@@tomaszk2242to me, printing hello world is still easy - especially if it's just some logic to pump bits into an lcd display But the tough part is designing a self sustaining cycle of fetch-decode-execute-i/o That's crazy
Dude, this is super impressive. I didn't expect this feature-rich instruction set. No big dieal you used silicon for memory and I/O. That would be ridiculously expensive and expansive. Really nice.
Lol everyone complaining about the memory ICs. I just want to see relays multiplex the 7 segment outputs :P Very cool. Don't let the haters bring this down. The implementation of the idea is where it's at. A whole computer is ambitious enough with ICs, let alone the work half of a cpu being little magic metal fingers bouncing back and forth. Bad ass.
The options for random-access memory that doesn't need semiconductors to read and write calls for things that are either massive, obscenely tedious, require vacuum tubes, or all of the above. I agree they should cut him some slack.
I saw this video back in 2017 and was really amazed by every single second of it, I really liked the idea, so today I'm starting to plan to rebuild a similar thing but with more relays, actually it'll be all relays and no ic's at all, all the way from memory to display decoder, After some calculations by now I realized for the memory sizes I decided on, I'll need about 1,664 relays, just for the main memory, and I'm going for it whatever it costs because I know the moment it runs it'll be priceless to me, thank you for the inspiration sir
Wow ! That's so cool ! I currently don't have the material to build any logic gates ,so I'm having fun making a 8 bits adder in Minecraft to learn the theory behind it ^^ !
I'm so happy this exists, I like the idea of seeing a computer run, like when you see a cross section of a motor running but their is just no equivalent. Would look super cool with see-though relay cases!
I figured that core memory would need at the very least vacuum tubes to amplify the read pulse. His options are limited. I shudder at the thought of something like thousands of relay latches.
@@CharlesJrPike the latches aren't that much of an issue. The fun starts with demuxing the address, and really rolls when you do a walking 0 memory test.
I bought one of these computers a few months ago when jhallenworld sold a few. It's an excellent implementation of programming concepts I first came across when I used PDP-8 computers in the 1980s, and I wanted to revisit those good times. Unfortunately, because of ill-health I haven't been able to do much, but this latest video has encouraged me to try harder.
Stephen Eddy, as of December 30, 2019, there were several of these kits for sale on eBay. Joe told me on Christmas that he plans to make the kits available as long as people continue buying them.
i would love to hook this thing up to an old serial terminal and just mess around. imagine typing a command, hearing this thing go, then getting a response. sounds magical : )
The control-bit "horizontal"[?] instruction-encoding is a huge eye-opener for me... Really drives-home how a CPU functions at an internal level. Suddenly I can visualize the different paths in e.g.the ALU, each having a separate "Chip-select." [Edit: commented before seeing the diagram later in the video. Well-explained. And using MUXes makes a lot of sense]] Never seen nor heard of "control bits" in this manner, so tightly-coupled to the instruction-set (and I have a degree and many years in embedded systems)! I wonder what weird instructions this allows for that one might never think to intentionally make or look for... e.g. Compliment A (bitmask), AND B, Shift-Right, output to a port, and store back to B, all in a single instruction! Could be useful for e.g. bitbanging RS-232. It looks like a jump could be thrown into that same instruction... Oh how I want to find a use for all that in a single cycle!
This takes me back to my miss-spent youth. We had Burroughs L2000 minicomputers which came with some software that we used. I wanted to write some simple routines like reading punched cards and doing a bit of maths and totals of numbers punched on the cards. I found a pinched paper tape that put the L2000 I to programming mode and I had a card with a list of the op codes with their corresponding hex machine code. The memory was organised in four instructions of four hex characters per word. The instructions were executed in reverse order from each word which was a bit of a headache until I found this out! Manually converting the app codes into hex was a bit a pain but I thought that was how you wrote programs! Imagine my surprise when I was gold that such things as assemblers were available to do this for you! And then high level languages - I thought all my birthdays had one at once. Great video and a wonderful machine!
The RAM is emulated, so the only trick is to exploit this to the max- it's using multi-port memory, which ends up saving many relays. Otherwise the savings are from careful architecture and circuit design.
If you guys are interested its not a bad build it took about 8-10 hours. If you are experienced you may shave an hour or two. All in all it's a great computer for learning the general principles of a CPU.
