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GEO GIRL
United States
Registrace 30. 08. 2020
Hi! My name Rachelđ I have a PhD in geoscience and I post educational videos for those interested in geoscience & related fieldsđand/or for those studing for an exam!đ
Subscribe if you want to learn about topics like:
- Earth History / Historical Geology
- Geochemistry / Stable & Radioactive Isotopes
- Paleoclimatology & Paleoceanography
- Biogeochemistry
- Geobiology & Astrobiology
- Paleontology
- Mineralogy / Crystallography
- Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology
- Physical Geology
- Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
- Depositional Environments
- Carbonate Petrology
GEO GIRL Website: Geogirlscience.com (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merchđ, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
About me: I am currently an NSF postdoctoral fellow & professor at the University of South Carolina!đ
The books and references I use for my videos are always linked in the individual video descriptionsđ
Subscribe if you want to learn about topics like:
- Earth History / Historical Geology
- Geochemistry / Stable & Radioactive Isotopes
- Paleoclimatology & Paleoceanography
- Biogeochemistry
- Geobiology & Astrobiology
- Paleontology
- Mineralogy / Crystallography
- Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology
- Physical Geology
- Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
- Depositional Environments
- Carbonate Petrology
GEO GIRL Website: Geogirlscience.com (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merchđ, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
About me: I am currently an NSF postdoctoral fellow & professor at the University of South Carolina!đ
The books and references I use for my videos are always linked in the individual video descriptionsđ
The Time Bacteria Caused The Largest Extinction Event Ever! GEO GIRL
2.4 billion years ago oxygen (O2) was introduced to the atmosphere and oceans for the first time in Earth's history due to the evolution and spread of photosynthesizing organisms! But although life eventually adapted to use this oxygen for their benefit (including humans and all other animals), the life at the time, 2.4 billion years ago was not as tolerant of oxygen. In fact, this increase in oxygen led to potentially the largest mass extinction of all time! Hope you enjoy this video about the largest mass extinction with the tiniest of culprits ;)
0:00 Rise of Oxygen on Earth
3:08 Long-Term Benefit of Oxygen Rise
4:34 Snowball Earth Events
5:20 Short-Term Consequences of Oxygen Rise
6:54 Was this the largest Mass Extinction?
8:47 Not even the culprits were safe
11:02 Slow recovery in âBoring Billionâ
12:25 Was the âBoring Billionâ really boring?
References: Geomicrobiology: amzn.to/2WAloTR
Earth System History: amzn.to/3v1Iy0G
Overview of Earth's Oxygenation & its Effects on Life: Lyons et al., 2021: doi.org/10.1089/ast.2020.2418
O2 Overshoot during GOE: Bekker & Holland, 2012: doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2011.12.012
Rise of Atmospheric O2: Kump, 2008: doi.org/10.1038/nature06587
Evolution of Ocean Chemistry: Anbar & Knoll, 2002: doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1069651
Canfield et al., 2020: doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103267
Yang et al., 2017: doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.06.016
Diamond et al., 2021: dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119507444.ch21
9
Krissansen-Totton et al., 2015: doi.org/10.2475/04.2015.01
Role of Anoxygenic Photosynthesis: Johnston et al., 2009: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909248106
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products:
Bamboo toilet paper: shrsl.com/3cvku
Bamboo paper towels: shrsl.com/3cvkw
Compostable tableware: shrsl.com/3cvkz
Compostable trash bags: shrsl.com/3cvl0
Bamboo cutlery + straw! : shrsl.com/3cwfl
Eco-Friendly Tote (great for grocery shopping!): shrsl.com/3cwfp
Reusable straws + cleaning brushes (my fav!): shrsl.com/3cwft
Eco-friendly laundry detergent: shrsl.com/3cwgo
Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: shrsl.com/3d0t2
(Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!)
