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How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology
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- čas přidán 2. 08. 2021
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A new white dwarf has been discovered (poetically named: ZTF J1901+1458) that’s doing some stuff that no white dwarf should ever be able to do. In fact, it has multiple properties that are so extreme that it almost certainly did NOT form in the way that we thought all white dwarfs formed. This one peculiar point of faint light may change our understanding of not just white dwarfs, but of all cosmology.
Professor Dave Explains: Debunking the Electric Universe
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I did my (theoretical) graduate work on white dwarf equilibrium, so this video was particularly exciting for me. White dwarf collisions?! That's so cool! The weirdest thing I learned about them during my grad work was that the vast majority of the electrons are moving relativistically, yet the derivation of the Chandrasekhar limit involves a mix of relativistic and non-relativistic equations. I was never able to figure out how we can get away with that (because I ran out of time and my advisor told me to just suggest it for future research).
Hey @TheS.A., when your next video would come...!?
i do have the same kind of "alternate relativistic and non-relativistic choices" when i do sandwiches.
@@sahastintitli532 same here
"$
Hi Nick, so with some extra work a Nobel price could be dead ahead for you?
He breaks down this cutting edge science to a level I can almost comprehend.
How would you know?
@@leeg8461 cause he can almost comprehend
Yeah, its not often you can think of entry level college physics and then come to realize "oh, THAT is what turns a white dwarf into a neutron star!"
Yeah me too. Almost... Almost
@@SephirothRyu but where did the level college physics entry to?
When you brought up that Gaia was launched to help measure parallax, the "how?" popping up in my mind was immediately answered through a single quick animation without breaking stride - which made me grin and stop to say:
I've really come to appreciate how incredibly well your illustrations complement what currently is explained.
Unfortunately, it has the typo "View form Earth."
@@damonedwards1544 he's talking about the animation after that.
I know right?? As much information as they cram in there that's easily digestible by laypeople, there's _still_ more subtle stuff for the benefit of people with more knowledge! I don't know if that animation would have helped me as much if I hadn't seen a VERY similar animation yesterday that showed each raster not as a single white line, but as a strip of image, which was ALSO on a Space Time video I believe, which helped me understand.
I’m a history teacher and studied only minimal amounts of physics at school. I absolutely love all of this stuff. Very often goes beyond my understanding, but what I do understand is quite enough to keep me wanting more. Thank you so much.
CZcams is a convenient way to indulging your curiosity, and good use of your time.
Do you happen to follow a certain Swedish band whose lead singer has a mohawk and a steel-plated shirt?
Thanks for the shout out! And great work on this video!
Hopefully some of your other DeBunk video's get some views.
@@benchasinghorizons9428 a flat earth believer spotted
Professor Dave, my favorite channel, mentioned on Spacetime. Wow.... This day is so cool.
What's your favorite episode of spacetime, Professor Dave? Mine is The Holographic Universe Explained. 😁 Because the mysterious music is rad.
Can electromagnetism ever be decoupled? It would appear to me that this would be a logical next step in the decoupling of the fundamental forces; perhaps there is a way of interpreting superconductivity as this? It would seem to me that superconduction is a still-coupled phenomenon, and this would seem to imply that electromagnetism is indivisible. Please wrinkle my brain!!
"Satisfyingly scathing", yes, that does sound like Professor Dave as we like him
I'm so happy that human kind has people smart enough to study this stuff. This is fascinating.
White dwarfs are racist.
@@Honorablebenaiaha Brown dwarf lives matter.
No astronomical objects lives matter
Black hole lives matter
Bruh I got a migraine from reading that sentence 😂😂😂😂 don't make fun others intellect when you can't write a sentence correctly.
The tribute to Charlie, the Big Bang Patreon, was awesome. You deserve it, buddy! Thank you for helping keep the lights on at Space Time Studios!
"Wafer thin mint, ZEE?" "It's only wafer thin..."
I got the reference 🤣
You're such an effective science communicator. You do a very good job at diving in deeper than most pop-sci but using repetition and good visual aids you keep it accessible to an educated layperson.
I struggle but I can pick up enough to form a vague understanding 😬
@@debralucas2224 Gotta start somewhere m8. The beginning is probably the best. There are a lot that start at their conclusion and then try to debunk everything that leads to the correct conclusion.
It's a weird world but I reckon the more we know about it, the better off we are. Keep well cobber. :)
Finally, something with 'Extreme' branding that actually qualifies for the title.
The M 400mH final... What!!!
That was extreme.
Is this one of those "skater pulls her arms in, spins faster" things?
@@NajwaLaylah yeah basically but like with two skaters
@@NajwaLaylah Yeah, just at a more extreme level.
@@NajwaLaylah Imagine two skaters locked in arms using each other to spin around, with one spinning in the middle and the other "in orbit". If the middle skater let's go then the other will start spinning around their own axis but faster than they were in the pair, as they took some of the momentum of the other too.
"Quantum Mechanics Greatest Pranks" sounds like a tongue in cheek series about times scientists got things hilariously off base even though the math checked out.