I just came across this some two years late, but I have to say, that is a really elegant implementation. For those complaining that the memory wasn't implemented in relays too, very few if any first generation computers used the same technology for memory and the CPU. Typically a relay computer would have paper tape memory or something equally arcane and hard to duplicate these days.
Rope core or braided wire memory was relatively new compared to a relay machine. The Burroughs B 3500 third generation integrated circuit machine used that for ROM in the 1970s. So did the Apollo guidance computer and a number of others from that general era. But that was a form of ROM, and we are talking RAM here. First generation vacuum tube machines used a number of forms of RAM. Flying spot scanner CRTs and mercury delay lines were among the most common, along with drum memory. Of course accounting machines like the IBM 402 and 407 used relays and mechanical switches of various forms for memory, but they only had a few registers, not a large addressable RAM field.
@@among-us-99999 Yes, just the Arduino board and libraries, not the actual microcontroller ATMEGA328, So, I can still use the MCU for production with my own embedded code firmware without using Arduino libraries.
@@kengineer1379 LOL, did you really say that? Please tell me that folk with the engineering-sense expressed here build nothing more important than toys that run off a few grocery-store batteries, otherwise I think we may have discovered a root cause of neighborhoods falling victim to fires, and planes falling from the sky.
Can it use NEC 5V DPDT dip relays? I have plenty of them from the LIC cards of the dismantled NEAX61 exchange. Using them instead of buying new 12V relays would save a handle.
am new to this topic with basic understanding of gates and relays and gates in general, i want to built my own 4bit relay any resources where i can get started with ?
Hello, I also bought and finished this relay computer ... When I first switched it on, some random LEDs shone, but the display showed nothing ... I think I placed some ICs in the wrong place ... Do you have a list or so where I can see which IC comes in which place?
I think it is not fully relay based computer. You still see there are some ICs. I think it is a combination of modern and relay computer. Relays just do some logic functions to show us how some logic functions are done. It is quite interesting to see clicking relays, leds showing logic level and final results displayed in 7 segments leds display though.
@@joeypc87 , the entire CPU is implemented in relays. Think of this as the microprocessor on any single board computer, e.g. the KIM-1. The memory is a separate thing, and in this case is the 1k Bytes of RAM internal to a PIC microcontroller (arranged as 256 words of 32 bits each, as required by the relay CPU. When the relay program counter asks for the next program instruction, the PIC reads it from its RAM and presents the 32 bits to the relay CPU, which then executes the instruction. The PIC is there to 'be the memory'. There is a second, smaller PIC microcontroller which handles scanning the keypad and multiplexing the 7-segment LED display, and maybe also the serial port. One of the PICs also generates the clock for the relay CPU. Neither PIC is involved in executing the program, i.e. no cheating. When you study in instruction set and CPU architecture diagram, it is easy to see how so much can be accomplished by 83 relays.
I wouldn't make a relay computer unless I had plenty of relays and no semiconductors. Not sure what I'd use for memory but maybe something like what antique typewriters used to set and clear tabs.
Most interesting. I supposed these relay computers can bee shrunken down even further and perform more in a compact unit with Crydom telecom equipment microclareed relays for an even faster instruction clock cycle and be nuclear hardened/EMP proof also.
Finally someone posted something that's not just a adder!
Exactly. Understanding adder is fairly achievable, but nobody touches a topic like: actually printing "hello world".
@Westley Yousef We really don't
@@tomaszk2242to me, printing hello world is still easy - especially if it's just some logic to pump bits into an lcd display
But the tough part is designing a self sustaining cycle of fetch-decode-execute-i/o
That's crazy
You're gonna be glad you have this relay computer when Skynet takes over......
Until this relay computer becomes self-aware...
This computer will become skynet
Sounded like an old tractor when you adjusted the frequency. Very cool. Reminds me of my youth, plunking away on a KIM-1.
More like radioactive dosemeter :3
Dude, this is super impressive. I didn't expect this feature-rich instruction set. No big dieal you used silicon for memory and I/O. That would be ridiculously expensive and expansive. Really nice.
Lol everyone complaining about the memory ICs. I just want to see relays multiplex the 7 segment outputs :P
Very cool. Don't let the haters bring this down. The implementation of the idea is where it's at. A whole computer is ambitious enough with ICs, let alone the work half of a cpu being little magic metal fingers bouncing back and forth. Bad ass.
