Geology of the Cambrian & Ordovician 542 - 444 Mya | GEO GIRL
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- čas přidán 27. 06. 2024
- The Early Paleozoic Era includes the Cambrian and Ordovician periods from ~542 - 444 million years ago. At the beginning of the Cambrian, the continents were breaking up from a Precambrian supercontinent (Rodinia then Pannotia). The two major landmasses that resulted from this supercontinent split were Gondwana and Laurentia. Laurentia underwent major flooding due to sea level rise in the Cambrian period, which deposited marine sediment far inland of the continental margin and can be found in the rock record of the North American continent today. The deposits from this sea level rise and flooding is called the Sauk transgression which overlies the Great Unconformity.
The Cambrian was also a period with numerous mass extinctions. Some of the Cambrian extinctions are associated with climate change, but some Cambrian extinctions remain unexplained, and may be due to evolutionary experimentation.
The Ordovician brought glaciation in the southern hemisphere on Gondwana which lowered the sea level after the Sauk transgression and caused major climate change leading to the first of the Big 5 mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic Eon.
The Ordovician also marked tectonic events that built mountains, namely, the first orogeny in a series of mountain building collisions that built the Appalachians, the Taconic Orogeny.
The Burgess Shale formed at the base of the passive margin of Laurentia during the Early Paleozoic and perfectly preserved many soft-bodied Cambrian organims that would not have been preserved if it wasn't for this pristine, anoxic presevation environment.
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0:00 Timeline & Geology Summary
1:20 Cambrian paleogeography
2:10 Cambrian flooding
5:00 Deposition from flooding
6:22 Cambrian extinctions
9:25 Ordovician paleogeography
10:17 Ordovician glaciation
12:04 Ordovician mountain building
16:13 Burgess Shale environment
18:16 Related videos & references
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I'm writing a research paper for a college course on the Taconic orogeny and I've been having the absolute hardest time understanding it and finding good sources. Your video helped me understand it so much and linking the textbook reference was a god send. I hope to be as knowledgeable in geology as you one day!! Thank you!!
I majored in biology, and I took one historical geology course, so I could get a better understanding of paleontology and evolution. I love learning about how the Earth formed and became what it is now. I'm glad I subbed to your channel. Now I'm off to the mid Paleozoic.
I live in southern Québec, where most outcrops are composed of Ordovician rocks. It is not as fossil rich as other places in North America, but it has been a pleasure finding nicely preserved Calymenes trilobites, as well as orthoceras and crinoids (usually all broken down). Sadly, the place where I use to go fossil hunting was an abandoned quarry that's been converted into a residential development now. So it's off-limits to fossil hunters.
I have also extracted a beautiful coral branch (75cm long) from Anticosti island a few decades ago, when fossil hunting was not controlled there. I have framed it and it's on my office wall!
OMG 75cm long?! That's incredible! Is it from the Ordovician? I wonder what kind, that sounds so cool :D
@@GEOGIRL It is a species of steomatoporoid named aulacera or quasiaulacera. It seems that it is abundant on a specific lower layer of Anticosti rocks, corresponding to terminal Ordovician (the cold Hirnantian sea).
Luckily this layer was at sea level on the western tip of Anticosti island when I visited in 1989. Who knows how much the ocean has eroded it today.
Excellent video! I enjoyed how you drew the connections between the tectonic plate movements with their effects on life and climate. It can be easy to focus on one and lose track of how all these systems interact and affect each other.
That is my favorite part about Earth history- all the connections between geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere! Everything affects everything and it's so cool! :D
I would love to see a video by you on the Great Unconformity. I've seen other channels talk about it, but your whole approach is the best.
Great video! Always been fascinated by the Appalachian orogenies. I live in SE Pennsylvania, what they call the piedmont. Lots of interesting geology around here, and I had a great teacher in hist. Geo. & sed/strat class so this is always a favorite topic.