"for this prank we're going to have Adam secretly look at this pie through a peep hole which will cause its quantum superposition to collapse and hit Jamie in the face!...maybe"
That's called Science in general, all of it runs on assumptions never actually checked, it's kinda impressive how much Science mimics religion in its process of discovery
Loving "huh, that's weird" -- one of my favorite sci-fi novels, Asimov's "The Gods Themselves" (Nebula + Hugo winner) begins with one such moments.
From the question responses: "Much much weaker than gravity." There's a phrase you don't hear a lot on Space Time.
I question this assertion in general. While a dipole magnetic field falls off as r^3 and monopole gravity only as r^2, we are just beginning to learn about the current flows in the larger scale universe and the unexpected magnetic fields present past our own heliopause and from unanticipated large-scale structures.
It would be more accurate to say "on galactic scales". Gravity is the weakest force after all. It just has way longer range.
@@onehitpick9758 Which assertion? In respect to dipole magnetic field strength to distance and gravitational field strength to distance.
It just depends on the distance tbh, we still don't know how gravity works on the quantum scale compared to electromagnetism.
as a short person with pale complexion i am offended with the term "white dwarf" lol
I want a shirt with "Typical until proven weird" print!
I want one that says "Proven weird".
How about one that says "we only think, and we don't really know"😁😉
With such a shirt the proof is there; you're weird dude. 😜😁
@@theobolt250 didn't he say that multiple times in the video?😉
there are plenty of sites that allow you to customize shirts. you're welcome
I love these videos about cutting edge discoveries. Thank you for making this one!
Plot Twist: An intelligent Type VI civilization that likes to remain hidden gets bored easily and has a sense of humor so they periodically entertain themselves by creating cosmic abnormalities to mess with the lower life forms. "Hey, *Y(HDWOEUYE#, lets mess with a white dwarf today and watch the human scientists freak out..."
Wait til you find out what they do with black holes.
@@markusthapa15 some of the best speculative science fiction is two alien races meeting that are so different from each other that one can't even perceive the other as life.
@@markusthapa15 Do you think Smilly could be our view of a lens moving towards us? Smilly is an Einstein ring. Just the rings in general. Thousands of bloody kids with lenses have spotted us in the playground.
Different time scales, same result. Sweet dreams m8. :)
It's the South Park episode where the planet Earth is an alien reality show that can be cancelled (read: planet destroyed) at any time.
Got to love the stuff that can alter the course of whole areas of study.
What a splendid time to be a human. Watching this on my 50th birthday and humbled by how much we’ve learnt in my life, and how well disseminated that learning has become in the latter half. Great stuff Matt and the pbsst team.
@Magi Don’t know WTF that is but it’s certainly not a pertinent reply.
@@feekygucker2678 Blind links with no introduction are always the work of retards.
I think this is something a lot of people don't really appreciate about the internet. I'm 38 so I grew up at first without the internet but it came around relatively early in my life. Before the internet, if you wanted to know something, you literally had to go find an encyclopedia or a book on that subject to learn about it. Now that we have the internet, literally anything you could want to know is somewhere out there and most of it is incredibly easily accessible. This is something that humans wouldn't have even dreamt of for nearly the entire existence of our species but now we have it, and most people don't care, they'd rather spend their time watching stupid tiktok videos or some other nonsense. I find it kind of sad, but that's the majority of humans for you, I guess.
@@joshleenall Yes. And romance novels sell more copies than engineering texts.
@@joshleenall Once tRumps bs dies down and the internet returns to “normal” maybe we won’t have to spend half our time on fact finding missions
Matt O'Dowd taught for a semester at my university in the Bronx. He was such a great teacher!
Lucky! I had Burkard from Mathologer for a couple of semesters of maths.
Apparently he still is ;)
You guys rock. Thank you so much for all these videos and all of the hard work that goes into them.
Amazing how high quality these shows are! Love it!
I thought the only reason you haven't done Quantum Mechanic based pranks is that you couldn't be certain of the outcome.
White dwarf: I want to be even smaller
Matt: Actually, quantum mechanics forbids this.
Black hole: what did you just say?
Neutron star: Here I am, stuck in the middle with you.
Nah it doesn't, it just becomes a neutron star and then a black hole. Nothing is forbidden.
I think nature doesn't really care that much about our laws of nature. They'll bend - if needed.
@@yashdadhwal3034 This is racist
4:58 I think the Formula of Luminosity wrt Radius should be
*L = σ T⁴ 4πR²* instead of L = σ T⁴ 4πR³
Correct.
The best physics channel on CZcams that I have seen by far. Not too complicated for beginners but not for simpletons either ... I love it!
How to name a star - gets frustrated and bangs both hands on keyboard - "Yeah, that looks right"
@Oliver Von arx Obviously this is just a handle name, not my real name. But no, it was created by a more deliberate process. 😂🤣
I love finding a brand new episode mere minutes old
Agreed.
Same here.
Yess
Atleast you didn't comment "first"
I respect that
Indeed!