Non-textbook books I recommend:
Oxygen by D. Canfield: amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: amzn.to/3w3hC1I
Life on young planet by A. Knoll: amzn.to/2RBMpny
Some assembly required by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3w1Ezm2
Your inner fish by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3cpw3Wb
Oxygen by N. Lane: amzn.to/3z4FgwZ
Alien Oceans by K. Hand: amzn.to/3clMx1l
Life's Engines: amzn.to/3w1Nhke
Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student:
Geology field notebook: amzn.to/3lb6dJf
Geology rock hammer: amzn.to/3DZw8MA
Geological compass: amzn.to/3hfbdLu
Geological hand lens: amzn.to/3jXysM5
Camera: amzn.to/3l6fGRT
Carbon-neutral pencil bag: shrsl.com/3cvjv
Carbon-neutral backpack: shrsl.com/3cvkc
Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below!
0:00 Rise of Oxygen on Earth
3:08 Long-Term Benefit of Oxygen Rise
4:34 Snowball Earth Events
5:20 Short-Term Consequences of Oxygen Rise
6:54 Was this the largest Mass Extinction?
8:47 Not even the culprits were safe
11:02 Slow recovery in âBoring Billionâ
12:25 Was the âBoring Billionâ really boring?
References: Geomicrobiology: amzn.to/2WAloTR
Earth System History: amzn.to/3v1Iy0G
Overview of Earth's Oxygenation & its Effects on Life: Lyons et al., 2021: doi.org/10.1089/ast.2020.2418
O2 Overshoot during GOE: Bekker & Holland, 2012: doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2011.12.012
Rise of Atmospheric O2: Kump, 2008: doi.org/10.1038/nature06587
Evolution of Ocean Chemistry: Anbar & Knoll, 2002: doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1069651
Canfield et al., 2020: doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103267
Yang et al., 2017: doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.06.016
Diamond et al., 2021: dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119507444.ch21
9
Krissansen-Totton et al., 2015: doi.org/10.2475/04.2015.01
Role of Anoxygenic Photosynthesis: Johnston et al., 2009: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909248106
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products:
Bamboo toilet paper: shrsl.com/3cvku
Bamboo paper towels: shrsl.com/3cvkw
Compostable tableware: shrsl.com/3cvkz
Compostable trash bags: shrsl.com/3cvl0
Bamboo cutlery + straw! : shrsl.com/3cwfl
Eco-Friendly Tote (great for grocery shopping!): shrsl.com/3cwfp
Reusable straws + cleaning brushes (my fav!): shrsl.com/3cwft
Eco-friendly laundry detergent: shrsl.com/3cwgo
Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: shrsl.com/3d0t2
(Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!)
Non-textbook books I recommend:
Oxygen by D. Canfield: amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: amzn.to/3w3hC1I
Life on young planet by A. Knoll: amzn.to/2RBMpny
Some assembly required by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3w1Ezm2
Your inner fish by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3cpw3Wb
Oxygen by N. Lane: amzn.to/3z4FgwZ
Alien Oceans by K. Hand: amzn.to/3clMx1l
Life's Engines: amzn.to/3w1Nhke
Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student:
Geology field notebook: amzn.to/3lb6dJf
Geology rock hammer: amzn.to/3DZw8MA
Geological compass: amzn.to/3hfbdLu
Geological hand lens: amzn.to/3jXysM5
Camera: amzn.to/3l6fGRT
Carbon-neutral pencil bag: shrsl.com/3cvjv
Carbon-neutral backpack: shrsl.com/3cvkc
Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below!
zhlĂ©dnutĂ: 12 524
Video
Busting Climate Change Myths / How Climate Change Actually Works | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 20KPĆed 21 dnem
I have been seeing the same comments/questions over and over again on my modern climate related videos, so I decided to make this video to answer and/or clarify the most common climate change questions and misconceptions that I have been seeing! I hope this helps clear things up for you guys, enjoy! ;) 0:00 Reason for video 1:00 #1 âClimate is always changingâ 3:45 Importance of life âtypesâ 6:...
Did Snowball Earth Cause an Explosion or Extinction of Life? GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 14KPĆed 28 dny
The 'Big 5' Mass Extinctions of the Phanerozoic Eon (within the last 540 million years) get the most attention due to the more complete fossil record of this time. However, there were mass extinction events long before 540 million years ago; they are just harder to quantify due to the lack of preservation of the microbial life that lived during that time. In this video, I talk about a mass exti...
