Ja Nuns Hons Pris - French and Occitan Medieval Song

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  • čas přidán 29. 08. 2024
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Komentáře • 136

  • @faryafaraji
    @faryafaraji  Před rokem +84

    Music* and lyrics by Richard the Lionheart, vocals & arrangement by Farya Faraji. Unlike most performances, I chose to sing both the French and Occitan lyrics, as Richard wrote in both. *Though the attribution of the poem to Richard seems to be certain, I couldn't find any comprehensive sources giving any clear evidence that he also wrote the melody; it may be a case of a melody written by someone else at a later point based on the text, although the other alternative is just as possible. He wrote the song after being imprisoned in 1192 by Leopold of Austria, who accused him of arranging the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Richard was kept prisoner at Dürnstein Castle, and there, he wrote this, addressed to his half-sister Marie, to express the feeling that his people had abandoned him. Richard was finally released two years later.
    The arrangement is meant to be historically accurate, and consists of a simple heterophonic arrangement which involves slight counterpoint by the end; the latter being a technique that would gradually gain precedence in Western European music from the tentative first forms of parallel harmony called Organum; something that we can safely assume would have spilled over into instrumentation and not only the vocals. The vocals follow a method high melismatic ornamentation with a high degree of microtonal inflection, something well attested in the Middle-Ages, see this video for more info: czcams.com/video/hxcH7S2BaiQ/video.html
    Take the pronunciation with a grain of salt, it does respect the generally Romance-like phonology French used to have, but I based myself off of other recordings, which may be a case of the blind leading the blind, and some of the exact aspects may not be accurate. The instrumentation consists of a rebec lyra, a gittern, a lute, and drums.
    Old French lyrics:
    Ja nuns hons pris ne dira sa raison
    A droitement, se dolantement non:
    Mais par esfort puet il faire chançon.
    Mout ai amis, mais povre sunt li don.
    Honte i avront, se por ma reançon
    Sui ça deus yvers pris.
    Ce sevent bien mi home e mi baron,
    Ynglois, Normanz, Poitevin et Gascon
    Que je n'ai nul si povre compaignon
    Que je lessaisse, por avoir, en prison.
    Je nou di mie por nule rentrançon,
    Car encor sui pris.
    Or sai je bien de voir, certeinnement,
    Que je ne pris ne ami, ne parent,
    Quant on me faut por or ne por argent.
    Mout m'est de moi, mès plus m'est de ma gent;
    Qu'après ma mort avront reprochement,
    Se longuement sui pris.
    N'est pas mervoille se j'ai le cuer dolant,
    Quant mes sires mest ma terre en torment.
    S'il li membrast de nostre soirement
    Que nos feïsmes andui communement,
    Je sai de voir que ja trop longuement
    Ne seroie ça pris.
    Occitan lyrics:
    Ja nuls om pres non dira sa razon
    Adrechament si com om dolens non
    Mas per conort deu om faire canson
    Pro n'ai d'amis mas paure son li don
    Anta lur es si per ma rezenson
    So çai dos ivers pres
    Or sapchon ben miei om et miei baron
    Angles norman peitavin et gascon
    Qu'ieu non ai ja si paure companhon
    Qu'ieu laissasse per aver en preison
    Non o dic mia per nula retraison
    Mas anquar soi ie pres
    Car sai eu ben per ver certanament
    Qu'om mort ni pres n'a amic ni parent
    E si'm laissan per aur ni per argent
    Mal m'es per mi mas pieg m'es per ma gent
    Qu'apres ma mort n'auran reprochament
    Si çai me laisson pres
    No'm meravihl s'ieu ai lo cor dolent
    Que mos senher met ma terra en turment
    No li membra del nostre sagrament
    Que nos feimes els sans cominalment
    Ben sai de ver que gaire longament
    Non serai en çai pres
    English translation:
    No prisoner can tell his honest thought
    Unless he speaks as one who suffers wrong;
    But for his comfort as he may make a song.
    My friends are many, but their gifts are naught.
    Shame will be theirs, if, for my ransom, here
    I lie another year.
    They know this well, my barons and my men,
    Normans, English, Gascons, Poitevains,
    That I had never follower so low
    Whom I would leave in prison to my gain.
    I say it not for a reproach to them,
    But prisoner I am!
    The ancient proverb now I know for sure;
    Death and a prison know nor kind nor tie,
    Since for mere lack of gold they let me lie.
    Much for myself I grieve; for them still more.
    After my death they will have grievous wrong
    If I am a prisoner long.
    