Now I'm picturing Einstein sitting in the bath, muttering "Huh, that's weird." It's much less graphic than him standing up to shout "Eureka!"
I thought that was Archimedes.
Einstein was hung, but of course, it’s all relativity.
he had shower thoughts, mine is:
my face squeaks after cleaning, but the rest of the body, no squeak, not even the buttocks. hmmm.
These videos are so fascinating but also a strong reminder of how little i know compared to the professionals. Nothing less than total dedication to the sciences is required to be at the frontier of human knowledge. Very privileged to have this information made understandable to the more casual science enthusiasts.
@ceci n'est pas une pipe Are you high bud?
@ceci n'est pas une pipe you're such a sheep dude, keep blindly believing in your conspiracy theories like a cult member, remaining completely incapable of handling data and reading studies.
@ceci n'est pas une pipe Studies for what? All of astrophysics? You clearly don't understand how studies work if this is what you're asking for, you gotta be more specific. Though when I've given studies to others like you, they unanimously claim the study is lying because it goes against their worldview, like sheep. They never provide reasoning forthis from the actual study, rather they tell me it "can't be true" and then reassert some conspiracy theory. I doubt you're any different.
The Magneto defense has now replaced the Chewbacca defense in my conversations. Thank You
Wookies don’t live on Endor…
It just *doesn’t make SENSE!*
@@TheBlueB0mber You’re right. Wookiees live on Kashyyyk.
Due to the unity of forces, Storm cannot hit Magneto with lightning. The lightning bolt should follow the path of a magnetic field, but in the animated series, Magneto just no-sold it to the chest.
Objection! As quote on the Wikipedia re Magneto's powers and abilities I refer you to the following " On occasion he has altered the behavior of gravitational fields around him, which has been suggested as evidence of the existence of a unified field which he can manipulate."
👍 _grrahahgah!_
That special "thank you" to the big supporter was very cute!
That's weird: I just opened this video for the first time and it already had a preemptive LIKE. I guess CZcams knows that I like all PBS Space Time vids!
Another great video. Many years ago when I read about those two different techniques measuring dark energy, coming up with slightly different results, it struck me as an arrogant view point to think such a small difference shouldn't exist. Arrogant to think that the work of both of those teams had such a high degree of certainty, that now we are going to start thinking the universe is inconsistent, instead of question the measurement accuracy of one or both of those teams. On top of that, to this day no one has any clue what dark energy is. Best guess from my point of view is that whatever created this universe has an expansion parameter that gets tweaked. We know that the rate of expansion has varied enormously starting with inflation, then moving forward billions of years, slowing down and speeding up, and no one has any guess why, at least I have not heard any guesses other than my gas pedal guess. Which will always be just a guess, because it it will never be possible to send a probe outside this universe. Even so, I'd bet on that gas pedal parameter still being the best explanation for dark energy 1,000 years from now.
It is good to know people are now questioning one of those measurement techniques. Personally, I knew the moment I read that article a decade ago that there was nothing mysterious about that small difference. The only remarkable thing was that using two completely different techniques, trying to measure something that no one knows anything about, that the numbers where still only single digit percent apart. Why even assume that it is possible to nail down the exact rate of dark energy expansion at a particular moment in time? There is an uncertaintly principle that exists in this universe. It is a good assumption to consider the nature of dark energy to be consistent, like gravity is consistent, but I would not bet on it being possible for two different techniques of measurement to give the exact same result looking over distances close to the scale of the observable universe. More likely, one technique is slightly better than the other, and I would go with the CMB number.
Love this channel. It is like having an agent with deep subject matter expertise sorting through things in the physics space, so I don't have to, and reporting the most relevant happenings. I plan on doing some of my own interesting projects in the future, leveraging some practical fallout from this whole purposefully designed universe notion. An idea that I realize is probably impossible to prove, but I am not trying to prove anything. Might try to build some things though, starting around 2040 when access to space is cheaper, and asteroid mining gets closer to break even cost wise.
an interesting counter to dark matter that has been proposed was called quantised intertia if i recall correctly, interesting to think about alternate theories instead of just assuming somethings are correct from the get go
"May your electrons be forever degenerate." That's great 😂👍🏽
It sounds like a greeting one furry scientist would say to another.
From one Napoleon Bonaparte to another.
@Magi Stop spamming crap
The more our technology advances, the more we can see into deep space and the more stranger things we will find. What a time to be alive and drifting through space!!
Nyehh, I would've preferred the 30's & 40'!
@@loganmpe7559 You still like Wi-fi, internet and CZcams though 😂
@@loganmpe7559 so, horrific non-stop wartime?
That reminds me. When Is the James Webb telescope launching!? Is it still this year 🤔
.................the more mankind has inadequate brain power to understand the universe and life. Man is an image of God. Man is not a clone of God. Therefore, Man is not omniscient
What a HUMBLING time to be alive and drifting through space!!!
@9:01 That is such a coincidence, very serendipitous, we have one as well in our family, his name is uncle Mike.