The options for random-access memory that doesn't need semiconductors to read and write calls for things that are either massive, obscenely tedious, require vacuum tubes, or all of the above. I agree they should cut him some slack.
>the work of half of a cpu being little magic metal fingers
now THAT's counting on your fingers.
I saw this video back in 2017 and was really amazed by every single second of it,
I really liked the idea, so today I'm starting to plan to rebuild a similar thing but with more relays, actually it'll be all relays and no ic's at all, all the way from memory to display decoder,
After some calculations by now I realized for the memory sizes I decided on, I'll need about 1,664 relays, just for the main memory, and I'm going for it whatever it costs because I know the moment it runs it'll be priceless to me, thank you for the inspiration sir
Even the memory? I'm impressed. How are you going to make that part work?
Very impressive
Any updates?
In the early 70's I made a 4 bits adder at school, with only relays and small bulb lamps! :)
Wow ! That's so cool ! I currently don't have the material to build any logic gates ,so I'm having fun making a 8 bits adder in Minecraft to learn the theory behind it ^^ !
@@LouSwan thats actually super dope i didnt think of that
I love the fact that you went into detail about the instructions and block diagram.
Of course the PC speaker on a relais computer is a coil-driven bell.
I'm so happy this exists, I like the idea of seeing a computer run, like when you see a cross section of a motor running but their is just no equivalent. Would look super cool with see-though relay cases!
Brings back memories of how I used to write assembly code for PIC micro controllers.
I remember having to write a RAM clearing assembly subroutine for PIC32 after soft resets, as the hardware didn't clear RAM.
This is a hybrid machine! All of the memory and programming is stored on IC's.
Nice to hear those relays clicking though.
thank you for answering my question. that is what I suspected. I don't think you could do this on a single board without the ICs.
The CPU is made out of relays though
So few relays, so much functionality... something has to be amis
i just love this! when thinking of "period" memory solutions, core memory comes to mind. Well done, sir.
I figured that core memory would need at the very least vacuum tubes to amplify the read pulse. His options are limited. I shudder at the thought of something like thousands of relay latches.
@@CharlesJrPike the latches aren't that much of an issue. The fun starts with demuxing the address, and really rolls when you do a walking 0 memory test.
I bought one of these computers a few months ago when jhallenworld sold a few. It's an excellent implementation of programming concepts I first came across when I used PDP-8 computers in the 1980s, and I wanted to revisit those good times.
Unfortunately, because of ill-health I haven't been able to do much, but this latest video has encouraged me to try harder.
John Cherry, Joe Allen is still selling these kits on eBay.
Recently got hooked with a PDP-8 at the vintage computer festival at Berlin and now stumbled upon your site/video. Very fun stuff!
Impressive work, sir! Congratulation! Really amazing that you made all the CPU by relays!
Very sweet, I love the sounds it makes when it is working.
This is a bit like a single board TEC-1 computer I built in the 80's just without relays. Very interesting work.
Wow.
This makes me so happy. Wish I had found it when it came out.
Thanks for posting an excellent video!
I love videos like this. Considering how complicated today's computers are, this is very understandable
That’s beautiful. Great job man. I wish I had found this while you were still selling them.
Stephen Eddy, as of December 30, 2019, there were several of these kits for sale on eBay. Joe told me on Christmas that he plans to make the kits available as long as people continue buying them.
This is so much like i learned to program a Z80 cpu, we used Z80dt at school. Very nice, thank you
Such a beautiful device!
Absolute madman, this is beautiful
And you evne madeyour own architecture and instruction set, amazing!
Neat sound. Sounds like the Nostromo computer in Alien.
i would love to hook this thing up to an old serial terminal and just mess around. imagine typing a command, hearing this thing go, then getting a response. sounds magical : )
these clicks are pretty satisfying
Impressive docs as well.
Oh the sweet sweet sound of relays
Damn shame they aren't transparent relays, it's so cool to see the mechanical movement
outstanding! I really like the way you make the control bits the opcode in the msbs. All good wishes.
Seconded. It really helps in understanding what a CPU does and how it does it.
The control-bit "horizontal"[?] instruction-encoding is a huge eye-opener for me... Really drives-home how a CPU functions at an internal level. Suddenly I can visualize the different paths in e.g.the ALU, each having a separate "Chip-select."
[Edit: commented before seeing the diagram later in the video. Well-explained. And using MUXes makes a lot of sense]]
Never seen nor heard of "control bits" in this manner, so tightly-coupled to the instruction-set (and I have a degree and many years in embedded systems)!