What marvel that my heart is sad and sore
    When my own lord torments my helpless lands!
    Well do I know that, if he held his hands,
    Remembering the common oath we swore,
    I should not here imprisoned with my song,
    Remain a prisoner long.

    They know this well who now are rich and strong
    Young gentlemen of Anjou and Touraine,
    That far from them, on hostile bonds I strain.
    They loved me much, but have not loved me long.
    Their plans will see no more fair lists arrayed
    While I lie here betrayed.
    00:00 French part
    5:32 Occitan part

    • @andreascovano7742
      @andreascovano7742 Před rokem +1

      >What marvel that my heart is sad and sore
      When my own lord torments my helpless lands!
      Well do I know that, if he held his hands,
      Remembering the common oath we swore,
      I should not here imprisoned with my song,
      Remain a prisoner long
      I feel a better sense should be given to brother instead of lord, since I assume he is referencing his brother Jean Lackland

    • @Tord-cc4lv
      @Tord-cc4lv Před rokem +4

      Hey farya can I use some of your renditions for a historical project am working on

    • @faryafaraji
      @faryafaraji  Před rokem +6

      @@Tord-cc4lvGo for it man :)

    • @Tord-cc4lv
      @Tord-cc4lv Před rokem +2

      @@faryafaraji thanks

    • @greygamertales1293
      @greygamertales1293 Před rokem

      Although I am still waiting, I hope maybe one day Farya Faraji could make a historical music video based on the songs of the Dutch Geuzen (Les Gueux) during the Dutch Revolt (Révolte des Pays-Bas ou la Révolte des Gueux) or the life of Prince William the Silent (Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange et Comte de Nassau) and his legacy in the Eighty Years War (Guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans) in the Netherlands.
      There are many versions of the Wilhelmus (Le Guillaume ou le Guillelmus) such as the version sung by Camerata Trajectina in one of their albums De Vrede van Munster and there is another song that the melody of the Wilhelmus based off called "O la folle entreprise du Prince de Condé". Many of the songs from the Geuzenliederen were based off from older songs and melodies.
      About the history of the Low Countries, the Eighty Years War is considered to be very complex event as there were many atrocities commited on both opposing sides based on religious policies, political loyalties and personal ethnic hatred. Some authors say that the war was a Dutch Civil War between the mostly Southern Flemish Catholics and Northern Dutch Protestants while the others still firmly believe it was the Dutch War of Independence against the rule of Habsburg Spain.
      Despite this, there were actually a lot of trading especially between the Flemish and the Spanish during this time period even if they were competing against each other for overseas colonies and international markets. Peter Paul Rubens is one of the famous Flemish artists that comes to mind as he lived during the Eighty Years War (his Protestant father, Jan Rubens, had personal connection to William of Orange through Anna of Saxony) and he painted for the Catholic Spanish court.

  • @cheesehead9555
    @cheesehead9555 Před rokem +372

    Its weird to think that Richard the lionheart, one of England’s most famous kings, was a french guy who never even really spent time in England.

    • @faryafaraji
      @faryafaraji  Před rokem +192

      hon hon baguette
      - Richard Coeur de Lion

    • @basedkaiser5352
      @basedkaiser5352 Před rokem +135

      "What a shit island !"
      - Richard The Lionheart about england, probably.

    • @cintaratna6083
      @cintaratna6083 Před rokem +47

      @@basedkaiser5352 He actually said smth similar, so not wrong.

    • @CONSTANTINEXI63
      @CONSTANTINEXI63 Před rokem +15

      My ancestor was the secretary of his brother, king John of England

    • @WorldArchivist
      @WorldArchivist Před rokem +50

      I'm just a warrior, I'm not a linguist.
      But I think the King of England should PROBABLY SPEAK ENGLISH!
      Ragnar Lothbrok

  • @OneFlyingTonk
    @OneFlyingTonk Před rokem +103

    Gotta love the Occitan lyrics, a really underappreciated Romance language and, in my opinion, one of the most beautiful ones to the ear.