Z's solar system sounds like a highly attractive candidate for human colonisation. I think we should start preparing to go there immediately.
I’m enjoying the graphics that emphasize yet simplify each point. As an example, the teaspoon w a tiny piece of the sun, then it sinking when he said this star was 1000x even heavier.
If your 100lb. girlfriend gets 5G...
she will weigh a 1/4 ton.
My research advisor in undergrad was an astrophysicist who’s research interests were in neutron stars and white dwarfs. She must be ecstatic right now.
*whose
@@MrAlRats Thanks for correcting his mistake, now all the angry kids won't have to correct him. 🙏
@@MrAlRats wow. You must be fun at parties
I'm Commander Shepard and this is my favorite publication on the Citadel.
Matt, you must be the best person, ever to share a camp fire with man, thanks to you guys for the most awesome content on the internet.
I love that PBS is staying relevant during the days of youtube
He is impressive indeed. And he sets a very solid standard for teachers in general.
It's unfortunate Republicans are trying to abolish PBS entirely (they attempted just a year or two ago, I believe, and partially succeeded). This content is fantastic and deserves to be seen.
"This exposes their naked cores" - Ahh I love when space nerds talk dirty
You'd think astronomers would be polite enough to not look
@@richardbraakman7469 hey who knows they like it as they are into that stuff O_O
@Don't Click This Profile Yes?
@Don't Click This Profile the videos aren’t behind a paywall. do you have an actual point?
@@p_serdiuk hes a bot. He joined 21 hours ago and already has 11 comments on this channel
This was a great episode, first ep in a long time that my brain don’t hurt at the end xD
The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' but 'That's funny...'
Isaac Asimov
That was an awesome shout out to Charlie. Marvellous!
Fascinating as always, I love this channel. Thank you brother!
"Huh, thats weird"
Thats how coders discovered all the neat tricks on 8bit computers.
How so?
@@nick2629 Invalid opcodes, for example the 6502. Some invalid opcodes crashed it whilst others could do some really useful things.
that's how Bungie codes Destiny 2 probably.
@@nick2629
Innovation happens when the result of an action is different from what you expected
Like with science, it's more exciting to find something unexpected because it can be used in creative ways
Well another name for coders or programmers is computer SCIENTISTS.
I anticipate that there's going to be *some* consequence for astrophysics because Type 1A Supernova are used as a standard candle. If there's a weirdo in our midst, star-wise, then doesn't that allow for some variation that we may not have accounted for previously with the other Type 1A Supernova that we were assuming were all the same?
That's the point of this video, innit?
@@LaurensPP I think yes and no...the video was implying it but doing everything it could to avoid saying it directly, I felt. I suppose it may have been obvious to some, but I just wanted to say what was on my mind after watching it
Yes. A lot of distances in the star ladder will need to be reassessed, as well as distances to galaxies
@@JosePineda-cy6om I just did the reassessments and the answers I got was _twelve_ and _giraffes._
Recent work from Wendy Freedman already casts doubts about variable Cepheids as standard candles, a recalibracion of the distance ladder using Red Giants measurements put the H° calculated from supernovae in the ballpark with the CMB result.
Hmm, interesting.
You hinted If enough Type 1A supernovae turn out to be caused by white dwarf mergers rather than accretion of matter that would effect the result of the 'supernovae' method for measuring dark energy. Might that be in theory enough to make the 'supernovae' and the CMB measurements agree... or would that make the disagreement worse..? Thanks.
Seemed to be implied that would bring them closer to agreement. Since the Supernovae measurement would suggest more dark energy that seems to be allowed the the CMB, them being white dwarf collisions would imply less dark energy is needed to explain the current data (him saying "there's too much independent evidence to rule our Dark energy [entirely]" makes me think this is what he means).
After seeing many videos about the universe (I'm retired and have a lot of time), I learned one thing: nothing is strange in the Universe and I have seen scientist change their general opinion about how the universe works. So in my opinion there is nothing strange about this white dwarf, because just because many white dwarfs behave in a certain way, it doesn't imply that every white dwarf has to behave like that.... I think the deeper we can look into the universe with its uncountable stars and galaxies, anything can be expected.
Physics is a set of models that demonstrate what we think is there. Unfortunately we often find that better, more accurate, measurements will mean old models get proved inadequate and need new theory to explain.
Then it is still the best model we can make, not necessarily a complete representation of what is really there.
Strange can refer to many meanings
Are we looking at a possible dyson sphere? Proof that life exist beyond our earth?
@@alexiskiri9693 extremely unlikely. That would need a huge emission of infra red light and we have no evidence of that as yet. JWST could change that but I doubt it.
I'm kinda proud of myself how I immediately thought about the implications of white dwarf collisions on the usability of type 1-A supernovae as standard candles to measure distance in our surrounding. As this now means that these supernovae are not so even in their luminosity after all. I wonder how we could assume that for such a long time.
Good for you
I mean the ramp down in brightness after the initial explosion is what is used to determine the luminosity and this is still extremely uniform throughout all type 1a supernovae. I still think that with this possible implication of an alternate route towards supernova, they will still be used as standard candles, as irrespective of how it collapsed, they all collapse at the chandrasakhar limit.
