadrons stabilize at ever increasing pressures, leading to a whole chain of different Exotic Matter stars. Some of those stars may be so dense, that they have an event-horizon.
I was going to have sex but then I saw this new video of Space Time! No regrets!
Head Boner! lol
A head boner is the best type of boner.
why choose only one?
I went trough the same thing, I'dont have any regrets either
If your sex partner is a keeper then you can both watch Space Time *while* having sex.
Loved the show. Always something new every time I watch.
I'm so happy that you will continue to make these videos!
"ll.. Stay strong comrades"
Are quark and strange stars the densest possible states of a star before becoming a black hole?
As far as we know, yes.
IMO black hole is literally the zero of existence.
Aditya, i just hope you know that what you said makes no sense.
***** Oh, like black holes do!
Aditya Khanna black holes are real, however hard they are to understand. Your point is non-existent, please stop.
This is my favourite science and astronomy channel - good quality science well explained
+PBS Space Time you are the first channel I'm interested in using patreon you'r doing a great job and you finaly convinced me to work hard to be able to study physics after finishing school!
wait so why don''t the stars turn into black holes but the particles can "overlap" with each other?
If a neutron star has a thin iron crust wouldn't the iron nuclei in that crust capture neutrons, transmute, then decay to possibly lighter elements that get fused back up to iron again? Could that be a vehicle for cooling a neutron star?
Also, can you do an episode discussing nucleosynthesis?
Thermal neutron capture by iron nuclei doesn't occur, it requires a lot of energy, more then can be provided even by neutron star temperatures.
+Gareth Dean
Interesting! Do you know much more about neutron star formation? I have so many questions. Is the iron crust pure iron? Would the super nova event be energetic enough to seed the crust with other elements or would the collapsing outer layers be able to tunnel some other elements into the iron crust?
+TheWise Meatball
I totally forgot about that episode! Thanks!
Abe Dillon
I know a bit about the mechanics yes. A lot of details are poorly known, even by experts since neutron stars are the result of fiendishly extreme conditions and involve forms of matter that we have trouble simulating even in supercomputers to the point that the LHC has actually given us insight into neutron stars as recently as this year.
The crust is not pure iron. Iron predominates, along with nickel because it is part of the collapsing core that becomes the star. Lighter elements are surprisingly stable, even hydrogen but tend to have been blown away by the supernova or 'boiled off' the hot young pulsar. Heavier elements tend to likewise form in the neutron flux emitted by the core and little make their way back.
The iron is also not the usual metal we know. Its nuclei are pushed as close together as possible, a sort of very dense plasma, and much of the iron's 'electron sea' in fact spreads out into the star. (The exclusion principle means that the electrons can be lower energy if they move about the whole volume of the star rather than packing tightly with the iron. The iron nuclei however are constrained by their size, they cannot move between neutrons. Interestingly free protons (Hydrogen) can do this also and fill the star at allow enough density to avoid fusing with electrons.)
It's quite remarkable just how much iron is made by the star. Looking at universal abundances ( periodictable.com/Properties/A/UniverseAbundance.html ) you can see iron is sixth and most heavy elements are mere traces. Iron even outweighs its precursors like silicon, magnesium and even nitrogen.
Abe Dillon
2020 is the best year of my life
Monsters in the math first appeared in my high school trigonometry class when my offensive lineman classmate went to the front to work out a problem and was so large he obscured almost 1/4 of the room wide chalkboard.
I love theoretical physics.
9:30 this video needs updated, the neutron star remnant from 1987A has now been found
Really? Could you tell something more?
I am absolutely hooked on this channel.
So glad that you decided to keep making spacetime forever and ever [...]. I love your formidable content I will continue watching and recommending it for a long time. I might even get a Patreon for you.
Forever is a philosophical concept. What he really means is minimum 10 to the power of 126 years.