  • @arnaugarzaran1375
    @arnaugarzaran1375 Před rokem +60

    As a Catalan, I trully love the occitan part. It remembers our early roots after the romans. ¡Saluts!

    • @ophis181
      @ophis181 Před rokem +7

      Pèr la glòri dóu terraire
      Vautre enfin que sias counsènt.
      Catalan, de liuen, o fraire,
      Coumunien tóutis ensèn !
      For the Glory of the country,
      You consent finally.
      Catalans, from afar, our brothers,
      Let us commune all together !
      Frederic Mistral, a poet from Provence, wrote those lines in a poem titled "Coupo Santo", to celebrate the ties between those two geographical extremities of the Occitan culture. I'm quite sad that there doesn't seem to be much transnational celebrations of the Occitan legacy across Spain, France and Italia.

    • @chaban-delmas7715
      @chaban-delmas7715 Před rokem +2

      @@ophis181Copa santa,
      E versanta,
      Vueja a plen bòrd,
      Vueja abòrd
      Leis estrambòrds
      E l'enavans dei fòrts !
      Visca Provenca !
      Visca Occitània !
      Visca França !
      Santa Tierra de França

  • @tibsky1396
    @tibsky1396 Před rokem +87

    I can clearly feel Richard's loneliness in your performance. Really good.
    I didn't expect you to interpret it also in Old Occitan. It was the main language of the troubadours, and of course his mother.

    • @andrejhranac2047
      @andrejhranac2047 Před rokem +11

      The first feels like the version that the king sang for himself in his captivity. The second feels like the version he would sing for his companions during the march towards castle Chaluz.

    • @tibsky1396
      @tibsky1396 Před rokem +1

      @@andrejhranac2047 yeah, He seems more joyful in the Occitan part.

  • @richardlionheart4400
    @richardlionheart4400 Před rokem +53

    Ahh yes, my favorite song

    • @faryafaraji
      @faryafaraji  Před rokem +36

      Yooo Ricky boy sick tune and lyrics thanks for letting me cover it

    • @Templar07
      @Templar07 Před 3 měsíci +1

      ​@@faryafaraji💀 "yo ricky"
      Is crazy 😮

  • @lovebaltazar4610
    @lovebaltazar4610 Před rokem +54

    You keep shedding light on true western medieval music. Much appreciated.

  • @marolibez
    @marolibez Před rokem +32

    The Occitan pronunciation was really spot-on. Òsca Manòsca e plan mercés per l'omatge a la lenga regina de la latinitat modèrna!

    • @marolibez
      @marolibez Před rokem +2

      *Medieval Occitan pronunciation, I should have added

  • @antoniobautista6718
    @antoniobautista6718 Před rokem +20

    As a history nerd, the songs that you make really help transport me and surely others into the past, and gives us an experience of the past that history books and records cannot fully express ❤

  • @etiennegarant7545
    @etiennegarant7545 Před rokem +22

    Magnifique! Its surprising how much the Old French part have of those "flourishes" you spoke about in some of your previous videos, and how, despite being French-speaking, that probably made the Occitan part more familiar to my ears.
    Merci pour cette nouvelle pièce :)

  • @Barbaturixsson
    @Barbaturixsson Před rokem +38

    Richard coeur de lion. Un chevalier jamais oublier...⚔

  • @ElfInTheFlowers
    @ElfInTheFlowers Před rokem +14

    Your beautiful renditions of these pieces reminds me of Jordi Savall.
    Folklorist here with lots of ethnomusicology friends… I am hooked on your channel and am just listening to everything with pure joy!

  • @Hu55ar
    @Hu55ar Před rokem +36

    This is different from the one I am used too. It seems to match the setting of being imprisoned, with the hint of a syrian, or Iranian twang too it.

