Trans Am Repair Update + Why the Weird Compression Reading

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  • čas přidán 21. 08. 2024

Komentáře • 105

  • @carlosalejandrolunarodrigu1001
    @carlosalejandrolunarodrigu1001 Před 4 měsíci +3

    If this is what you can see on the free channel... imagine what you can learn on the paid one... this in invaluable information. Thanks a lot Matt, you have no idea how much your videos have helped me on becoming an efficient automotive tech... here in Mexico! If you ever need a translator (English-Spanish, vice versa) I will very willingly raise my hand to help out!

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      Oh wow good to know!! Thanks so much my friend.
      Yes the paid channel is way better than this one - I really put my best content there.

  • @nicolowlows2916
    @nicolowlows2916 Před 4 měsíci +4

    Best channel on CZcams. I been working on cars for 30 years. And you are teaching this old dog new tricks. Thanks

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      Wow, thanks!

    • @YNARUTO97
      @YNARUTO97 Před 4 měsíci +2

      you are absolutely right, there are other channels that may have the same information but I have yet to see a channel teach such advanced material in a way that anyone can understand it.

  • @m.b.smoshitoa8325
    @m.b.smoshitoa8325 Před 4 měsíci +1

    I like it so much when you sit down and go to drawing board. I really like it
    Moshitoa south Africa

  • @toddb930
    @toddb930 Před 4 měsíci +3

    Talking about keeping cars with sentimental value, ...... we recently spent about $7,000 to keep a 2006 Subaru Impreza running. Why in the world would we do that? Its not a WRX or STI. It's because it was my daughters car and she died from cancer in 2022. I bought it for her in 2007 or 2008 when she was going to nursing school and her old car was using a lot of oil. She kept that car until 2020 when i bought it from her. During that time she finished training, started in the nursing profession, got married, had two kids. We plan on keeping it for a while. It will probably be available for her older son to drive if he's interested in 7 years.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      Great story. Yes it is curious how so many people identify automobiles with specific times or events in their lives. I get it!!!

  • @AGuysGarage
    @AGuysGarage Před 4 měsíci +1

    Rhage73 here. I am holding on to a 96 pathfinder for similar reasons. Timing tensioner shit the bearings. Waiting on a junkyard 3.3l to get it back going. When mom was sick and couldn't get out of bed, I carried her to the pathfinder and took her to ride around and see the snow one winter. Did some slow donuts in a parking lot. First time I saw the light in her eyes and smile on her face in years. When it gave up the ghost it had 300k miles on it. Those little engines are terrific. Not fast but good gas mileage and last forever. Without mishaps like cheap replacement parts. So if you're going to have an older car that needs some attention how to say a trans Am not that bad to have. Keep in mind as you modify these the more horsepower you make the more shit that is going to break eventually. Like I said in your last video I'm pretty sure it had something to do with the porting job in the spring pressure thanks for posting I really miss your videos I used to watch them all the timeI think back on how long I've been watching this channel and it just makes me feel old haha

  • @user-nt1xz6qn8x
    @user-nt1xz6qn8x Před 9 dny

    Cranking voltage V compression. The syringe is a brilliant way of explaining it I will be using that lol.

  • @jgeorges3061
    @jgeorges3061 Před 4 měsíci

    MATT, thanks for clearing out the mystery humps and why really great information you always empresses me with ur approach and explanation thanks brother.

  • @asonofgod_98
    @asonofgod_98 Před 4 měsíci

    Sure indeed this channel is a good accomplishment to you and a huge help to us as well.

  • @Christdeliverme
    @Christdeliverme Před 4 měsíci +1

    This channel is grossly under subbed/viewed. Its kind ofike hitting YT algorithm lottery in recommendations to get a channel like this.

  • @InsideOfMyOwnMind
    @InsideOfMyOwnMind Před 4 měsíci

    I once had to say goodbye to a car that represented a time in my life before the losses of my father and one of my brothers and hearing your story made me reflect on those losses again. So I really felt you as you spoke of the future of your car.😢

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +3

      Yeah it’s something a lot of people don’t understand. It’s more than a car. It’s a representation of your life sometimes.