Well stay tuned for the next two Paleozoic geology videos because I will go over the second 2 events that built the Appalachians in those :D It's such an interesting progression!
as a child i was obsessed with books, i wanted to study, anyways life went different hard. but i kept reading, seeing countles people gathering pieces of a puzzle so we get a general image of what was and how it was. the story grows with every day i live, im 58 now and im still wondering, asking questions, seeking answers. and i love it. the net was like the future come true for me. i could look up what i wanted when i wanted and learn at my rate. this is a part of this journey, i ended up here and im learning, still trying to get a general picture. its stil amazing, every day new wonders uncovered and put in place. thank you for the upload, as always serious work done there, and wel brought. greetings from belgium
Never too late to learn new things! I hope to be a lifelong learner ;D Thanks for the comment and support, I am so glad you enjoyed the video :)
Doctor Who apparently got half its alien names from geology books.
I live in the Cincinnati arch, thank you for videos 🙌
That info on depositions helped put the Burgess Shale deposits into perspective for me.
I recently found a copy of Roy Livermore’s book The Tectonic Plates are Moving. I still need to read it but probably will have time around Christmas.
The Early Paleozoic, meaning “Ancient Life” when the oldest life forms like vertebrates and land dwelling plants first appeared, Mother Nature testing out her creations. It’s just absolutely astonishing to think about how life first started out in this world and how far it’s come since then and all of the crazy changes that this planet constantly went through. It just reminds of the timeless quote, “Life Finds a Way”. It’s surely nothing short of remarkable. 💚🌎🌍🌏💙
YES! "Life finds a way"! It is absolutely incredible, couldn't agree more :D Speaking of that quote, have you gotten to see the new Jurassic World movie yet? I want to see it so bad, but I am waiting to stream it at home, I can't wait to see both the 'park' and 'world' actors together :D
@@GEOGIRL Yes I did see the new Jurassic World movie!!! I can’t remember the last time I was so excited for a movie. I went see it soon as I could, (about a week after it released just to let the large crowds in the theater die down a little) I did all I could to avoid the spoilers and I knew I wasn’t going to be disappointed. Now I’ve seen all three Jurassic Worlds in theaters.
I thought it was absolutely awesome, left me speechless and inspired!!!!! It’s full of thrilling action and so many memorable moments. So satisfying to see all the actors come together. I don’t care what the critics say about it, I’m the last person any critic should be talking to. I really hope you get to see it soon because I’m sure you’re gonna love it!!!!! ❤️🦖🦕❤️
@@Smilo-the-Sabertooth I am so excited to see it now!!! :D
@@GEOGIRL Oh yeah you should definitely be very excited. I was so excited, I watched an NBC Tv special where that cast shared their favorite moments when making these movies. I even made a special video in honor of the franchise the day the movie was released. (I Promise No Spoilers)
Once you’ve seen the movie, I would really love to hear your thoughts about it and what your favorite moments were and I’d also like to share my thoughts about it with you as well. I have so much to say about this awesome movie and I really hope you love it just as much as I do. ❤🦖🦕❤
Thanks, you always have a terrific listenable delivery/explanation/voice so much is delightfully learned. Glad to watch the great diagrams as you explain and to see the Taconic island-arc coming into the craton bulldozing the flysch and setting-up the future Appalachians---
I turn my head and you drop 2 lectures on the exact topics I love, thank you, awesome!!!!!!!!!
Thank you for all your hard work!
I was just hoping you would do a video on the Appalachian mountains. Around here, in the state parks, you can see the crumpled layers of rock that must have come from when the continental edge and volcanic ridge pressed together. You can find shale layers teeming with Cambrian and Ordovician fossils. There are also caves all over the place. Will you ever do a video about caves? Thank you for creating these excellent videos.
Oooh! Caves is such a great idea! I am writing that down now :D I guess none of the books I currently use really talk much about caves, I'll have to find a cave book :)
You have wonderful presentations. Many, many, thanks.
