How the Turtle Got Its Shell
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- čas přidán 19. 06. 2024
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Where did turtles come from? And how did they get their shells? The answers to these questions would eventually cause scientists to rethink the entire history of reptile evolution.
Thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart : spinops.blogspot.com/ Additionally, a big thank you to Tyler Lyson, Luke Norton, Andrey Atuchin, and Gaberiel Bever for their images of Eunotosaurus.
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
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References:
books.google.com/books?id=fox...
books.google.com/books?id=AR3... www.researchgate.net/publicat...
www.mrfdigs.com/publications/2...
www.jstor.org/stable/221677
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
www.nature.com/articles/456450a
rspb.royalsocietypublishing.or...
www.newscientist.com/article/...
phenomena.nationalgeographic.c...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10...
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-w...
www.cell.com/current-biology/f...
www.theatlantic.com/science/a...
academic.oup.com/jmammal/arti...
www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/...
books.google.com/books?id=8rX...
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www.jstor.org/stable/3883561 - Věda a technologie
We have a correction! At 4:27, we say that, aside from Odontochelys, no known turtles had teeth. That was incorrect, because some other extinct turtles did have teeth in their palates. What we should have said was that Odontochelys was the first known turtle with teeth.
We also wanted to clarify that the bony plates found in pareiasaurs are called osteoderms rather than scutes. The term "scutes" refers to the keratinous layer that covers the osteoderms. Thanks to the viewer who pointed this out!
PBS Eons is
Finally a channel that corrects itself. Thank you for this 💜
PBS Eons i wanna know the name of the narrator girl 😂
Dinosaurs are also not reptiles, they are direct ancestors to birds. They are similar to crocodiles as well.
Forest Thomer
Why do you say that ?
It sounds like our understanding of turtle evolution is progressing, um, really slowly.
👏👏👏👏
KarlBunker stop
Booooooooo
Slow claps and a tip of the hat.
Ha jokes on you turtles are fast
Turtles: we like to excavate
Evolution: take these small legs
Turtles: we need to have more lift
Evolution: Let's fuse your ribs so you can hold yourself better
Turtles: we're too slow walking
Evolution: have you heard about Water?
It’s actually reversed
*here's a more accurate representation*
reptile: It's hard to excavate, please help
Evolution: Here are wider ribs
Reptile: it's hard to walk and that predator is looking kinda hungry
Evolution: here, now you can hide within your ribcage
reptile: I can't swim
Evolution: here's web feet, now I'll call you "turtle"
turtle: okay, thanks...wait
Evolution: oh fine, here's a plastron for extra protection
turtle:...
Evolution: okay now your carapace and plastron are connected, now can I call you a turtle
Turtle: turtle it is
a reptile that stayed on land:...and me
evolution: okay you get everything also but with cylinder legs, a dome shell, and no web feet
Reptile: name?
evolution: turtle 2.0
Reptile: >:{
Evolution: [exhale] okay, how does tortoise sound
Tortoise: great :}
@@etoatoummhmm6391 wait... turtles can speak?
Tortoise: uh, can I get a rush order on all that?
Evolution: Estimated Delivery is 1 million years.
Tortoise: Oh well, If I can get all that it will be worth the wait.
Evolution: That's just for the ribs.
Tortoise: #$&@!
_The more you know_
You mention 2008 and I go, "oh wow, so this JUST happened!" Then I take a second, and go, "oh..."
I'm getting old.
and abother year just passed.. i feel you.
It can't be 10 years, can it?
@@terminator572 Yes. I was a freshman in high school now I'm 7 years removed. Growth spurt hurts
Y’all so 2000 and late
Happens to me all the time. :)
"You know how scientists are, nobody likes a good centuries-long argument more than they do!"
Hoo boy! Y'all don't know philosophers.
haha i just thought of a weird combo
Philosorapter XD
That would require philosophers to like things.
@@LazyPillowCase there's already a meme format called philosiraptor
@Anon Ymus oh yeah... i thought his name was thinking raptor xP
It was a good meme format
philosophers are dead though xD
It makes sense. Turtles often dig to lay their eggs, that could be a hint for their burrowing origins.
Many species of turtle (land turtles, many are not aquatic) also burrow for shelter. For example: czcams.com/video/CIlVhyz8WaA/video.html
Not really, a lot of animals dig to lay their eggs even though they never had a "history" of being diggers.
tortoises are huge diggers.
evolution is equal to genetics defects or a hybrid. they dont evolve because they need something..
The bigger question is how and where did the top shell come from?