To be fair, we've assumed far worse for far longer
"A telescope dedicated to watching the things that go bump in the night" 😄
Who came up with that one
Matt seems to me likely to have the humor and wit to make it pop up in his head when he writes his scripts. He is not a good one that steals great quotes, he is a great one coining them 😁
edit: I just watched to the end, apparently two writers this episode, but I'm still sure the guy named Matt wrote it 😁
Its the one they use to keep an eye on Azathoth.
The Vatican's telescope is named Lucifer. Speaks volumes about the Pope.
@@ChrisMontgomery-xtrmagamr Mostly that the Pope speaks Latin. "Lucifer" means "light bringer" and referred to Venus, the morning star. But given that telescopes gather and focus light, not a bad name, nicht wahr?
The whole "being cast down to earth" bit probably comes from the observed transition of Venus between "morning star" and "evening star".
Who? The people that prefer to keep their "bumps in the night" private like they should be silly, of course!
Brilliant video as always!
I have a question about the distance measurement though: since we try to measure its luminosity, this is probably done in a specific band/wavelength range. As certain wavelengths will get absorbed and re-emitted in the IR due to gas clouds along our line of sight towards Zee. This is often modelled as optical depth telling us how deep we can look into this cloud.
So, which bands are used for such a measurement?
PS: did you misspoke when you said the white dwarf becomes bigger after merging, because its mass actually increased.
This is how I generally feel in this channel:
FIRST MINUTES: "aham, aham, I get it, yeah, I knew that".
HALF: "Ok ok, stop, what? What is that? Repeat it please"
3/4: "my brain hurts"
FINAL MINUTES: "laaaa la la laaaa I'm dumb AF la la la laaaaa lalaaaaaaaaa there goes my like la la la la laaaaaaaa"
The problem with doing quantum based pranks is eventually the cats learn to run away from you before you can stuff them in a box
Meaning that there never was a cat... or maybe there was?
@@SeedlingNL Until you check, both are true. Don't question it.
Bernice!
@@user-otzlixr I been trying to explain that for a while, cheers....
@@user-otzlixr My problem is that the cat has nine lives.
“If there is no point in the universe that we discover by the methods of science, there is a point that we can give the universe by the way we live, by loving each other, by discovering things about nature, by creating works of art. And that-in a way, although we are not the stars in a cosmic drama, if the only drama we're starring in is one that we are making up as we go along, it is not entirely ignoble that faced with this unloving, impersonal universe we make a little island of warmth and love and science and art for ourselves. That's not an entirely despicable role for us to play.”
― Steven Weinberg
Rest In Peace
RIP Weinberg, an incredible mind
I get a kick out of the white dwarf blessings every time I watch this one, probably my favorite end-of-video bit out of all the Space Time videos I've seen, which is pretty much all of them at this point, and several times over too lol
It was like a detective story narration! Just loved it!!! 🥰
I can generally only fully understand about a quarter of what's said in each episode, and yet they're always still fascinating, and make me want to learn more, so I can understand more. Thank *you* for keeping up with this channel!
Can relate!
thats a quarter more than me
That's what's so amazing about physics. It's confusing at first, especially the mathematics, but once you've put in the work to understand what's going on, it's very satisfying and you almost become proud of yourself for understanding it :)
Aaaaaaah, passing it off to Dave at the end! Too right, Matt. Too right.
One of the few videos from PBS SpaceTime i fully understand :))))))))))) but still love all of them
I haven't watched any of these in a while. I'd forgotten how good they were, and how much I smile when you can hear the conclusion slowly veering towards the final 'space time'. Keep up the food work team.
I am LIVING for the fact that you cited Magneto, who is rumored to have the ability to control Gravity and the Strong and Weak Forces, but just doesn’t know how to do so, yet!
I'm a patreon supporter! Glad I can help in any way because CZcams ain't paying y'all for this good quality!
Thanks on behalf of the rest of us. I can tell Space Time has really upped the animation quality lately (….though they appear to have mostly blown the budget in the first 7 minutes of this video haha and then it became a lot more Matt A-Roll) and they can only do that with your support :-)
I wonder if its possible to see spectroscopic evidence of superheavy nuclei being formed from the collisions of these sorts of objects. The idea of a super stable island around 118 protons would allow these elements to be remarkably stable with half-lives in the hundreds of thousands or millions of years or even longer.
This is one of the most impressive science videos ever to grace CZcams. You might not expect it going into a video about a mysterious white dwarf, but there are so many related and relevant high level concepts that need to be lightly pushed to and fro in a delicate dance of expertise. You wouldn’t think someone could successfully do that and cover all this succinctly and smoothly in less than 19 minutes, but somehow Matt does it. Bravo!
Every theoretical physics teacher: am I joke to you?
@@lasarousi Eh, all teachers are hit or miss, few are able to nail it... In my experience
Hahaha. The "magneto defense" to the electric universe argument. Brilliant
"Argument" That doesn't seem accurate, I would use "ramblings", "buffoonery", or "grift" instead.
