Making A Synthesiser Sequencer Out Of RELAYS Part 1

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  • @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER
    @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER  Před 3 lety +108

    name a type of relay

    • @truthbydesign5146
      @truthbydesign5146 Před 3 lety +9

      Telegraph Relay, courtesy of Samuel Morse

    • @angst_
      @angst_ Před 3 lety +10

      Toggle relays! Some have set/reset pins, while others just flip-flop when powered.

    • @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER
      @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER  Před 3 lety +12

      @@truthbydesign5146 funnily enough some people had dispute of making them before he did funnilty enough!±!!idid speak anbout it in the vid but ended editing it out it got a bit long and windy haha

    • @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER
      @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER  Před 3 lety +7

      @@angst_ indeed! thatys what im going to use to make the preset memory

    • @sonosus
      @sonosus Před 3 lety +1

      The Re Lay relay idk :)
      Edit: in fact no, the blue ones in Sam's speak and spell

  • @davidlovering6033
    @davidlovering6033 Před 3 lety +77

    As a kid into electronics when I discovered relays, they opened up another world. Sam you’re taking it above and beyond. Kudos.

  • @ironspike171
    @ironspike171 Před 3 lety +149

    I hope some schools will consider visiting your museum with their classes. Math, physics and yes, music. So MUCH to learn!

    • @hollowneedles
      @hollowneedles Před 3 lety +11

      ABSOLUTELY, this would be a great way to get kids excited about science and math.

  • @ncot_tech
    @ncot_tech Před 3 lety +312

    "left it running for about 10 hours". In other words you fell asleep with it running 😉

  • @System-1541
    @System-1541 Před 3 lety +14

    "Just stare at it for a while until it starts making sense" - A nice philosophy for life.

  • @Heisenberg2097
    @Heisenberg2097 Před 3 lety +20

    Two relays switching each other was fun back in the days.

  • @pauljs75
    @pauljs75 Před 3 lety +3

    The reason that one setup sounded like a turn signal in a car is because that's what most older cars actually used for that.
    Also if looking for an interesting example of programmable stuff with relays, might want to try finding some info on one of those marquee signs that dates back to the 1920's or 1930's. From what I recall they programmed them with punch cards that would block the light going to a set of photoresistors, but once the text was in the "memory" it kept looping kind of like the setup in this video's example. Crazy that they figured out that stuff way back before vacuum tube or even solid state computers.

  • @EdEditz
    @EdEditz Před 3 lety +7

    That is brilliant. I love how they sound on their own. Quite musical sounding clicks actually. Great stuff!

  • @reggiep75
    @reggiep75 Před 3 lety +27

    14:37 - Heinbach sneaks up, records the relays, plays it back at 1/4 speed, showers it with delay and spring reverb and... slowly grins... to himself!

    • @tomvesely4008
      @tomvesely4008 Před 3 lety +2

      Put a mic in there, amplify it and you've got percussion

    • @BertGrink
      @BertGrink Před 3 lety +2

      @@tomvesely4008 That would make it a sequencer AND a drum machine, all in one - I love that idea!

    • @DrewskisBrews
      @DrewskisBrews Před 3 lety

      @@tomvesely4008 multiple contact mics

  • @dykodesigns
    @dykodesigns Před 3 lety +3

    Cool project concept! Relays with latching circuits where very common in lift logic / elevator control circuits until the 1980’s. They where combined with very complicated electromechanical devices to register the lift’s position in the shaft. Also, the the more advanced lift controllers have a memory function where it can store multiple calls. There are some video’s on CZcams made by lift enthusiasts explaining the design of these circuits. Some old lifts may still have their original relay controller, you can typically hear them working when the lift is moving. It’s essentially an electromechanical computer.

  • @wideyxyz2271
    @wideyxyz2271 Před rokem

    My dad used to design and build High Voltage test equipment. His company was called HW Electronics (mainly spark testers for testing the the insulation when extruding cables of all sizes) and I remember a design for a counter latching relay circuit that he designed that would mark and count the number of faults along the length of cable (if any) when it was being extruded. He finally hung up his soldering Iron and retired at the age of 75 back in 1997. Relays and valves were his thing and while he thought transistors were fantastic he could never get excited about them lol. I guess he was just "old school".
    This brings back some of the times I used to help out in his factory/workshop as a kid. I'm 58 and retired now!