I'm 54 and wish my school science classes had been like PBS Eons, I was taught mostly accepted science for the time but never heard a word that this might change. I knew back then that what was thought technologically possible changed all the time but I did thought modern scientific knowledge was all fixed unchangeable facts.
I thinks kids should be taught about the scientific method as early as possible no matter how simplified it has to be for younger kids and that teaching should be retaught every year of school in more and more complete forms using real life examples.I've always picked science class when offered a choice in school and studied electronic in college but I was never taught the scientific method directly, I think I had been out of school for a few years the first time I encountered the scientific method being described and that is despite being a science nerd for all my life. Some of my lab reports would have been a lot different if I had known about it, I would not have fudge my results to fit the theory but tried and figured out why it did not fit and explain that.
SlyPearTree lmao I'm a senior we've been getting taught the scientific method since elementary
fullysemiautomatic alot has changed in 30+ years.
SlyPearTree literally every class that teaches science taught me scientific method... its getting boring learning about it now
Teachers can't teach what they themselves don't know or can't understand. Education majors are taught little substantive material.
😂😂😂 in my country, government is trying to do just that, resulting constantly changing the books. Nowadays older brothers and sisters can't teach their youngers, parents are struggling to barely purchase books because each child need a completely new set of books 😂😂😂 . Basically, the pros and cons are so confusing right now. The question is: do we need to change that much, or just give children the right idea, and let them know how to update later once they grown up 😋
"The thing is clearly a turtle!" is one of the cutest things a researcher can say when they are researching Turtle History! 🐢
Thanks a bunch for digging into this!
I hate you.
You saw a chance and you took it, well done!
Love the pun 🤓
🤣🤣
I think it will take a while for them to crack that shell.
Do one on the evolution of mollusks! It’s really interesting, and there was a new transitional mollusk discovered last year that may shed some light on their evolution.
Oviraptor Fan *mollusc :)
Club Sport thanks
M'llusc.
Oops sorry I had my fedora on
Oviraptor Fan
Mollusks with a follow up by cephalopods would ve great.
P.S. Both "mollusc" and "mollusk" are correct, with the latter being more common in North America.
That is a very good idea. I am very interested in snails and slugs, and love to learn more about their evolution.
I need this lady to be my teacher for all subjects. She's so absolute and understandable
Exactly
Her voice is easy on my non-native English ear
You get a like for slipping in "Turtles all the way down"
I did the same. 😊 I doubt the writer will see this but: Kudos, sir or madam, totally retro-obvious exacted with ingenious delivery.. verily, I'm friggin impressed. 🏌️💥
Yay, someone else noticed that too!
I was just looking through the comments to see if anyone mentioned it!
Drowtales🐢🧝♀️😸
I came to the comments to look for this comment. was not disappointed thanks to you, sir.
200 million years of setup for a pun. I'd say it was worth it.
😂
17inchcorkscrew
I like -turtles- -trains- pie
what pun dont mind me asking?
@@isaacargesmith8217 I agree ^, I think the pun is alluding to Turtles All The Way Down, a book written by John Green. Hank Green, the executive producer of this series, is John Green's brother.
@@alexiswoodberry9119 The pun actually alludes to the popular anecdote about infinite regression from the mid 19th century.
I love how people have debates about turtles.
Eh a while ago we also debated on the right way to cook an egg... ..
Science is a constant debate where arguments never really die until they get TKO'd with overwhelming facts
_The more dangerous you know_
personally....i like turtles
Debate which ninja turtle is the best fighter. Mikey is the fastest. Raph is the strongest. Don is the smartest. Leo is the balanced one. My vote is for Mikey. He did win the Battle Nexxus Tournament.
"it had all the requirements of what makes an official turtle... but..."
story of my life
I just love this series. If schools taught this stuff in such an interesting manner as this, perhaps students might find it intriguing instead of boring.
I love this channel because it answers questions I never thought to have!
Teenaged Evolved Normal Turtles, TEENAGED EVOLVED NORMAL TURTLES, TEENAGE EVOLVED NORMAL TURTLES, heroes in half shell.
Lawrence Tider Turtle Power !!!
T.E.N.T..............
I say it's a masterpiece!
Lol
Lol
I’m laughing so hard at this comment
"These were sometimes called the ugliest reptiles, but we don't judge here." 😂😂😂 Loved that part
Please, do a video about the origin of Orcas... I loooooove Orcas
Or you could talk about dolphins in general, but mainly Orcas lol
Shey J orcas r lame
Yes! I'd love an orca ep!