Fascinating (as Spock use to say)! The GU (Great Unconformity) has always fascinated me, especially after observing it in the Grand Canyon. World wide is it mappable or could it be confused with a plethora of other time related unconformities? Perhaps it resulted from a generalized uplift of Rodinia prior to its break up. Love your choice of topics. They always make one think which typically results from a very engaging and thought provoking teacher. As always, keep up your great works.
Thanks! And yes, it is an incredible unconformity but unfortunately I haven't gotten to see it in all its glory at the Grand Canyon because I've never been! That is on my must-do list before 2023!
I completely agree! Rachel is a compelling teacher, and the GU as seen (or not seen) in the Grand Canyon is both beautiful and provoking. Can't wait for a video focusing on it.
I love these videos.
wonderful video! thanks.
YAY I get to see how the Appalachian Mountains were formed!
I ❤️ GEO GIRL!
Your videos are awesome. I hope you keep making videos for the remainder of the Holocene.
Haha! I plan to for as long as I can ;) Thanks!
A few places I know in the Western US to see the Great Unconformity (it's not just in the Grand Canyon): Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado; Colorado National Monument, Colorado; near Montezuma, New Mexico; Frenchman Mountain, Nevada; Box Canyon Falls, Ouray, Colorado; all around Telluride, Colorado; Canyonlands National Park, Utah; Wasatch Mountains, Utah (from Willard to Bountiful and near Big Cottonwood Canyon and Santaquin); Henry Mountains, Utah; Glenwood Canyon, Colorado; Uncompahgre Plateau, Colorado; Beaver Dam Mountains west of St. George, Utah; Antelope Island, Utah; the Grouse Creek and Raft River Mountains, Utah; and near Browns Park on the northern side of the Uinta Mountains east of Flaming Gorge, in Colorado and Utah. There are many more that I don't know, all over the Colorado Plateau, wherever the Mesozoic strata have been faulted and eroded down to the basement rocks. You will know it when you see it, as it's a much darker layer of contorted metamorphic rocks, usually overlain by lighter, sandier sedimentary rocks.
Should talk about Michigan! It seems to be a geological wasteland from the glaciers… Is it me or are they all posted towards Michigan? The glaciers, that is… Why? If they are… There are so many rocks here that make no sense to me… I’m told it’s tuff, or basalt or whatever, but there’s some weirdo rocks here… My channel is only rocks of West Michigan… I’m not a professional photographer or educated enough to say much, but I’ve got some cool rocks! Would like to know more from you about this amazing state if you’re bored or something
Looks like I'm finally going to get around to watching your snowball Earth video!
Haha that's great! I love that one, it's still one of my favs I ever got to make, such cool information :D
@@GEOGIRL I grew up watching the original "Planet Earth" video series. It's a 1986 video series. Sigourney Weaver starred in a "Planet Earth" that, in my opinion, is more great photography than science. I've noticed the "Planet Earth" documentary wiki notes that there was this prior video series.
Anyways, seems to me, the only major developments since it's time is snowball Earth and Supervolcanoes. And, the Snowball Earth is kind of hinted at in the "Climate Puzzle" episode.
Well, I guess I'm off to watch your Snowball Earth video!
Thankyou for teaching. Cute and smart
I live in Vermont. Now I have a better understanding of this part of the Appalachians
As I travel to go hiking often, I was in the Smokey Mountains last year and examined some of the rocks as I climbed the tallest mountains on that southern end of the Appalachian.
-My question, would I be able to tell at a glance which ones are uplifted turbidites vs molasse vs flysch? I think I might guess the flysch by the layering that is revealed via erosion (or maybe I’m completely wrong), but the other 2 less so.
-Secondly, for the volcanic rock, what inclusions, rose/smokey quarts or calcites or fuchites or jaspers etc, might one find from the Taconic Orogeny? If I go back, it would be great to know what to look for.
Great lecture thank you
Of course ;D
You should do the Ozarks geology, it is super old and very interesting. Especially, the St. Frances Mountains.