  • @Nevir202
    @Nevir202 Před 3 lety +5

    Kinda random, but I've been trying to make a really complicated function in a spreadsheet and haven't been able to find a tutorial on how to do it, as it is a really weird application.
    Seeing your demonstration of how memory bits work in your machine just gave me a eureka moment, and I think I've realized how to do it! Thanks a lot!

  • @markusfuller
    @markusfuller Před 3 lety +4

    The clicking on the relays is music in itself. I bought 600 mini latching relays a long time ago from an army surplus shop and made lots of burglar alarms for friends and local shops. that was in the 80s. I wish I had saved some as I would have sent them over to you. great interesting work Sam :-)

  • @Rouverius
    @Rouverius Před 3 lety +27

    "The rattling of the relays of the Z4 [relay computer] was the only interesting thing to be experienced in Zurich's night life” - Konrad Zuse

  • @LorenzBaermann
    @LorenzBaermann Před rokem

    Yours is a special mind. I love your projects. Thanks for sharing.

  • @ronaldlundbohm815
    @ronaldlundbohm815 Před 3 lety

    I enjoy your enthusiasm Brings me back to the early 70's tinkering with this stuff

  • @fnordingers
    @fnordingers Před 3 lety +21

    The breadboard section of this video reminds me of Ben Eater :)

  • @macronencer
    @macronencer Před 3 lety +1

    I was in my early teens in the late 1970s and I used to love wiring up relays to make latches and buzzers. It helped that my uncle worked for British Telecom (formerly Post Office Telephones) and taught me a few things. I seem to remember I pulled the ringer solenoid out of an ancient rotary phone and tried to see what I could make it do. So much fun!

  • @CausticCatastrophe
    @CausticCatastrophe Před 3 lety +3

    Im loving these videos! Learning this stuff is really fun in this style. It's cool to see how relays seem to be easy enough to latch and stuff!

  • @mortensmodules
    @mortensmodules Před 3 lety +2

    How can you just keep impressing me with your constructions? Great work Sam - and great video as always! 👌🏻

  • @Inkreptile
    @Inkreptile Před 3 lety +6

    Very cool I rember myself when I was younger playing with relays because I liked how they clicked fast forward today I'm in my last year electromechanics

  • @Noplan
    @Noplan Před 3 lety +13

    The sound of a relay is already music to me.

    • @tonybloodloss
      @tonybloodloss Před 3 lety +4

      It is an electromechanical drum machine when it's not controlling anything

  • @midimoog
    @midimoog Před 3 lety +1

    I love hearing the relays click. I especially like the self sustaining 1 bit circuit.

  • @ithaca2076
    @ithaca2076 Před 3 lety

    i cant allow myself to forget about this channel again

  • @marrickvillian
    @marrickvillian Před 3 lety +2

    Fantastic.
    It makes a lovely sound all on its own.

  • @DrewskisBrews
    @DrewskisBrews Před 3 lety +17

    Brilliant, mate!
    My surname is SAYLER; that is an anagram of RELAYS.
    I really like relays, too.

    • @SamThredder
      @SamThredder Před 3 lety +3

      It's also an anagram of SLAYER \m/ hahaha

  • @xcix15
    @xcix15 Před 3 lety +2

    Super cool! And i haven't even watch this video yet!! Awsome!!

  • @petersage5157
    @petersage5157 Před 3 lety +1

    It's always fascinating to me to look up etymologies for words like this. Relay comes from "exchange tired animals for fresh," hence its meaning in a relay race or in a telegraph relay station.
    Speaking of which, consider the origin of "bug" in computing - it dates back to the days of relay computers. A literal bug in the relay contacts.

  • @CashMattock
    @CashMattock Před 3 lety +3

    One of my favorite quotes of the year thus far...“Just stare at it for quite a while and it will start to make sense”

  • @demagmusic
    @demagmusic Před 3 lety

    I have a huge box of relays. very excited about this project!

  • @jameshamaker9321
    @jameshamaker9321 Před 3 lety

    I'm looking forward to part 2, because this is incredibly interesting and entertaining.