Aren't orcas whales though? I'm confused
@@giovannirafael5351 No, Orcas are the world's largest dolphin. They're called "killer whales" because they kill whale calves & eat them, but they are actually dolphins.
Interesting -- so basically the shell developed from the inside out (ribs), not from the outside in (scutes).
Janis Cortese That's what the evidence seems to tell us
It isn't resolved as she stated near the end of the video but yes, the evidence we currently have supports that.
@@Argonak1 Yup they just need more fossils of more species to strengthen the claim.
made me almost die from how cute that baby turtle was crawling on the sand
1:37
Ah yes, pure reptiles. Lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, and *biRdS*
Yes, birds are reptiles. Birds are true dinosaurs which makes them true reptiles. Why is this shocking?
shut up
Birds are diapsids, which are all modern reptiles. Birds diverged from Dinosaurs. They're actually more closely related to crocodiles and alligators than they are to mammals. Though, by definition they could be considered their own thing - Aves, which is the scientific name for the class of the birds. However, they could be considered either or.
@@doddermodd Some people don't know that- calm down. Let the lad learn.
@@michaeljordan4457 yet birds are true dinossaur (because the usual definition is that the family of dinossaurs is every descendent between the modern bird and triceraptops, which excludes some animals we might identify as dinossaurs like pterodactyl), they may not be considered reptiles.
Reptiles can be defined as a paraphyletic group. Reptiles can be traced to a common ancestor, but not every descendent is a reptile. It is more like "every descendant except birds".
It looks like I'm cheating but paraphyletic familys are very important, otherwise, almost everything is fish(like, birds, reptile, mammals and so forth). (Because there are fish there are more closely related to, for example, mammals as to other fish).
Congrats on getting on trending! If any channel deserves it, it's this one. One of my favorite channels by far :)
Keep it up!!!
Wow, I didn't even imagine that turtle shells could provoke such a debate :O
I would assume that wider, flatter, ribs support more weight. This might come in handy if you are a burrower with megafauna stomping around on the ground above.
Emmett Turner
Depth would be more useful when transferring loads
I am addicted and to these videos. I’ve always lived the study of evolution but I’ve been somewhat close-minded and only studied human-evolution . But there is a whole array of life that evolved from something else and these videos are just fantastic!
8:12 - "Turtles all the way down." I see what you did there.
I love this series.
It makes me wonder about questions I never thought I wanted to ask.
Can you talk about the Entelodonts? Maybe the diversity of the Tyrannosauridae?
Tyrannosaur Friday good idea! 👍
Matthew Tait Thanks
I'm meant to be studying for my astronomy exams but I never thought I'd find why turtles developed their shells so interesting! 🤓
This was so helpful, I am doing an assignment on adaptations/evolution right now and need to do an evolution timeline for a turtle. Perfect vid, thanks!
Fantastic video as always! I'm interested in the evolution of butterflies actually. How they come to be so colorful and diverse. Anyway I'm sure the next video will be amazing!
Ben Dover you gotta wonder how going from a crawly thing to using a cocoon to make yourself soup as you make yourself wings. And there's been some research suggesting that during their metamorphosis they're still concious
Oh
I've hears that too! And I've also heard a hypothesis saying they may keep their memories from being a caterpillar!
I remember reading something about the Lepidoptera being one of the only groups of animals that can digest Cellulose on their own as most animals humans included need microbes in our guts to do it for us.
But also don't forget the moths as Butterflies are only a single subgroup from within the Moth family tree
Turtles be complex.
nab 6215 They was Lizards and crap bro
So wait if birds are from Eureptilia does that mean birds are reptiles? I always thought birds were their own seperate group.
Yep Birds emerged from within the reptiles nowadays where as the early synapsids are no longer considered reptiles.
But aren't birds warm-blooded animals?
Emmett Battle birds are reptiles because they are dinosaurs
Aimi Geη the term would be mesothermic for dinosaurs. Aren't birds included in archosauria? So then archosauria has both warm and cold blooded members?
The reptilia group is actually paraphyletic. It includes every animal in the clade amniota except aves and mammalia, which are clades (monophyletic group). There are some people that consider to rerank the aves group as an order instead of class and exclude the whole synapsida clade and give them a class rank (basically the replacement of mammalia) which will render the numbers of classes in the phylum chotdata 13 instead of 14. Another option is to split up the reptilia group into many clades; aves is a separate class, the clade including tuatara and squamata is one class, testudinata are more related to crocodylia and aves than tuatara and squamata, but crocodylia is more related to aves than testudinata, so testudinata one class and crocodylia one class, and aditionally replace mammalia with synapsida. That rises the number of classes in chordata from traditionally 14 to 16.