Hello from the DFW metroplex! Weird stuff was going on, around here back then. To the north is the Carlton Rhyolite Group of the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen. And a bit later to the south there was the Hickory Sandstone around the Llano uplift. Not sure where Llano was, paleomagnetically-speaking, with respect to the Iapetus ocean and Laurentia. Would dearly love to hear that Texas was mostly attached to North America during the Cambrian, but I wonder.
YAY ! GEO GIRL !
I'll load the bong......
I am quite interested in the formation of the mid-atlantic region. I find the multiple orogenies fascinating.
Where can I find your take on the Avalonian Orogeny?
Great content. Thank you for sharing.
I have a video discussing the collision between Avalonia, Baltica, and Laurentia (the Acadian orogeny)-czcams.com/video/zCKjyWK4b4w/video.html, but I have not yet discussed the Precambrian Avalonian Orogeny that I believe you are referring to. However, I will be discussing that in upcoming videos where I will be tackling every aspect of the Precambrian! ;D
The Appalachian Mountains are actually more recent. Mountains where they are now had been eroded away by the late Mesozoic and the land was uplifted again in the Cenozoic, creating the Appalachians.
So beautiful
Please show what geology textbook you are using as a basic source. Thank you.
It's in the references section of the video description. You can find my references for any video in the descrption if you click 'see more' :)
I got a cabin in southern New York. Right on boarder directly south of buffalo. I got a bunch of rocks with small shells in them. About how old are they?
Just looked it up, those shells should be between 420 and 380 million years ago (Early to Mid-Devonian) when that part of the landmass was inundated with shallow seas :D Very cool! Are they all one kind of shell, or is there a variety??
@@GEOGIRL there is a few different kinds. Last year I found some plant imprints In slabs of rock. There is a creek running through property and in our stretch 40 percent of rocks have some shells in them. Some rocks are nothing but shells. Next time I go down I will have to take a pic. I knew they are old but wanted to narrow it down. The kids go down and collect them and call them dinosaur rocks
At about 6:20, is that when blackland prairie formed in the southern US?
Nice colour of your tshirt
Thank you ;)
118. A watershed of 100 km² receives an annual rainfall of 900 mm. It experiences a runoff of 40%, evapotranspiration of 40%, and change in storage of 20%. The annual base flow and the unaccounted storage retention including dynamic losses are estimated to be 6% and 4% of the rainfall, respectively. What is the maximum annual amount of water (in units of 10 m) that will be available for usage?
How to solve?
Cambrian means pertaining to Wales, the Cambrian Coast is the coast of mid Wales, Cardigan Bay
Taconic, BTW, is pronounced more like /tuh KAH nic/. "Taconic" is the English spelling; the Dutch spelling of the original indigenous word was "Taghkanic".
[I live near the Taconics, hence I know the local pronunciation for them.]
Wow that is super helpful thanks! I am actually making a new video soon where I will say it again so let me just make sure I have this correct, the first part should be more with an ‘uh’ than an ‘aa’ sound? And the emphasis on the middle instead of the first syllable? Thanks again!😊
@@GEOGIRL Yep, the /ta/ in "Taconic" is the "Schwa-e" that a lot of our de-stressed vowels in English turn into.
And yes, the stress is definitely on the second-syllable, which is pronounced like /kah/ and not /koh/.
Again, it has to do with the fact that New York was once New Netherlands. There is, in fact, a park that shares the name with the mountains, but retains the original Dutch version: "Lake Taghkanic State Park."
That "gh" would not have been silent, BTW, but represented the way that Modern Dutch pronounces the letter "g": A voiced-velar fricative. [You can of course look that up on Wikipedia, but as a preview: Think "'ch'-as-in-'loch'" but with the vocal-chords turned on. Now think of what the name of the city of "Poughkeepsie" would've sounded like back in the days of the Dutch!]