  • @hollowneedles
    @hollowneedles Před 3 lety +62

    Hey, it's Mothers Day. Call ur mum. Show her this so she knows you're still not using a computer. She'll be proud.

    • @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER
      @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER  Před 3 lety +16

      is it mothers day?

    • @hollowneedles
      @hollowneedles Před 3 lety +3

      @@LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER You damn well better have called her! Unless she's dead. Then I apologize for my insensitive comments.

    • @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER
      @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER  Před 3 lety +26

      @@hollowneedles apparently mothers day is this weekend coming. different countried different dates i guess

    • @PercivalThe23
      @PercivalThe23 Před 3 lety +3

      @@LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER in austria it was yesterday

    • @hollowneedles
      @hollowneedles Před 3 lety +6

      @@LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER Yep, appears to be. Cuz Christian reasons. Based on what I could glean from a quick Google search, our mother's are holier than yours. I think. So they get early access to half-hearted gifts and a 5 minute phone call.

  • @artoheino7315
    @artoheino7315 Před 2 lety

    You are a builder that I totally relate to!!

  • @NiVofHiR
    @NiVofHiR Před 3 lety

    BRILLIANT MATE!

  • @jamhough22
    @jamhough22 Před 3 lety +1

    Relays are awesome! soo satisfying to hear them click. very robust electro mechanical engineering with a huge pedigree.

  • @MrAsBBB
    @MrAsBBB Před rokem

    I am 54 year old who did electrical and electronics at college many years ago. You are brilliant at educating everyone. Bloody brilliant and a genius. You make it gorgeous and handsome to boot….

  • @SaccoBelmonte
    @SaccoBelmonte Před 8 měsíci

    Fascinating. For an art installation, I imagine putting a glass cube in a public square with a vertical panel in the middle (a more robust breadboard type thing) where people from both sides of the panel could grab modules, plug them and play around with music and blinky leds. Make the platform and the people rotate and you have a hit. The reason for the cube is to keep the sound inside to comply with sound regulations.

  • @slow_lifefast_asleep986
    @slow_lifefast_asleep986 Před 3 lety +1

    Legitimately you’re so god damn awesome, seriously I have never commented on a youtube video but you are just a genius. Mad props Love everything you do.

    • @UNSCPILOT
      @UNSCPILOT Před 2 lety

      LMNC is a mad genius in all the best ways, really a treat to watch

  • @yeseldiaz3453
    @yeseldiaz3453 Před 3 lety +38

    This MAD MAN.. make a synth out of hair one day

    • @RenaissanceEarCandy
      @RenaissanceEarCandy Před 3 lety +4

      He's liked the comment so it's probably on his drawing board now.

  • @alexandermcalpine
    @alexandermcalpine Před 3 lety

    Awesome Build!

  • @Superspemo
    @Superspemo Před 3 lety

    from 10:00 to 13:00 is basicly the circuit I used for the decade counters in my relay clock! It works very much the same, except with a transistor instead of the third relay. I like it!

  • @biggusmunkusthegreat
    @biggusmunkusthegreat Před 3 lety +5

    God I can't wait to come and visit your museum

  • @headslash55
    @headslash55 Před 3 lety

    I daily clean similar relays(the ones you make the sequencer out) for train use. Very simple but Fun Parts to use. And long term maintenance is easy on them.

  • @user-hz6zi6qu9c
    @user-hz6zi6qu9c Před 3 lety

    Your mad scientist dude, mad props

  • @jonathanwhiteside6092
    @jonathanwhiteside6092 Před 3 lety

    Really interesting video, looking forward to part 2 :)

  • @TonySkiens
    @TonySkiens Před 3 lety +2

    Thanks for relaying the info on the relay

  • @jorgelpz16
    @jorgelpz16 Před 3 lety

    Amazing channel, first time here and i'm loving the LEGO prototyping environment XD

  • @grawlixes
    @grawlixes Před 3 lety

    You're a great educator. Thank you.

  • @42Hertzer
    @42Hertzer Před 3 lety +1

    Sort of, amazing! 😀

  • @mtalhakhalid1679
    @mtalhakhalid1679 Před 2 lety

    great video all digital electronics using relays sound cool

  • @LondonSteveLee
    @LondonSteveLee Před 3 lety

    Inspiring as usual!