Counterpoint:
"Gravity Squeeze!"
That was my favorite PBS Space Time episode. White dwarfs are so underrated.
Au countraire. Peter Dinklage, Warwick Davis, Kenny Baker, and many others are quite popular and well-known.
Yeh often presented as the boring 'the star go small" option of stellar remnants compared to pulsars and black holes but my only response is "dey got the quantum wibbly stuff too"
Only one doesn't have a beard....
@@meatgravylard Was that a shot at Matt's height?
@@scottdorfler2551 I bet he gets it. 🙄
Question about determining the size of a star:
We supposedly can determine this if we know "how much light the star is putting out"/luminosity. But, don't we need accurate distance in order to determine that? And.. aren't our distance determinations a bit...well....possibly flawed? Why does it seem to me like we base luminosity on distance and distance on luminosity when we really aren't positive about either?
Is there a way to use red/blue shift of Spectral lines to double check distance?
As far as i know, the spectrum of light emitted by a star plays a big role here. Since the spectrum of a star depends on its size and temperature.
very cool. This just changes the collective development schematic of the universe. the beginning is still time... 👍😊
Not gonna lie, your ode to Charlie (patreon supporter) made me cry. It was beautiful.
I wonder how many scientific discoveries weren't, "Eureka!" Or "That's weird", but a "HOLY SH-"
Presumably few, because it's hard to record phenomena after you die.
Nobel's discovery of dynamite might have gone down like that
If the OMG Particle had struck a scientist, that might have happened.
Depends somewhat on the recency of recognition of sacred scatology.
Best CZcams channel of all time in my opinion. So good.
"We should solve this weirdness of Zee."
"Nah, it'll blow up in a few million years."
Thanks for your contribution to Science. I'm sure the Noble Prize nominations are pouring in as I type this. Congratulations. 🥇
Imagine a facility named after Fritz Zwicky discovering something contrarian. What are the odds?
All the doors would only work backwards!
And it would have a "no parking lot!"
😂😂😂😂
some swiss names are quite funny
One page paper, that Einstein dismissed because he wasn’t a cosmologist. Gravitational lensing that he couldn’t see the future implications.
Fritz saw it…
This reminds me of that neutron star in The Expanse novels that was purposefully created to be right on the edge of collapse in terms of mass, serving as a sort of defense mechanism to which the aliens could add just a tiny amount of mass and force it to collapse into a black hole, emitting deadly gamma-ray bursts in the process.
I wanna look it up now
This is amazing!
I would love to see an update video for any new future research in this area!!!
(also very nice explosion effects!)
(what program did you use?)
Cosmologists fail to understand one very simple concept of space... its density is not uniform all throughout; rather, its density varies. For consider this... We agree that space "bends" under the force of gravity, which explains the movement of bodies through their orbits, and the movement of light around bodies. In order for space to bend, it must contract on the one side and expand on the other side of any curvature of space. Take that thought one step further and we can see that in order for space to be more contracted in some places and more expanded in other places, it must have density (to a degree much higher than is currently accepted).
When measuring the luminosity of bodies and their distances, we need to factor-in any "pockets" of more dense or less dense space between us and them. Red shifts are suddenly much less reliable than we thought, since the redness of the shift could be caused not by distance alone, but also by any pockets of more dense space between us and its body. This is similar to the red sunsets we have on Earth, where the redness is caused by the sun's light passing through a thicker cross-section of the Earth's atmosphere at lower angles. A star's red shift, then, could be much more illusionary than we realize, much like a sunset's redness is. Just because one sunset is redder than another, does not mean the sun is farther away, but simply means there is more dust in the air.
So we need to find a way of accounting for pockets of varying space density here and there and wherever they may be. To do so, we need to note that the density of space is affected by matter. There is a body at the center of every pocket of dense space, and the greater the mass of that body, the greater the size and warpage of the "bubble" of warped space around it. For example, we know that the Earth bends the sun's light such that we see the ball of the sun at sunrise just a little sooner, and we see it at sunset just a little later than it actually is. If the Earth's mass were greater, we would see the ball of the sun even sooner at sunrise, and even later at sunset. So the greater the mass of a body is, the greater the size and power of the warpage of the space around it. This is why black holes trap light and any matter close to it, as the body at the center of the black hole contains so much mass that it warps the space around it to an extreme degree.
Pockets of varying space density force us to change our mapping of the whole universe. Bodies may not actually be where we currently believe they are, just like the sun isn't exactly where we see it as being due to the Earth's "bubble" of space warpage.
Deep Thinking, thank you… 👍👍
Technically later in the comics Magneto is one of the most powerful of the X-men able to control things like gravity through magnetism
I didn't know that but I knew he's one of the most powerful mutants and was even up there with The Dark Phoenix Jean Gray and she was kind of only that powerful because of the phoenix force and its affinity to her whereas magnetos power came only from himself.