I wonder what weird instructions this allows for that one might never think to intentionally make or look for... e.g. Compliment A (bitmask), AND B, Shift-Right, output to a port, and store back to B, all in a single instruction! Could be useful for e.g. bitbanging RS-232.
It looks like a jump could be thrown into that same instruction... Oh how I want to find a use for all that in a single cycle!
@@someoned16 Intriguing, I'll have to look into that. Thanks!
I love the sound! More relays!!!!
Very cool and inspiring. I would love to build something like this for myself.
Have you done it? Show us
This takes me back to my miss-spent youth. We had Burroughs L2000 minicomputers which came with some software that we used. I wanted to write some simple routines like reading punched cards and doing a bit of maths and totals of numbers punched on the cards. I found a pinched paper tape that put the L2000 I to programming mode and I had a card with a list of the op codes with their corresponding hex machine code. The memory was organised in four instructions of four hex characters per word. The instructions were executed in reverse order from each word which was a bit of a headache until I found this out! Manually converting the app codes into hex was a bit a pain but I thought that was how you wrote programs! Imagine my surprise when I was gold that such things as assemblers were available to do this for you! And then high level languages - I thought all my birthdays had one at once. Great video and a wonderful machine!
I like people who made something and really enjoy what he/she made :)
With so few relays I really expected a simpler machine .. there must be some trickery going on surely?
The RAM is emulated, so the only trick is to exploit this to the max- it's using multi-port memory, which ends up saving many relays. Otherwise the savings are from careful architecture and circuit design.
There's a surface mounted STM32 ARM and its embedded Linux who do the job under the board !
It’s going down
in *_hISTORY_*
If you guys are interested its not a bad build it took about 8-10 hours. If you are experienced you may shave an hour or two. All in all it's a great computer for learning the general principles of a CPU.
So satisfying to listen to
can't play crysis with all that clatter going on
@The Lavian Apparently yours is deader.
Brilliant, absolute genius!
I just came across this some two years late, but I have to say, that is a really elegant implementation.
For those complaining that the memory wasn't implemented in relays too, very few if any first generation computers used the same technology for memory and the CPU. Typically a relay computer would have paper tape memory or something equally arcane and hard to duplicate these days.
The one I remember was rope core memory
Rope core or braided wire memory was relatively new compared to a relay machine. The Burroughs B 3500 third generation integrated circuit machine used that for ROM in the 1970s. So did the Apollo guidance computer and a number of others from that general era. But that was a form of ROM, and we are talking RAM here.
First generation vacuum tube machines used a number of forms of RAM. Flying spot scanner CRTs and mercury delay lines were among the most common, along with drum memory. Of course accounting machines like the IBM 402 and 407 used relays and mechanical switches of various forms for memory, but they only had a few registers, not a large addressable RAM field.
@@lwilton Huh. Interesting. I haven't studied the old old technology. My knowledge of computers kinda ends in the 80s. I'm working my way back though
Me quito el sombrero. ¡Qué chulada!
I'm in love. Those clicks tho😍
Impressive work sir.
This is incredible!!
This is just beyond cool
That's a real neat computer! Really rings my bell! :D
Are the ebay ones all assembled or a kit? I _REALLY_ enjoy soldering. :P
Amazing. Nice Work!
Great video. At the start when it ran fast it sounds like a military tattoos, but I guess that the drummers don't do Euler's calculations there.
Absolutely fantastic
Nice, the JSR trick from older computers, I think it is called the Wheelers jump....
Excellent. And sounds great! :D
Holy crap! Mother from the movie Alien was a relay computer! The sound is nearly identical!
Manual frequency adjustment = Michael Flatley/Feet of Flames
This is all most important things to learn embedded design and programming, not Arduino libraries.
Using Arduino is almost cheating. Also, using an Arduino for production would be kind of weird for any real product
@@among-us-99999 Yes, just the Arduino board and libraries, not the actual microcontroller ATMEGA328, So, I can still use the MCU for production with my own embedded code firmware without using Arduino libraries.
@@kengineer1379 Yes, Baby boomers and Gen X, the creators and pioneers of everything you learn and use now
@@kengineer1379 LOL, did you really say that? Please tell me that folk with the engineering-sense expressed here build nothing more important than toys that run off a few grocery-store batteries, otherwise I think we may have discovered a root cause of neighborhoods falling victim to fires, and planes falling from the sky.