  • @bluegrasssasquatch4930

    You're a mad genius.

  • @3DPDK
    @3DPDK Před 3 lety +15

    "... a room full of relays ..."
    Find a time machine and set the target date for 1940s through 1970. Go back and visit the phone company's local "switching station" in Anytown U.S.A., Great Britain. or Europe. You will find not just a room full of relays, but an entire building full of them - top to bottom, wall to wall. These were rotary relays that advanced one detent with each clock pulse. Each relay had 1 Normally Closed contact (#0) and 9 Normally Open contacts (#1 - #9) Each contact was wired to a different but specific bank of relays. As you dialed a number, your phone would pulse (clock) the rotary relays working your way through a maze of relays to finally connect your phone to any other phone in that switching station network. By 1970s dialing (1+area code) had been implemented which triggered the initial entry relay to connect your phone to another switching station designated by the area code on a long distance phone line or "trunk line". These were essentially building sized mechanical relay computers who's biggest problem was the heat that was generated by the rotary servos on a Sunday afternoon when most people decided to call their Mums.

    • @lenni213
      @lenni213 Před 3 lety +1

      Don't forget the boys calling back the girl the met the Saturday night before ;-)... All that copper now condensed to a mere glass fiber

    • @awogbob
      @awogbob Před 3 lety

      Fascinating old school infrastructure

    • @eDoc2020
      @eDoc2020 Před 3 lety

      Stepping relays like that haven't been used in the US phone system for a long time. The Western Electric crossbar switches (AFAIK) only used regular relays and counted in a digital method, producing a 2 of 5 code.

    • @3DPDK
      @3DPDK Před 3 lety

      @@eDoc2020 It probably depended on the area. I saw it in operation first hand in 1964. It was in a rural area, occupied a small re-purposed house, and was right across the street from where I went to school. It was a favorite "class trip" for the science class. The buzzing and clicking of all those relays was defining ... but extremely fascinating to a 5th grader.

    • @eDoc2020
      @eDoc2020 Před 3 lety +1

      @@3DPDK It seems independent telephone companies as well as rural Bell offices would tend to use older Strowger systems instead of the newer and more complicated Panel and Crossbar systems which only made sense for more urban areas. I guess that makes us both right.

  • @markharrisllb
    @markharrisllb Před 3 lety

    I’m a newbie and every video I've watched about relays starts at a higher level than my very basic understanding...until now. He might talk at 500 words a minute but I managed to understand every word he said. Then as a bonus I learnt a little more about capacitors.

  • @devrim-oguz
    @devrim-oguz Před 3 lety

    This is why I'm subscribed

  • @nickbenke3306
    @nickbenke3306 Před rokem

    *Industry secret* B&Q stores had relays in their music/announcement system! It added a delay to the outside garden centre so the Bing Bong was blocked out! This was to avoid annoying the neighbouring houses! Great vid fella! Bravo!

  • @mep4456
    @mep4456 Před 3 lety

    Excellent video quality!

  • @Luka_3D
    @Luka_3D Před 7 měsíci

    5 seconds in and i already like this guys energy lol

  • @spunkmire2664
    @spunkmire2664 Před 3 lety

    Well done

  • @marcosr.2681
    @marcosr.2681 Před 3 lety

    This is really cool

  • @SmellyBones
    @SmellyBones Před 3 lety

    Love! Relays can do sophisticated stuff. Makes me want to go back and learn ladder logic.

  • @Manawyrm
    @Manawyrm Před 3 lety

    This is neat! If you're getting into trouble with electromagnetic interference or noise on your signals, I'd suggest adding 100nF ceramic capacitors across each relay coil. With inductive loads like relays or motors, it's often a good idea to a snubber capacitor.

  • @TeslabladePlaysMC
    @TeslabladePlaysMC Před 3 lety +1

    I just started planning a design for a 32-bit relay calculator... Complete with an integer add, subtract, multiply, and divide ALU, decimal display and keypad, ... I'm planning this thing to have in the ball park of 1,000-10,000 relays running at about 5-10hz.
    Needless to say, I love relays.