Which one do you want it to be?
Hey there! Just wanted to say thank you so much for putting this series together. As someone who was raised in a fundamentalist culture that only taught literal creationism, this has been a great series for catching up on evolutionary theory. Keep up the good work!
It's great that you have an open mind so that you can learn new things
Great video as always! Still waiting for that video on the evolution of one of the greatest biological inventions ever: the egg :)
You mean the chicken?
I'm keen to learn about the egg as well!
And why mammals birth live young instead.
YES!!!! That is sooooooooooooo true!!! Its the one thing that all reproducing animals have in common. The Egg. Even the viviparous animals, after their eggs are fertilized, keep it inside the body for the young to develop. That should be an interesting topic to cover.
Ooh that would be really interesting
Which came first, the multicellular eukaryote, or the egg?
How about the diversity of megafauna like Buffalo, bison, yak and other cow like herding animals and how they spread so far across the globe
DarthStudios herding animals were brought from the british to the us, shortly after they colonized the 18 states
divesh
Yes, the buffalo were imported to North America from the vast English prairers. Wait wut?
hamstsorkxxor yep. if you did a quick google search.
basically settlers from britain and spain brought cattle to americas u dimwit
divesh the original post mentioned herding animals that are normally found in the wild such as bison. Hamstorker is mocking u because, even though he knew u meant herding animals like cattle, wild herding animals lioe bison were not brought here from Britain due to Britain not having any. Get it?
Within an hour I have watched a braiding video, a Minecraft video, and a video about turtle evolution. I am either a very diverse person or maybe I just don’t know what to watch
A little from column a, a little from column b
wow, it is seriously so cool that informative videos like this can still get on trending! no clickbait, no sensationalism, just knowledge. that gives me hope for channels like my own 💪
I just love the artworks and visual aids you present. Probably one of my favorite series that's put out by the Green Brothers and PBS
It's amazing how many huge discoveries are made even to this day
My whole life I’ve been arguing with people that birds are reptiles. Finally, I have confirmation.
This was the very first Eons video I ever came across, and it’s so nice finding it again.
"The shells on turtles, do they spawn with it"
-xQcOW
Thank you! Wonderful content, educational and your voice is perfection. Really nice to listen to.
That was the best Easter Egg joke of all time! Great book John and excellent writing Eons team. Love the cameo.
Makes a lot of sense. I used to have some small turtles as a pet. They often did the "digging" motion and I was always wondering why they'd do that, given that they're living in the water. It all comes together, knowing that they evolved from a ground digging animal.
The evolution of spiders
plz
spiders
Thanks! It's always as fun watching Eons! The topic I'd like to see would be the other species of now extinct humans.
I love this channel, so many fascinating topics in natural history are explored here. Keep up the great work!
2:16
Everybody gangster till the early turtles start walkin
I remember asking you guys about this so it's great that I was able to find out! Thank you! :D
What a splendid production on the evolution of turtles. Thanks much!
such a great channel and video
i love the way you say 'Scutes'!
I love how transparent this show is about how sciences don't always have the answers to everything. They point out all the unanswered questions, and explain unproven assumptions that archeologists use at the moment.
It's okay to not know everything, and it's okay to be wrong sometimes, as long as you keep trying to improve. To me, that's true education.
Thank you for this. A couple of months ago I tried to do some research to figure out where modern chelonians came from. Here in the UK we call aquatic chelonians turtles, and all land chelonians tortoises but never turtles, and when I started watching some US documentaries I got confused when they referred to tortoises as turtles. I started to wonder if maybe all tortoises are turtles but not all turtles are tortoises. When I tried to find out I just kept getting sites telling me that turtles and tortoises were the same thing, and when I tried to find the earliest known fossil chelonian to see if it was aquatic or terrestrial I could never find a straight answer.
Of course when it comes to Paleontology things are always changing, in a decade ideas now could be considered as incorrect as featherless dromeosaurs are today. But still, this vid has given me some closure.
As to what I'd like a vid on. Maybe Spinosaurids? I love those weird croco-like semi-aquatic dinosaurs especially Baryonyx, and there's obviously been some fairly recent upheaval in regards to posture, so it would make an interesting video to discuss that.