Top 5 Geology Myths / What It Really Means to Be a Geologist | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 12KPĆed mÄsĂcem
Misperceptions about geology are causing geoscience departments to close down. But we currently need geoscientists more than ever! In this video, I go over the 5 most common misperceptions of geoscience among students and the general public that I encounter. I debunk these misperceptions and discuss what geologists really do. Hope you enjoy and learn something! :) 0:00 Reason for video 1:07 #1 ...
Did Snowball Earth Force Animal Evolution? & What Were The First Animals? GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 22KPĆed mÄsĂcem
Ever wonder what the very first animals were? In this video, I go over when the first animals evolved, what they were like, and what may have triggered their evolution! ;D Link to merch site: www.geogirlscience.com/merch/ 0:00 Microbial life dominated Earth history 2:32 Cambrian was NOT the first Explosion 3:44 Ediacaran Biota 5:12 Ediacaran mysteries & controversy 6:38 Were Ediacaran Biota ani...
Using Life, Rocks & Big Mirrors to Combat Climate Change (+ Potential Consequences) | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 4,7KPĆed mÄsĂcem
What are some solutions to climate change, and which ones are the most effective? In this video, I cover carbon sequestration & albedo cooling climate change solutions. We go over afforestation, reforestation, soil regeneration, silicate weathering, and ocean fertilization, all of which sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. And then, we cover some ways we can induce cooling through incr...
Where Earthâs Energy Comes From & Pros/Cons of Renewable Energy | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 11KPĆed mÄsĂcem
Did you know that we will run out of fossil fuel deposits in the next several decades? This means that even if climate change was not a concern, we need to make the switch to alternative energy sources at some point in the near future. But where does the energy stored in fossil fuels come from? What about the energy stored in wind, hydro, biofuel, or other renewable energies? It turns out most ...
Not ALL Tectonics is âPlateâ Tectonics (w/Steven Baumann!) | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 60KPĆed 2 mÄsĂci
Many people use "plate tectonics" and "tectonics" as synonyms, but they are actually not! In this video I collaborated with Geoscientist & CZcams Science Communicator, Steven Baumann, to cover the differences between tectonics and plate tectonics, and talk about how tectonics worked on Earth before tectonic plates formed! ;D 0:00 Intro 1:38 Plates Are Not Only Crust 4:13 What is Tectonics? 4:42...
5 Ways We Distinguish Human-Induced vs Natural Climate Change | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 11KPĆed 2 mÄsĂci
Is climate change man-made or natural? In this video, I discuss how we can tell the difference between human-induced climate change and natural climate change, specifically regarding the modern climate trend. 0:00 How do we know itâs us? 1:18 Timing is not a coincidence 2:01 Tracking how much C we burn 2:32 C isotope signatures donât lie 6:28 Associated oxygen depletion 8:20 Models (not the kin...
How Avian Dinosaurs (Birds) Survived the Asteroid Impact that Killed Non-Avian Dinosaurs | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 29KPĆed 2 mÄsĂci
Ever wonder why birds survived the asteroid impact at the KPg boundary, 66 million years ago, while the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct? In this video, I cover the major factors that allow avian dinosaurs, or birds, to survive the KPg mass extinction event over non-avian dinosaurs. Hope you enjoy! ;) 0:00 Why We Care 0.52 Non-Avian Dinos Went Extinct at KPg 1:19 But Avian Dinos (Birds) Survive...
Significance of the Greenhouse Effect on Earth & Other Planets | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 3,9KPĆed 2 mÄsĂci
How does the greenhouse effect actually work on Earth? How has it changed through Earth's history? Do other planets have a greenhouse effect? In this video, I cover how energy flows to and from Earth, the significance of the greenhouse effect for sustaining life on Earth, how the strength of Earth's greenhouse effect changed through time, the differences between Earth's greenhouse effect and th...
How Mammals Survived the Asteroid Impact that Wiped Out Dinosaurs | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 25KPĆed 2 mÄsĂci
Ever wonder why mammals survived the asteroid impact at the KPg boundary, 66 million years ago, while the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct? In this video, I cover the major factors that allow mammals to survive the KPg mass extinction event over dinosaurs. Hope you enjoy! 0:00 Intro & Why We Care 1:53 The KPg Extinction Took Out Dinos 2:31 But Mammals Survived then Radiated 4:40 Leading up to t...