  • @marknesselhaus4376
    @marknesselhaus4376 Před 3 lety

    I have always been interested in different ways to construct digital logic but using relays is my favorite next to my Light Logic projects. Looking forward to part two :-D

  • @Taylor-op8tv
    @Taylor-op8tv Před 3 lety

    This is so awesome!
    +1 for the BSP build

  • @nitfumble
    @nitfumble Před 3 lety

    This is awesome!

  • @kaitlyn__L
    @kaitlyn__L Před rokem

    I love how you made a totally normal SR latch, including the Q and not-Q outputs (with the normally-open being the Q I guess?), it's just relays instead of semiconductors. And an SR latch is the basis of SRAM chips AIUI, so you've made electro-mechanical SRAM! Since it keeps its state as long as it's kept powered and doesn't need refreshed. Pretty cool.
    That buzzing noise you demonstrated is the basis of most electromechanical doorbells and buzzers too. Sometimes they attach a hammer to the relay coil so it can hit a bell, but sometimes it just buzzes inside a little box which kind of resonates with the buzz. And some older commercial buzzers made very different noises if you switch between AC and DC.
    As a kid I thought traditional doorbells and door buzzers were totally different, but really they just close a switch to a similar coil. It just depends whether they want a big box with a bell attached, or a little box which just buzzes. Of course a lot nowadays they're not electromechanical at all... but my doorbell still is! (You can even hear the coil buzzing after the bell goes, if you continue to hold the button.)

  • @AA-gl1dr
    @AA-gl1dr Před 3 lety

    best example of relays I’ve ever found

  • @redsquirrelftw
    @redsquirrelftw Před 3 lety +5

    With the chip shortage I think relays and vacuum tubes may very well make a come back lol.

    • @UNSCPILOT
      @UNSCPILOT Před 2 lety +1

      Using a (Hybrid) Vacuum Tube amplifier with my PC, it sounds great!
      (It's a Xduoo MT-602, with some old GE 5654W valves in it, super fun clunky switch on it too)
      Don't have anything with absolute relay madness in it yet though, might be a fun project!

  • @toothlessbluesboynorman1617

    I used to live in an old bld. I would sneak up to the elevator room on the roof and watch the old relays click as people ran the elevator..always a cool experience

  • @IamTHERedStone
    @IamTHERedStone Před 3 lety

    Bangin content keep up the good work 👏

  • @toolzshed
    @toolzshed Před 3 lety

    That's so cool!

  • @nigelryenarznz
    @nigelryenarznz Před 3 lety

    It has been a while but I messed around with a capacitor and relay, cool to see you do that.

  • @xdendordx
    @xdendordx Před 3 lety +9

    Take a shot everytime Sam says "relay"

  • @idj20
    @idj20 Před rokem

    Thanks for relaying all that information to us mere mortals.

  • @LostInTech3D
    @LostInTech3D Před 3 lety +4

    I have a sound card with relays in. It's broken sadly...but it was cool to hear it click when you changed to headphones

  • @vonfreud
    @vonfreud Před 3 lety

    You're a genius. Thanks for this.

  • @geraldfriend256
    @geraldfriend256 Před 3 lety +1

    Whoa.Another brilliant idea for a wellspring thereof.Reminding me of Raymond Scotts first sequencers so clicky they had to put it in anther room from the recording part.But now they put the mike in the engine room.

    • @graxjpg
      @graxjpg Před 3 lety

      Yes!! His stuff might not be the most engaging electronic music but it certainly is interesting from an engineering perspective.

  • @maxir4k
    @maxir4k Před 3 lety

    Real mad lad

  • @piynubbunyip
    @piynubbunyip Před 3 lety

    Relay extended switch bar t hitting reverb string would be pretty nice. Also get several static reed switches and use them as gates while magnets are placed on a rotating turntable - This way you can make very nice loose/tight sequences.

  • @blazingscarabs-yt6696
    @blazingscarabs-yt6696 Před 3 lety

    Very smart and awesome idea dude, even gets the bonus of sounding like cookie clicker! It’s awesome how there’s no transistors or chips! Keep it up man.