@@MrChazz10 he doesn't threaten to destroy reality though. her on the other hand, she's literally teh allfather. so to speak
Human: our understanding of space is fairly good
Hot ball: speen
Humans: _excited dancing at new physics_
I recently watched your videos about how gravity slows time, or rather how slowed time increases gravity, and a question popped in my mind when you mentioned its speed of rotation (1 rotation every 7 minutes) - are these 7 minutes as we experience on Earth and do they match for Zee? Or does the star experience its speed of rotation differently?
I believe the rotational speed is relative to our observation - so for our equations then yes it happens ever 7 minute relative to us. But it's one of those weird things we can't fully prove, such as whether light actually has travel time/speed, or if it's merely just what we are able to observe (aka speed of light being a relative term, not a constant).
The gravity in white dwarfs is not enough for such effects to become serious. That white dwarf has a schwarzschild radius of 4-5 km, way smaller than its actual size.
@@danielcreatd872 you would start to notice some affects of it before it becomes a black hole, pretty sure seeing as it's incredibly massive for a white dwarf there is most likely some form of small time dilation going on
@@emilialittle1002 There is time dilation on the surface of a white dwarf, but very small- approximately 0.1% or so. Which is still very impressive, but not quite enough to become a serious concern.
I would actually like to see you do quantum pranks on people for an episode or two. I personally love to look away from people so they turn into superpositions of dead and alive. They get so mad lmao
Not how it works
I was actually wondering what such a prank would look like... let's see some quantum pranks!
Well to be fair Magneto in the comics was one of the most powerful mutants around. Its just that there were some truly overpowered ones like Proteus too
Whose powers Magneto can screw around with, because apparently at least that form of reality warping is electromagnetic in origin, somehow.
@@lnsflare1 Yeah thats one of Magnetos best feats, defeating Proteus
Proteus was a Greek shape-shifting old man god that came out the ocean
@@jorgepeterbarton I mean, you're right, but I'm not really sure what that has to do with a conversation about Proteus the Marvel Comics character who is an insane reality warper who only lost to Magneto because the writers arbitrarily declared that his reality warping was somehow electromagnetic in nature.
@Magi I can definitely see why you have comments turned off on that video.
The more we discover, the more we learn how little we really know.
I swear in those billions of galaxy’s there must be other intelligent civilizations
Meks u fink
@@Soulflame1 why do you swear though?
@@AmritGrewal31 good question. Idk i‘m just too excited when it comes to „aliens“
@@Soulflame1 I can sympathize.
I lay in bed wondering what's out there, and why I'm laying here...
I love how so many of the answers to physics questions include "sort of..."
I’m not ashamed of how many times I had to rewind this to try to get my head wrapped around some of the finer points….
Early comment 53 seconds after release, I love this channel!!
4 minutes and 40 comments later I arrived ;)
Another 12 minutes after that
well electromagnetism is 'stronger' than gravity measured by the effect each particle has on the field, but it's a lot weaker because particles that cancel each others EM force out also tend to balance out in numbers locally, whereas there really is no negative gravity, so this force can arbitrarily accumulate...
No, stronger forces that cancel out are still stronger. They don't get weaker, they cancel. That's why they're different words.
Big force small range. Small force big range not really a stronger force
@@jorgepeterbarton both EM and gravity have the same range properties
edit: fixed…
@@MarsStarcruiser Word salad.
Idea: Make one episode fantasizing about possible future cosmological and/or quantum experiments and/or devices (telescopes, particle colliders - beyond what's being planed right now) that could be useful for our understanding of the universe. No implausible sci-fi though.
Matt's shirt: a rooster in a spacesuit.
My brain: it's a shuttlecock!
Ha, astrocock
@吴有训 Yeah right, SB
Lowkey genius
It's about time all cosmology changes. It hasn't changed for a couple of days. I'm hoping for another dark thing to be hypothesized, or just more of it added arbitrarily at more points. We have dark energy, dark mass, dark flow, dark light, inflation, and evanescence. It's time for anti-dark, which hasn't been proposed yet to my knowledge. Also, while I acknowledge that electromagnetism has long been under-represented in cosmology, I am by no means an electric universe subscriber. But reliance on pseudo "Professor Dave" is a surprising reference.
It's like discrediting flat earthers dude. It's so stupid it's almost not worth talking about, let alone professors going out of their way to explain why it's so wrong. It's pseudoscience because it makes a ridiculous amount of claims that are flat out wrong.
If you want knowledge to be handed to you on a plate in an instant, stick with religious revelation. Science doesn't work that way.
What's wrong with Dave? I think he comes up with great arguments against much of the pseudoscience he's responded to.
Just to note on the electric universe vs gravity universe. The astrophysics class I took essentially said that on a quantum scale the power of electro magnetism is so great that gravity is almost unmeasurable comparably by comparison. But because it's so strong over such a short distance it manages to neutralize itself very quickly if at all possible making it very difficult for this force to act at a distance for any amount of time. So at small scales electricity rules, at large scales gravity rules
Yeah, but still not an electric universe
Zee spinning fast like a basketball is probably just Kobe in heaven playing around with white dwarfs
Also, a better measurement can be found from the arc curve. Also, find projection to an electron appearance equally.