    • @faryafaraji
      @faryafaraji  Před rokem +63

      The eastern twang you describe is correct, and it’s even more interesting than just being Eastern; medieval vocal styles in Western Europes are known to have resembled Eastern/Balkanic/Greek styles more, so it’s actually a case of a time when both regions had a more familiar musical aesthetic to one another, before Western European vocals took a different route :)

  • @iberius9937
    @iberius9937 Před rokem +10

    One of my favorite songs to both sing and hear. You really bring out the lonely, melancholy theme of this one more than any other interpretation. Sometimes it just takes the Faraji touch!
    I notice this version is also minimalistic, fitting the tone.

  • @alastor1510
    @alastor1510 Před rokem +16

    Tellement beau, j'adore les chants Français, un grand merci à toi Farya!

  • @shakabletax2103
    @shakabletax2103 Před rokem +14

    I LOVE THIS POEM AND SONG I'M SO HAPPY YOU'RE DOING A VERSION OF IT 😄

  • @suzannebarbeau8937
    @suzannebarbeau8937 Před 8 měsíci +3

    Fils d'Aliénor d'Aquitaine, d'abord mariée au roi de France puis au roi d'Angleterre Henry II ( Henri Plantagenêt). Un cours d'histoire en musique. Merci aux chants et arrangement de M. Farya Faraji.

  • @milesmanges
    @milesmanges Před rokem +30

    When the world needed him most....
    He came back! 🙏

  • @medaf9
    @medaf9 Před rokem +7

    One of my absolute fav! J'adore ! Continue ton art!

  • @user-qb6db4vg7n
    @user-qb6db4vg7n Před rokem +5

    Thenky my friend for that beautiful Song 😭😢😭😢

  • @greygamertales1293
    @greygamertales1293 Před rokem +6

    I have been busy recently and I instantly found your new music video. Your beautiful voice is amazing and I love how you evoked the feelings from the song.

  • @paulusmoranferz5543
    @paulusmoranferz5543 Před rokem +6

    Parte de mi lengua materna es el asturianu o bable y justo ayer buscaba yo textos en OCCITÁN porque me interesaba saber más de otras lenguas romances.
    ¡ Y TÚ HACES ESTO AHORA QUÉ COJONUDA COINCIDENCIA! Me escuchaste el espíritu
    Bendito es DIOS que hizome el milagro de tener esta canción.
    Si vos plaçe una canción en Bable/asturianu ... Me fadriés muy FELIZ. Digo me harías muy feliz :3.
    Empero, no soy asturianu pero tuve que vivir en Asturias en mi infancia por el trabajo de mi padre, soy de nacionalidad mexicana. Desde que tuve 3 años hasta los 7 viví ahí en Oviedo/Uvieu. Ya han pasado más de 20 años desde que dejé ese lugar :/ , fue mucho antes de la entrada del Euro a España. En fin
    ¡ POR FAVOR ALGO EN BABLE!

  • @MatthewVanston
    @MatthewVanston Před rokem +3

    Oh thanks so much for featuring this song! One of the greatest I heard so far.

  • @universalflamethrower6342
    @universalflamethrower6342 Před 11 měsíci +1

    Nice to see that you basically cover every pre-modern song I like, you are such a gift

  • @Noeaskr
    @Noeaskr Před rokem +3

    Thanks for this music. I’ve been using it to put my son (4mo) to bed. It would be great if you added your songs to Apple Music, being able to play a playlist with out ads would make it even better.
    I tend to do a very amateur Mongolian throat singing since that entertains him but can’t do it myself when he’s going to bed, gets too distracted. So your recent throat singing song calmed him down perfectly and this one sealed the deal.
    Thanks again!

  • @tehminagoskar2043
    @tehminagoskar2043 Před rokem +2

    Magical, beautiful and one of my favourite songs. Merci.

  • @Gentleman_r07
    @Gentleman_r07 Před rokem +1

    This is an absolute masterpiece. I have been on repeat whilst i work. This is real emotions thrown into a timeless paradise. Thank you Farya Faraji. Happy to make your acquaintance. Cheers 🍻🍖

  • @CatastrophicDisease
    @CatastrophicDisease Před rokem +3

    You never cease to amaze me.

  • @eeeee6431
    @eeeee6431 Před rokem +2

    I'm quite liking this, it's very calming for my ears for whatever reason

  • @archimedes2
    @archimedes2 Před rokem +3

    The legend returns!