I believe the usage is mostly a dialectical different, with neither term (or terrapin) having a scientific meaning.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle#Turtle,_tortoise,_or_terrapin
VianTheGryphon 😳 Question: can tortoises swim? No? Then they are not turtles, who can swim ! There have been several reports of ignorant people placing tortoises in water and wondering why they drowned !
VianTheGryphon ..Turtles are aquatic. Tortoises are terrestrial. Easy
Maxx Kroes same in Spanish, we call them all turtles (tortuga) but we put the habitat after: tortuga marina (sea turtle) and tortuga terrestre (land turtle) 😉
It’s only a dialect thing, British consider it two separate things but in American English it’s encompassed into the whole group as being turtles. Ofc you separate them into into tortoises, sea turtles and terrapins, while turtles is all of them. If you break the order of turtles which is testudines which is Latin for tortoise. Some in the professional field called all of them Chelonia which is Greek for turtle. And even in Spanish Turtle is tortuga which is used for all three groups again, when you want to differentiate you add stuff at the end like marina(sea), de rio(river) and terrestre(terrestrial).
This is all straight from wikipedia, there is a long draw out argument on this, but if you want to believe otherwise go ahead. I’m just saying I read many books as a kid and even now about turtles of all kinds, I look for any kind of video on CZcams or the internet and trust me a majority of these different forms of media consider Turtles to encompass everything. ONLY time I see differently is if their British or they have know no other way.
I love the "Turtles all the way down" reference! Great video, as usual :-)
I am the student of Microbiology...PBS eons videos are so interesting, I think I've watched all of them. Please continue more.
Great stuff! I love this Eons series.
100 points for "isn't turtles all the way down"
"Turtles all the way down"... Clever ;)
Watching this in 2020 and I've gotten used to the "Thank you to our sponsors" line which was always somehow written in theme with the topic. I was kinda hoping you'd say: "Thanks for shelling out". Lol
you put much effort into your vidoes. you guys really deserve more subscribers and viewers
Epic video as always, thank you #PBSEONSISLOVE
Eons is love. Eons is life.
What do we know about animal habits on the last super continent? How did a super continent change evolution?
I'm super interested in how Pangaea's climates affected evolution! I think Eons did note earlier that the whole interior was basically a giant desert because everything was so far away from a coast. So I wonder, do we have any idea of what that wasteland looked like, and if anything could live there?
groupertonic the Earth isn’t expanding.
I LOOOOVE TURTLE!! Thank you for this amazing video!
This was fun to watch. I would like to see more on turtles an the different Geno's over the past how ever may millions of years.
I clicked on this instantly lol. I never walk away dissatisfied with what I've learned on this channel 😄
That subtle Hank Green reference lol
*John wrote Turtles all the way down
Mike O it's subtle because it directly references his brother.
John*
"TURTLES ALL THE WAY DOWN" IS AVAILABLE AT YOUR LOCAL BOOKSTORE
Except that's a common phrase that neither Green brother coined. Look up the history, its supposed origin story is somewhat amusing.
That was illuminating. Thank you. A thumbs up for you.
I feel closer to my turtle now, like I understand him better. Thank you for this video 🥰
Bradysaurus is now an ancient quarterback for the Patriots. Go figure.
I’m so done omg-
And don't forget the legendary Belichickadon! Very angry and ancient itself, it feeds primarily on the turf of NFL stadiums
That was one of the most American sentences ive ever read lol
Can u do archeopteryx plz? Its one of my favourite dinosaurs, both because of its importance in archeology and evolution of reptiles and birds and because it looks awesome. Also can u mention who suggested the video in the beginning of the video itself. thank you, love ur work
Guinea Pig Everyday I think you meant to say Paleontology, not archaeology. Paleontology is the study of ancient life. Archeology is the study of ancient human culture and societies.
Eons has become a mainstay in my studies. Great!
Not to detract from the awesome info and content of this (or other) video, but I could listen to this young lady speak all day. Her voice has a wonderful quality which makes it easy to listen to without being boring or off-putting.
I would like to see other content that she narrates, does anyone know her name and/or other channels that she works with?
Awesome video ! I love Eons
Wow, I'm smarter now!!!
Her words say "we don't judge here", her body language says "This things mother even thinks it's ugly".
I HATE TOUCANS ok
I HATE TOUCANS I laughed :’)
Kristi Marie this comment made my day.
I HATE TOUCANS you don't speak for everyone, just letting you know.
Keep it up..im enjoying these stuff.
Thanks, I love learning from you.
Can you do a video about The Evolution of Tyrannosaurs?
Sean Dewar oh that would be awesome!
Sadly they got wiped out before they could’ve evolve.