Another neat thing about the Taconics: The tallest point in their range is Mt. Greylock in Massachusetts. The northernmost outcropping of it is Mt. Philo in Vermont. The Taconics run along the NY-MA and NY-CT border, but bend and start running northeast-southwest around the border of Dutchess and Putnam Counties. Most of Putnam County, NY, is rock from the Taconics. Mt. Beacon, Bear Mountain, and the Hudson-Highlands are all part of the Taconics. I forget what happens to them in NJ and PA, if they even run that far south.
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13:20 "Flysch deposits" - please pronounce "flysch" like "fleezh", with a very long "eeee". The word comes from Switzerland. Thank you from the northern alpine "flysch" girdle in Bavaria!
Ooohh! I never knew it was meant to be pronouced that way, thank you so much! ;D
@@GEOGIRL You're welcome. Just to make sure, that we understand each other and because in English there is no real one-to-one correlation between spelling and pronunciation: Pronounce the "y" in Flysch like the "ea" in "meat" or the "ie" in "Diesel". Your pronunciation of the "sch" was perfect.
Actually I don't like "Flysch" rock very much - it gives rise to cement industry and fertile clay on decomposing - so it is quite useful, but from a crystal hunter's perspective I find our "Flysch" rather boring... .
@@klauskarpfen9039 Yea, I agree, I don't find flysch all that exciting haha!
Hello Geo girl
Hello! How are you?
@@GEOGIRL i am good how about you
I have a question i live in Amelia ohio next to a state park east fork in my area whats the story of my place
This is off topic, but just came back from Yellowstone. Quite a bit to take in geologically
Hi
Is the missing billion years an iceage? Snowball earth?
🤔
Do that have any magnetic direstuin readings before and after the billion years hole, it could have migrated to and from the N or S pole ...
I was eating a dinosaur while watching this... jussayin.
Idk, but doesn't Laurentia include Avalonia and Baltica?
You're only showing North America
No that'd be Laurussia. Laurentia is the core of north america before pangea
@@asjenmensink2740 I forgot, it's Euramerica, Siberia joined later on as pangea formed
@@edgeofsanity9111 Iets a pretty odd idea that 400 Ga ago right where I am in NL (as part of Avalonia) there were mountains as high as the Alps and nothing is left to hint at it .
@@asjenmensink2740 true, 400 Ma was so wildly different from today
Gonna help with the mountain pronunciation. It's pronounced
A(like cAt)-puh-LA(like cAt)-chuhn
It's simple, pronounce Appalachian right or I'mma have to throw an Apple at'cha!
Love from INDIA
Looking cute
Thank you :)
Gondwana means 'land of the Gonds,' so 'Gondwanaland' is redundant-not that you used that in the video, but I've even seen the mistake made in scientific papers. Also, it's spelled 'siliciclastic.' (Okay, no more grammar Nazi, have a great day!)
Love your information, but your microphone setup leaves a lot to be desired; the acoustics of your room dominate your speech.
Great timing for this comment, I just got a new mic! haha So I'm really excited to use it (although I just tested it a couple days ago and it didn't sound that different to me so I think I either don't have a good ear for audio or I just don't know how to set it up...) Any tips for using mics would be greatly appreciated, thanks! (I know a lot about geoscience but embarassingly little about tech lol)
Hii geo girl.. how are you..😇🙃🙃?
I'm good! How are you? :)
@@GEOGIRL IAM also fine..😇😇🙃
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Marry Me now
instead of just fumbling and saying 'i read these words more than i hear them' you can just... google how to pronounce it. almost every single word had pronunciation guides. people trying to educate on topics, especially scientific ones, should know how to pronounce and talk about the things they're explaining. if not, then it just looks lazy--and honestly, like a middle schooler presentation copy pasted from wikipedia.
it takes 2 seconds to google it vs panicking in every single video about not knowing the pronunciation
I was concerned at your cavalier approach to the Geologic facts. Not knowing the correct pronunciation of a vocabulary word is deplorable. Do you only recite someone else's words, from a book? What, you have no access to Associations of Geologists? I will not subscribe to your channel.