  • @ErickeTR
    @ErickeTR Před rokem +8

    Absolutely beautiful. Recreations like yours are the closest thing we have to a time machine. Would you like to venture into galician/portuguese medieval music? I would love to listen to the Cantigas de Santa Maria reconstructed with your approach.

  • @michaelkistler3847
    @michaelkistler3847 Před rokem +1

    Your talent for musik is a God's Gift for our World🙏
    I thank you from heart🙏

  • @georgecharilaou5692
    @georgecharilaou5692 Před 6 měsíci

    One of the most hauntingly beautiful versions I ever heard

  • @suzannebarbeau8937
    @suzannebarbeau8937 Před 8 měsíci +1

    Effectivement, Richard écrit en langue d'Oc car il habitait presque toujours en France. Avec son mariage à Henry II de Plantagenêt, elle donnait à l'Angleterre tout le sud-ouest de la France.

  • @lulumoon6942
    @lulumoon6942 Před rokem +2

    What a living treasure you are! ❤️🙏💞

  • @user-ws8sv7yv8c
    @user-ws8sv7yv8c Před rokem +5

    Прекрасно, Браво!👏🏽

  • @popsandworm
    @popsandworm Před rokem +3

    Fantastic stuff!

  • @spikemasterb2521
    @spikemasterb2521 Před rokem +4

    beautiful song

  • @MaitlandJones
    @MaitlandJones Před 2 měsíci

    That part at 4:16 where you said 'Ē' really spoke to me.

  • @Lord.Romanus
    @Lord.Romanus Před rokem +4

    I've listened your music for almost a year and it's still as good as always. And one question, when are you going to make a song for Justinian?

  • @andreascovano7742
    @andreascovano7742 Před rokem +13

    It's interesting to note the Richard the Lionheart was Aquitanian and a hell of as singer.

  • @h0rn3d_h1st0r1an
    @h0rn3d_h1st0r1an Před rokem +2

    Wake up hun new Farya Faraji bop just dropped

  • @glthemusicenjoyer6809
    @glthemusicenjoyer6809 Před měsícem

    Been listening to the Occitan part on repeat, its so goddamn good

  • @silveryphoenix44
    @silveryphoenix44 Před rokem +1

    this song just made me cry

  • @hellenictech
    @hellenictech Před rokem +2

    Very good! Congratulations!

  • @user-rq4bf3om1q
    @user-rq4bf3om1q Před rokem +6

    I just watched your video about microtonality, do you have any more videos discussing the relationship between European and middle eastern music? It’s a very interesting topic to explore

    • @faryafaraji
      @faryafaraji  Před rokem +5

      Thanks for your interest! Here are three that explore the subject a little deeper:
      czcams.com/video/hxcH7S2BaiQ/video.html&feature=shares
      czcams.com/video/9VMZttMcZr8/video.html&feature=shares
      czcams.com/video/Oj_e9wTXMUI/video.html&feature=shares
      You can also find the rest of the talks in my “Epic Talking” playlist :)

    • @user-rq4bf3om1q
      @user-rq4bf3om1q Před rokem +3

      @@faryafaraji Great, thank you!

  • @awetos
    @awetos Před rokem +5

    I'm waiting for douce Dame Jolie too❤

  • @lartaunsantxitzzurdo6070

    Hello, have you thought about making a song in Basque, whether it be its ancient, medieval or more modern era. I invite you to it. Agur bero bat. (greetings)

  • @syedshakaibanwar2698
    @syedshakaibanwar2698 Před rokem +5

    Also would be cool if you do Salah ud Deen and Chandragupta next :)

    • @syedshakaibanwar2698
      @syedshakaibanwar2698 Před rokem

      (Would be nice if a Saladin theme has elements of the great Saint Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jillani placing his hand on his neck as his blessings)

  • @glossolalie4342
    @glossolalie4342 Před rokem +2

    woaaa merci pour mon pays !

  • @user-mq4rp4cm3h
    @user-mq4rp4cm3h Před rokem +4

    Хотів би я в Париж. Ех, Леді Баг та Супер Кіт...