Awesome computer
Thanks you little bit inspired me with making a Binary Translator.
Sweet design!
Do you have any plans to add more status flags in the future, like a Zero Flag?
Imagine going into your math exams with this instead of a TI-83.
What is the max clock speed this computer is capable of?
Amazing very good project
Darnit I really wanted to see how you translated to machine code:( Wonderful thing you have made though!
Can it use NEC 5V DPDT dip relays? I have plenty of them from the LIC cards of the dismantled NEAX61 exchange. Using them instead of buying new 12V relays would save a handle.
Very impressive!
what causes that sound is there a buzzer attached?
Sounds very much like the "mother" computer in Alien
This sounds like what computers in movies (like Mother from Alien) sound like 😁
Exactly my thoughts! Was going to comment the same!
Awesome Video !
I really want one of these
am new to this topic with basic understanding of gates and relays and gates in general, i want to built my own 4bit relay any resources where i can get started with ?
Curious what value you used for R204 (holding resistors), and if you had to "swap relays around" to get it to run.
Hello, I also bought and finished this relay computer ... When I first switched it on, some random LEDs shone, but the display showed nothing ... I think I placed some ICs in the wrong place ... Do you have a list or so where I can see which IC comes in which place?
God I so want one of those!
Unbelieevably good! WOW! Thank You! Can this still be bought ANYWHERE? Or from ANYONE?
I qwould love one of these is it possible to get the gerber file or purcahase a BOM and pre-made board?
Ah gawd the heavenly noise.
First time youtube give me a good recommendation !!!
What? No ferrite ring memory? No output to valve tubes numbered displays? No paper card reader? No reed switch keyboard? :-D
I think it is not fully relay based computer. You still see there are some ICs. I think it is a combination of modern and relay computer. Relays just do some logic functions to show us how some logic functions are done. It is quite interesting to see clicking relays, leds showing logic level and final results displayed in 7 segments leds display though.
that's why I'm making a replica of the Fujiwara Facom computer
I mean, the Fujitsu Facom, yep, I'm buying 5000 miniaturized relays (I wish they were transparent so I could see them clicking).
@@joeypc87 , the entire CPU is implemented in relays. Think of this as the microprocessor on any single board computer, e.g. the KIM-1.
The memory is a separate thing, and in this case is the 1k Bytes of RAM internal to a PIC microcontroller (arranged as 256 words of 32 bits each, as required by the relay CPU. When the relay program counter asks for the next program instruction, the PIC reads it from its RAM and presents the 32 bits to the relay CPU, which then executes the instruction. The PIC is there to 'be the memory'. There is a second, smaller PIC microcontroller which handles scanning the keypad and multiplexing the 7-segment LED display, and maybe also the serial port. One of the PICs also generates the clock for the relay CPU. Neither PIC is involved in executing the program, i.e. no cheating.
When you study in instruction set and CPU architecture diagram, it is easy to see how so much can be accomplished by 83 relays.
Is it possible to made coder and decoder with relays?
Beautiful 👍 Thanks for sharing.
I wish you sold a complete kit and not just bare boards.
Does it have a mnemonic for HCF: Halt and Catch Fire.
This thing needs to be used to run a Pinball machine!
Could you please provide a closeup picture of the keypad, or a description of how it works
Robert Booth, I am preparing my own detailed exploration of this computer, including how to write a program, and will be uploading to CZcams soon.
I wouldn't make a relay computer unless I had plenty of relays and no semiconductors. Not sure what I'd use for memory but maybe something like what antique typewriters used to set and clear tabs.
What doed the build cost?
Beautiful machine.
Sometimes it's nice to stop and appreciate the actual calculations a computer crunches through at a more "human" speed.
Most interesting. I supposed these relay computers can bee shrunken down even further and perform more in a compact unit with Crydom telecom equipment microclareed relays for an even faster instruction clock cycle
and be nuclear hardened/EMP proof also.
Schematics?
what is making the sound?
So, with COM (invert) and ANDTO you can make all bitwise logic gates. Turing Complete!
Relay computer made on integral circuits. Nice... How to make it?
0:25 that's such a cool sound, imma sample that
can you overclock it?
sounds like the computer from the original Alien movie :)
i like it
How would one implement video output on this computer? And would one be able to use a rom by implementing a mux?
output port
genuine inventor