Causes & Effects of Ocean Warming, Acidification, Anoxia, & Sea Level Rise | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 3 mÄsĂci
0:00 Oceans changes through time 2:02 Ocean warming & acidification 3:11 Impacts on reef ecosystems 3:56 Coral bleaching 4:30 Coral dissolution 5:30 Weakened vertical mixing 7:04 Warming & acidification solution? 8:48 Ocean anoxia (oxygen depletion) 10:55 Sea level rise References: Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 4th Ed. amzn.to/41CDHVz Earth System History: amzn.to/3v1Iy0G Findl...
When Sea Scorpions Ruled The Seas! GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 3 mÄsĂci
About 400 million years ago, giant swimming sea scorpions dominated the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian seas! In this video, I go over what exactly these sea scorpions were (spoiler alert, they aren't actually directly related to true modern scorpions), when they lived, their size range (which was quite impressive, ranging from a few cm to over 2.5 m or 8 ft!), their role in ecosystems as bo...
How Ocean Chemistry Affects Global Climate & Vice Versa | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 3 mÄsĂci
Ever wonder what Earth's oceans are made of, how they got to their current composition, salinity, and pH, how they are currently changing, and how they've changed through time? In this video, we go over how the oceans formed and became salty, how their salt content has changed through time and space, how nutrients are cycled in the oceans, and how gases are cycled between the ocean and atmosphe...
How Ocean Circulation Affects Global Climate & Vice Versa | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 3 mÄsĂci
How Ocean Circulation Affects Global Climate & Vice Versa | GEO GIRL
How Earthâs Lithosphere (Rocks) Affects & is Affected by Climate Change | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 4 mÄsĂci
How Earthâs Lithosphere (Rocks) Affects & is Affected by Climate Change | GEO GIRL
The Atmosphereâs Impact on Climate & Life on Earth | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 4 mÄsĂci
The Atmosphereâs Impact on Climate & Life on Earth | GEO GIRL
Giant Moss Balls! (Where & How They Form) | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 12KPĆed 4 mÄsĂci
Giant Moss Balls! (Where & How They Form) | GEO GIRL
Life Update (Graduation, Moving, Future Content, & Thank You!) | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 4 mÄsĂci
Life Update (Graduation, Moving, Future Content, & Thank You!) | GEO GIRL
What Are The Biogeochemical Cycles & How Do They Work? GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 7KPĆed 5 mÄsĂci
What Are The Biogeochemical Cycles & How Do They Work? GEO GIRL
Biogeochemistry Basics Fundamental to Earth Science! GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 9KPĆed 5 mÄsĂci
Biogeochemistry Basics Fundamental to Earth Science! GEO GIRL
All the Times Mammals Went Back to Sea- From Walking Whales to Running Seals! GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 8KPĆed 5 mÄsĂci
All the Times Mammals Went Back to Sea- From Walking Whales to Running Seals! GEO GIRL
Why We Study Earth's Past & How We Apply This Knowledge | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 6 mÄsĂci
Why We Study Earth's Past & How We Apply This Knowledge | GEO GIRL
How Giant Rock Balls Form! GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 15KPĆed 6 mÄsĂci
How Giant Rock Balls Form! GEO GIRL
True Fossils vs Pseudofossils (How to Recognize Pseudofossils) | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 9KPĆed 6 mÄsĂci
True Fossils vs Pseudofossils (How to Recognize Pseudofossils) | GEO GIRL
The Key to Geologic Dating- How Do We Know The Rock's Initial Isotope Composition? GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 79KPĆed 6 mÄsĂci
The Key to Geologic Dating- How Do We Know The Rock's Initial Isotope Composition? GEO GIRL
Why Animals Can Get So Big! The Energy Hierarchy of Life | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 6KPĆed 7 mÄsĂci
Why Animals Can Get So Big! The Energy Hierarchy of Life | GEO GIRL
Where Did Earth's Water Come From? & How Do We Know? GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 17KPĆed 7 mÄsĂci
Where Did Earth's Water Come From? & How Do We Know? GEO GIRL
The Ocean Fertilization Plan & Its Potential Consequences | GEO GIRL
zhlĂ©dnutĂ 11KPĆed 7 mÄsĂci
The Ocean Fertilization Plan & Its Potential Consequences | GEO GIRL
Trilobites are GREAT!!!đđđđđđđ I think some may still be alive in caverns deep below ground somewhere. I hope they can be rediscovered someday just like the coeliocanth!!!đđđđđđđđđđ
More carbon, more trees????????????? Green houses use carbon to grow faster??????????? Anyone???????????