I am getting my PhD in geology and belong to 8 geoloical associations :) I only mispronounce terms because I read them rather than hear them. I apologize that it has discouraged you from subscribing. The goal of my channel is to provide geological and geoscience-adjacent information to wide audiences because I felt that geology was underrepresented on social media and is often misunderstood by the general public. With every video, I am not reciting knowledge that I have always had, I am reciting knowledge that I just learned from weeks of research. I do this because I have access to journals and textbooks that most do not have access to. I hope I will continue to get better with my delivery and someday maybe you'll subscribe ;) I really appreciate your candid feedback though, so thank you very much!
I watched this in hopes to get a better idea what kind of fossil I found yrs ago while working in forestry. It's like a T shaped bone about the size of a scone or turnover I guess. You can even see where the bone broke off and there's fossilized bone marrow it's really cool but it's hard to explain something that is a t-shaped as far as size but it was about 30 yards deep roughly just sticking out of the side a ditch we dug with a machine obviously ha. This really didn't help me though it was interesting. When I go down to Kentucky to our home front the runoff Creek takes a sharp gouge out of the wall and you can see the layers of shale and there's a ton of fossils there but not like the fossil I found. The fossil I have came from the very good sized animal bigger than a dog probably about the size of something that would be 200 lb. Of course I have no expertise in the field, nor do I have a really cool CZcams channel where I get to teach people stuff. I just thought I'd reach out and say hey if you want a photo of my really cool fossil let me know. Maybe you could help me out, or get me headed in the right direction. Possibly tell me what it belonged to. It's pretty neat. It even has these white spiral shape things in it. I'd like to know what those are if you could help me there. They almost look like....hmm...tadpoles like white tadpoles that got into the Rock it's really strange I've never seen a fossil that looks like it, but I haven't viewed too many fossils. Most of the fossils I get around here are just old seabed fossils cuz I live in Indiana. We have the huge Limestone deposits and a ton of geodes. Mostly a lot of small marine creatures like shells and crustaceans, but nothing like what I got lucky enough to find that day at work. You're about the third or fourth person I've reached out to, unfortunately no one has ever got back with me. You should hit me up. Maybe it's a missing link or something. Maybe it's the rare answer to an age old question sitting right here in my cabinet just waiting to be discovered. It would be great if you did. I'd like to get to the bottom of this question of mine. Keep doing what your doing, you are an intelligent, amazing, beautiful human being, and your radiant light and positive personality really shines through in your videos. Very familiar to me. Your wholesome like a coup of Campbells soup in the winter after shoveling snow letting the cup warm up my fingers as I double clasp it like Martha Stewart probably does her mint julep tea in the afternoon. Lol idk, something like that, stay safe and stay curious. Feel free to hit me up on messenger or to request my phone number so I can get you a good picture with a few pictures of it like I said maybe you can point me in somebody's direction that knows what it is or maybe you can tell me what it is I don't know thank you have a nice day
Awesome! I would love to see a pic, my email is rachelfphillips@aol.com!
The description of white spirals makes me immediately think of gastropods because I have a very similar fossil of white spiral gastropods, it's one of my favs, but I would really need to see a pic to get a better idea, please email it to me if you can :D Thanks!
@@GEOGIRL thanks for reading my novel. Ha You are too kind. Im excited now. I will get it to you soon as I get home from work. Thank you so much for responding to me. I knew you were a great person. You are probably just humoring me, and that's fine with me, I just want to get to the bottom of this Scooby-Doo mystery fossil that took millions of years to find me and now it's found you. Ooh I hope we can figure this out I wish I saw your reply a couple days ago. I've just always wanted to know what animal is belong to or what time period it was from or whatever I don't know if you can tell that by just looking at it but you are an expert. So I've got the best in the business on it makes me feel good makes me feel like we're going to find out what this is I'll get back with you my dear. Once again thank you so much I truly appreciate it.
Very nice video and also your look 😇🙃🙃🙃 love from 🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