  • @jodieunganum1465
    @jodieunganum1465 Před 3 lety

    Just sick stuff. Great chanel. Fine work. We see us in the museum . Best content beautyfull presented. Good on you

  • @gabesudholt
    @gabesudholt Před 11 měsíci

    Excellent

  • @buckstarchaser2376
    @buckstarchaser2376 Před 2 lety

    3:05 The relay in that audio device example is to prevent it from outputting an audio signal before the AC coupling capacitors have had a chance to reach a quiescent state (I love that term).
    Once they have had enough time to charge, the relay connects the audio-out to the 'gubbins'. Essentially, this is to prevent that "THUMP!" sound when it turns on, or for it to output a tiny sound that takes time to grow into the full output. It's often interpreted as evidence that the manufacturer has "spared no expense" and that the product is overall higher quality; proving to your homies that it was worth the price when they inevitably attempt to clown you for paying too much.
    It was more significant during the Vacuum tube era, as it served as a signal to 'OCD'-types that the minutes of waiting for power-up were complete. This saved them hours of "making sure" time, and made it okay to turn off the system after use (resulting in lower tube life and increased service and parts revenue). People still remember that, so it must be present to justify the price of a 'premium' model; even if the design is modernized and the relay sound is simulated to save cost. (this is not a claim that your particular relay sound is bogus)
    Humorously, avoiding the loud thump also results in a need to make the relay "CLICK!" loudly, so that it can still serve to justify the inflated price, and to reduce service calls.

  • @GoodVolition
    @GoodVolition Před 3 lety +2

    We peaked with relays.

  • @tommibjork
    @tommibjork Před 3 lety

    Man, your stuff is always beyond imagination. ✌️

    • @m101ist
      @m101ist Před 3 lety

      Elementary my dear Watson. 🙄

  • @aldoali6173
    @aldoali6173 Před 3 lety

    amazing!

  • @fast9881
    @fast9881 Před 3 lety

    You madlad! I really hope you make the room sized one, the clickity-click sounds would be awesome

  • @runforitman
    @runforitman Před 3 lety +2

    12:30 oo so you made a relay shift register?
    very cool!

  • @campbellmorrison8540
    @campbellmorrison8540 Před rokem

    Neat, never seen or heard of a polarized relay

  • @Chasing_Thoughts
    @Chasing_Thoughts Před 3 lety +1

    You’re so industrious 😎

  • @DrMurdercock
    @DrMurdercock Před 3 lety

    Daaaaamn coming in at 60fps looking goooooood

  • @gavster89
    @gavster89 Před 3 lety

    The relay in the audio unit is there to stop the signal downstream (or in case of an amplifier, the speakers) getting a "whump" as the capacitors charge

  • @rapidrory
    @rapidrory Před 3 lety

    I love this. Years back I made a relay computer and a relay sound card to go with it, so more or less a full relay synthesizer (there's a bad video of it somewhere on here). The computer still works... maybe I could lend it to the museum.

    • @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER
      @LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER  Před 3 lety +1

      hey watched some of the vids on tim yesterday eve haha awesome! really cool the optic loading reels are a cool idea! also that sound card haha well cool it puts my relay oscillator in my modjular to shame!

    • @rapidrory
      @rapidrory Před 3 lety

      ​@@LOOKMUMNOCOMPUTER Should work out if I can do a better version of the synthesizer.. Relays aren't the best audio oscillators!

  • @huntabadday2663
    @huntabadday2663 Před 3 lety

    I love relays, they are fun little things, or big...

  • @petercane6376
    @petercane6376 Před 3 lety

    Sam you are a bloody genius.
    You are just so clever.
    I understand how a basic relay works but putting that lot together and trying to understand how your schematic works lost me.
    You have a very active young brain.
    What will you be inventing when you are an old man with even more knowledge under your belt?
    BLIMEY...
    You are an inspiration .
    Thank you mate!
    Pete.

  • @matiasbaldo6077
    @matiasbaldo6077 Před 3 lety

    You can use a zener diode and a diode in series as recirculating circuit, the magnetizing current will be extinguished faster and you could switch the relay even faster. I pretty sure you won't read this but maybe will help someone. Very nice channel!!!

  • @Electronzap
    @Electronzap Před 3 lety

    Cool project :)

  • @hammondeggsmusic
    @hammondeggsmusic Před 3 lety +1

    This has Raymond Scott written all over it. Cool!

  • @Astroganja
    @Astroganja Před 3 lety

    amazening