  • @andrejhranac2047
    @andrejhranac2047 Před rokem +5

    This song reminds me of a great man. A modern Bard who used to play this song in plays about Richard Lionheart. Thank you for this reminder.
    Also thank you for the 10 euro. My mate and I had a bet over which medieval song you demonstrate what you talked about in czcams.com/video/hxcH7S2BaiQ/video.html.
    I argued that this is the best song to demonstrate this, since it is a solo piece that just tugs at heartstrings and there are less than five versions that do not sound the same.

  • @HOBAPOMA
    @HOBAPOMA Před rokem +2

    O início me lembrou rapidamente uma música Sérvia ou um Nasheed Albânia/Bósnia

  • @StewartBlues
    @StewartBlues Před 3 měsíci

    Absolutely wonderful, love the picture too, can you tell me where it's from please.

  • @NicholasBreezeWood
    @NicholasBreezeWood Před 15 dny

    I would call this English rather than French, seeing as Richard was King of England (and as you point out, it was also written in Occitan). And I too have always wondered if the melody was his.

  • @landofthearyans6029
    @landofthearyans6029 Před rokem +3

    🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷god love u ❤ my bro

  • @internetkurator9256
    @internetkurator9256 Před rokem +1

    Written when incarcerated ar castle Trifels in modern Württemberg :-)

  • @gabrielazavacka2669
    @gabrielazavacka2669 Před 7 měsíci

    nice chansom,

  • @kwebax9909
    @kwebax9909 Před 10 měsíci

    Me at 11 pm remembering her at the gym

  • @ceoofracism12
    @ceoofracism12 Před rokem +1

    Great, you should anima christi

  • @syedshakaibanwar2698
    @syedshakaibanwar2698 Před rokem

    Who did the art? or is it AI?

  • @chevallanglois5829
    @chevallanglois5829 Před rokem +2

    Farai un vers de dreyt nien
    non er de mi ni d'autra gen
    non er d'amor ni de joven
    ni de ren au
    qu'enans fo trobatz en durmen
    sobre chevau.
    ...

  • @fantinchassagne8491
    @fantinchassagne8491 Před rokem +1

    mout ai amis mais povre sunt li don 😩

  • @LilHarrani
    @LilHarrani Před rokem +1

    English translation is wrong habibi :)

    • @faryafaraji
      @faryafaraji  Před rokem +4

      Ooops thanks I’ll correct that

    • @LilHarrani
      @LilHarrani Před rokem +2

      @@faryafaraji no problem. Great track like always.

  • @magamagabovich1604
    @magamagabovich1604 Před rokem

    EeeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeeeeeEeeeeeEeeEeeeeEeeEeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeEeeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeeeeeEeeeeeEeeEeeeeEeeEeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeEeeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEEEeeeeeeeeeeEeeeeeEeeEeeeeEeeEeeeeeeEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEeeeeee
    lmao really dude?

    • @faryafaraji
      @faryafaraji  Před rokem +8

      czcams.com/video/hxcH7S2BaiQ/video.html
      In case you have any interest in developping your argumentation beyond the level of “lmao really dude”

  • @mahdiyarabbasi3800
    @mahdiyarabbasi3800 Před rokem +1

    I thought the Occitans and the French hated each other

    • @tibsky1396
      @tibsky1396 Před rokem +1

      There was mistrust between the South and the North. That's for sure. To shorten it, culturally, the former had a more Greco-Roman mentality, the latter, although Romanized, still had a more or less Celto-Germanic mentality.

    • @marolibez
      @marolibez Před rokem +1

      There never was an "Occitan nation" in all history. This cultural and linguistic area, such as a Sprachbund, was slowly but surely acculturated and frenchified for centuries and centuries. The last blow was the massacre in the trenches of World War I. After that, the language became almost useless in its own cradle, socially speaking, and has been dying out since. It's a truly sad fate, "pecaire"...

    • @wertyuiopasd6281
      @wertyuiopasd6281 Před 9 měsíci

      Occitan doesn't exist.
      It was made up after the fact in the XXth century.
      Both langues d'Oc and langues d'Oïl are just Old french languages.
      Both are a bit different but largely intelligible at the time and even now.

  • @Wetbagels
    @Wetbagels Před 9 měsíci

    La Coeur De Lion

  • @giniusmklo8161
    @giniusmklo8161 Před rokem +3

    Occitanian are more beautiful as language