-Jang Kenet- I'm talking the evolutionary process that Started from the earliest Tyrannosaur to the last Tyrannosaur
Sean Dewar Ah, yes of course.
-Jang Kenet- aren't they somewhat related to chickens?
Are you certain none of those fossils came from my house? Because my brother left a tortoise behind when he moved out, and I'm pretty sure that thing is immortal.
Lol.
the background music in this is kinda eerie and nostalgic.. I can't find the word to describe it but I really love it
For me its that the music sounds kinda like the minecraft music. Is that why?
No way, next to a space channel you guys also have a channel about evolution?!? I have so much to watch now :)
Turtles all the way down! in history
Tatiana W. Khalaf because John Green references are the only references we ever need to make
Gregor McIntosh that's Not true. We'll have to make a Lot of Hank Green references, once His book is Out.
Melon Lord I didn't know he was writing a book?
Gregor McIntosh he is! Comes out in September I think
It's called "An Absolutely Remarkable Thing" and it's available for preorder now^^
www.hankgreen.com/
Cant we just ask donatello? Hes a scientist
He wouldn't know, paleontology didn't exist back then. What's even the point of your comment?
T rex hes a teenage mutant ninja turtle 🐢
Ohhhhhh!!!!! Ok I didn't get the first time.
So is Leonardo.
Maybe one of his doctorate degrees is paleo (see the video Twenty something Ninja Turtles)
This makes me think that the theory of evolution isn't just a theory. It's the most accurate answer we have to understanding life. Although, scienctist may not have the answers to "Where did life come from" but it does answer "how did life evolve". I love science...love ya'll too.
I clicked the video because I was curious to the answer and you answered it immediately. Thank you, I now know it happened in 1887
I'd like to see an episode on the South America mammals and their relationships to others worldwide.
The creature at 1:29 is the most beautiful thing I have ever seen
Will Pack I won't argue against that
I know, it's so adorable! Isn't it?
BrooklynAngler after doing some extensive research I think it is the Florida softshell turtle? Anyway, it's gorgeous
Hanne myrvoll It's a trionyx, so yeah it's a softshell turtle. It can breath underwater so it's widely believed that it's one of the first turtle geni that went back to water.
BrooklynAngler They can get up to 90% of the oxygen they need through their skin while underwater.
I don't know why but i love listening to this.
Great vid, thanks for the information.
This whole channel is better than school history classes
she has a great explaining voice, very comfortable to listen to :)
I clicked..... I gained some random knowledge!!! Can't complain.
LOVE the content but really wish the episodes were longer!
I had always wondered how the hell turtles got their awesome shells in the first place. Thank you for sharing this!!
Hey PBS eons, I have a question ( maybe made into a video :3 ). How can you tell what birds are related to what dinosaur or dinosaur family (like tyrannosaurs) by there features. I am asking because I am doing a study on this. But many birds with frills have there frills not made out of bone, but what I guess cartolage (My guess), & I am mainly looking at where they are from, & what the bird looks like alive making observations with also resaerch I am finding of type of dinosaur it is related to in the same areas as it as well as what similiarities they both have by look or bone structure.
Thank you so much.
Please go videos on plant evolution! Especially euphorbias and cacti!!!!!!
This was really interesting. Maybe a video about how different types of horns and antlers developed? Like why do some animals have tusks but others have antlers or horns and why are they made of different kinds of bone etc?
In addition to these analyses being fascinating, a lot of effort has gone into the research to explain separate bits of evidence and make sense of them and to properly connect them to make sense and to fit what is known, so far. The explanations for the wider ribs to anchor the turtles when burrowing is a case in point, so understanding animal behaviours enables proofs to be connected in a new way and previous non-turtle fossils to be re-evaluated as an older member of that genus (is that the right word?) after all.
The fluidity of our knowledge at any time, ie what we know so far, allows us (or I should say you the palaeontologists), a measure of confidence that what you propose is actually so, or to state that there are disagreements between you and you present the different ideas, where that is so.
This is what makes your programmes so interesting: your ability to change as new knowledge contradicts old to modify the story accordingly. Even if there may be bitter squabbles between palaeontologists, these do not in the end concern us, the non experts, and a couple of theories can sit side by side, notwithstanding each faction may still disagree, until new information is dug upon the field or rediscovered in the cabinets to confuse everybody some more or to confirm one hypothesis over the other.
And all this material is presented so clearly, which means that countless hours have gone into making the explanations understandable and clear, even down to the scripts (and the jokes!)!
You have a great team.