Detail. We don't need the agreement of every human on Earth to fight climate change. We just need to have rulers and lawmakers willing to do it. They can pressure CEOs and make companies to change. Therefore, talk to and educate everybody in your reach. *Then, go and vote accordingly.* The remaining people who never understood climate change will be saved unknowingly, same as when they never knew what the fuss about CFCs was about.
Excellent summary! - I had to learn this 50 years ago.
our sand in the west especially the southwest is aolian sand quartz type with a thin coating of iron oxide on the outside giving the reddish color. The various cream or white layers in the same sand are because of reducing fluids that bleach out the iron into solution and concretions are formed from it redepositing the iron if exposed to oxygenated surface water. WHY cannot I take our reddish sand and bleach it white with vinegar or sulfuric acid??
Rachel, I'm curious about your procedure for producing these videos. Do you write a script? Or do you just make the slide show and use them as an outline, but talk off the top of your head? Do you make many mistakes while you're talking that require you to cut and edit your video? Or do you do it all in one take?
The big competition for dinosaurs that went extinct because of this disaster WERENâT therapsids but croc-line archosaurs. Additionally, dinosaurs were actually poorly suited to handling hot, arid climates compared to other archosaurs-if anything itâs their ability to handle very COLD temperatures (so the OPPOSITE of whatâs usually claimed in most discussions) caused by volcanic winters that allowed them to make it.
Please show what geology textbook you are using as a basic source. Thank you.
It's in the references section of the video description. You can find my references for any video in the descrption if you click 'see more' :)
The rate of change in our understanding of the earth and life on it is very positive thanks to Geo Girl! â€đđ
Hearty thanks to Geo Girl for authoritatively walking us lay persons through how our increased carbon dioxide and methane emissions have caused rapid global warming, accelerating extinctions of plants and animals, and ocean acidification. So great to hear a voice of reason when the Heartland Institute keeps putting out false propaganda and denies human caused climate change! As a father of two, I am truly grateful for this accurate information to support a better climate for young people in the future!
Outstanding work on this lecture! I agree pegmatiticđ„ For me it's the purple lepidolite of the Harding mine NM
Need a collab between you and @AskJeffWilliams!
Please can we have a video on this for Europe
Interesting that you don't cover the nuclear tests. Why? Is documented that nuclear test increased dramatically C14 isotope globally and the half life of C14 is 5,730 years. Start to decrease, apparently after 1963. "At first, in the 1950s only a few tests were done, but as more, and larger tests were done, scientists realized how dangerous this was. This caused the nuclear powers to sign a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which went into effect in October 1963." Only USSR tested over 400 atomic bombs during cold war(Tsar Bomba 58 megatons) "Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll consisted of the detonation of 24 nuclear weapons by the United States between 1946 and 1958 on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands." God knows how many more was tested by US in other parts of the globe. Even after 1963 Treaty other countries tested nuclear bombs for example 6 by Pakistan and 5 by India . Besides nuclear test we have contaminants from nuclear energy incidents and residues Three Mile Island 1979 US, Chernobyl 1986, Fukushima 2011 and many others which was shoved silently under the carpet. Here comes also Strontium Isotopes 89 with half life of 50 years and Strontium 90 with half life of 28 years. You look at the burning fossil and air pockets in the ice and ignore nuclear chaos, well done. High increase of C12 and C13 is increased by agriculture. Plowing alone will release a huge amount C into the atmosphere and will make the soil to lose nutrients slowly growing into desert.
Hi, just wanted to say that this video is super helpful! I'm not planning on being a geologist myself sadly, but I *am* planning on being a writer, and this video has a lot of useful information to help me with a project I'm working on at the moment. Thank you so much!