I would love to see something about brown dwarfs. They are super interesting, heavy and extremely hot and violent. Rains iron I hear... They don't get enough love!
7:06 "Electrons are bound to the white dwarf by gravity." Whoa, I feel like there may be major implications in that statement. One of the most desired physics goals is to unite QM with gravity. If electrons have such a direct relation with gravity via neutron starts, could this bridge be explored by studying these two together?
I envision a transition from white dwarf to neutron star, slow enough to avoid going critical.
Gravity is fake. Bad theory. Never seen an electron. It's funny how much faith you science fan boys have. GOOFY.
@@MrTerrrrible You have never seen air, yet still you breath it. Gravity can't be fake, gravity is just what sticks you to the ground, how you describe that is another thing, but you are stick to the ground, so there is gravity, if you say your God sticks you to the ground, then your God is gravity. The existance of gravity is not dependant on the explanation of gravity.
@@diablo.the.cheater the same with God. Magnetism sticks things too. Elections are all negative forces, yet atoms don't repel each other until they disperse as gasses or vapors. I know this explained by positrons attracting the negitrons. Yet, if that's the case of Ps overriding the Ns then why don't the Ps repel each other? Gluons seem t be the answer. So, are gluons Ps or Ns or is there some other factor? This has puzzled me for a long time and I've yet to discover the answer. These bosoms are very mysterious. It's hard to do research without a solid understanding of physics because what's published isn't always in agreement. Dark energy is even more perplexing it responds to nothing, it responds to gravity. My head must be composed of dark energy because it's on the verge of repelling my internal universe . My degree is biology and that's another world of perplexment. Every new discovery sends me back to basics. I'm far more impressed with what we don't know than what we do know.
@@diablo.the.cheater don't feed the trolls
I know it is not that important, but I feel the need to mention, luminosity L=sigma T^4 4pi R^2 (not R^3). I thought it was a typo at first but you kept the power 3 (or power 1/3 when inversing the relation).
Of course it's important! Imagine that typo calculating your taxes!
I've never heard this question asked or addressed but I was wondering....if a black hole slowly evaporates away through hawking radiation and thus loses mass and gravity in the process, does it eventually become visible again?
No, at least not until the very end. Being a black hole isn't about mass, but about density. The density always remains high enough to maintain the event horizon. As the black hole loses mass the horizon simply shrinks until the black hole is gone.
At that point some hypotheses say a "naked singularity" or "planck remnant" remains.
Gaia keeps popping up in the science news. Such an amazing piece of science and engineering.
Gaia is the best revealer of our era.
LOL. Nice try, cultard.
Matt nailed that final viewpoint against electric universe pseudo-theory. A more convincing argument has never been spoken.
If he were instead selling ketchup popsicles and I were wearing white gloves, I’d need new gloves today and tomorrow.
The only way it might have been improved is if, when plugging the video that debunks the theory, he somehow managed to work in a Chris Farley-inspired quote involving how we could get a good look at a T-bone steak, but instead taking the butcher’s (Matt’s) word for it.
Combine:
1. cosmological constant
2. schrodinger solution
3. Planck E= h f= h n
4. n = number of superpositions
And you get dark matter
n^2 h^2 / ( 8 m L^2) = h n
m = 0.3313 10^18 10^-34 = 0.3313 10^-16 kg ( all superpositions).
1 particle = 0.331 10^-16 / ( 0.4 10^18) = 0.828 10^-34 kg = 46 eV
Combine:
1. cosmological constant in Dxy [m^-2] = lp^2/λ^4= lp^2 nxy ^2 [m^2] [m^-4]
2. schrodinger solution
3. Planck E= h f= h n
4. n = number of superpositions = wave function frequency
And you get: dark matter = superposition of the electron
Dxy [m^-2] = lp^2/λ^4= lp^2 nxy ^2 [m^2] [m^-4]
Nxy = sqrt(Dxy / lp^2)=. (Dxy / lp^2) ^0.5= [m^-1] [m^-1] = m^-2
Then nxy = sqrt ( 10^-52 / 10^ -70) = 10^18 ^0.5 = 10^9
Schrodinger solution:
n^2 h^2 / ( 8 m L^2) = h n
8 m L^2 h n = n^2 h^2
m = n^2 h^2 /( 8 L^2 h n)
m = n h 0.125 L^-2
m= 10^9 10-34
= 10^-25 ( all superpositions).
1 particle = 0.331 10^-25 / ( 0.4 10^9) = 0.828 10^-34 kg = 46 eV
If you count only the positive wave function amplitudes: n = 10^4.5
then 1 particle = 0.331 10^-25 / ( 0.4 10^4.5) = 0.828 10^-30kg 5.6 10^35= 10^5 ev = 0.5 Mev
Superposition of electron causes dark matter?
"quantum physics based pranks"
dave detonated a microscopic black hole in my face again the other day
classic dave