  • @drjimjam1112
    @drjimjam1112 Před 4 měsíci +1

    When you let someone else build you an engine you’re at their mercy. I had a very good machinist but I prefer to do my own assembly and check all the bearing and surfaces for correct clearance. Also fit the rings myself, and do my own porting work. Built a slant six and found the head sat way off the bore centers and the rocker assembly was a disaster!!

  • @travissheehan6082
    @travissheehan6082 Před 4 měsíci

    This guy finally found his favorite paper clip! Who cares about the compression or the heads 😂 congratulations

  • @grenvillephillips6998
    @grenvillephillips6998 Před 4 měsíci

    Thanks for sorting out my misconceptions about how the compression is detected.

  • @user-kg4ny4ic9c
    @user-kg4ny4ic9c Před 4 měsíci

    JohnWrench4Speed here, and my question regarding your valve spring failure you talk about that happened 3 years ago is this: Are you running mechanical lifter and in your engine block, do you have restrictors installed to limit top end oiling? In an engine I have built I experienced valve spring failure with the valve springs which came with Edelbrock Victor Jr. heads; When I replaced the valve springs, with a lower spring rate recommended by and using Comp Cams springs, I again had valve spring failures. The cause wasn't defective springs but lack of oil to cool the springs. The solution in my application was the purchase of Moroso valve covers with built in spray oilers which directs oil onto the springs. Additionally, I went back to the original specified spring rate for mechanical roller lifters, 200 lbs at the seat and 500 lbs at the nose.The general rule supposedly on engines that are full roller, i.e., mechanical roller lifters and roller rockers, the engine doesn't need as much top end oiling. I don't know if one can limit top end oiling with hydraulic roller lifters. Additionally, I just checked and apparently C5R valve covers have them and CompCams also makes them; but you have to run oil lines to them.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      Hey man good to see you again!! Good points but I am confident there is sufficient oiling- the lifters are hydraulic and clearly maintain excellent pressure and also I have physically seen the oil squirting healthily from the pushrods. While running.
      I believe the issue is poor work from the engine builder- this is the second major failure in only 10,000 miles.

  • @ChristmasCrustacean1
    @ChristmasCrustacean1 Před 4 měsíci +3

    I have a working theory, the paper clip made it into the intake, past the valve and then under cylinder pressure shot up back through the valve, through the roof of the cylinder head and rested inside of the valve cover and then got dislodged when the valve cover was removed and fell into its final resting place where it was found once more.
    of course there's no way to validate this hypothesis but I am absolutely certain that is what happened.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +3

      hahahahaha the only problem with your theory is i found the paper clip before removing the valve cover.

  • @bryanlamontagne2914
    @bryanlamontagne2914 Před 4 měsíci

    Thank you, I learned alot on this one! Congratulations on finding your paper clip! And hat!

  • @tomtke7351
    @tomtke7351 Před 4 měsíci

    Thank you for expressing your pleasure for becomming affluent enough to afford a sports car. It is the calling of capitalism.. you get what you earn and what you earn is based upon how society values your work❤

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      Completely agree my friend. People who object capitalism in general just don’t want to work harder than others around them and don’t want to spend time specializing or educating.
      That’s the bottom line. Capitalism works for the ambitious- not the complacent.

  • @TheJcman72
    @TheJcman72 Před 4 měsíci +1

    I've had that kind of timing issue on a single cam engine and just managed to solve that.
    In my case what happened is that the crankshaft pully just slipped a few degrees, and the engine stopped working. I tried everything to understand what the problem was. Look for fault codes: none. Looked for ignition issues: none. Look for electrical issues: none. Read compression: slightly low, but since the engine has 270 000 km, I was not sure. Then I realized that when at the TDC, the cam shaft pully was not at the expected position. Since I could not confirm that the valves were ok, I decided to remove the cylinder head, and be sure.
    So after replacing the crankshaft pully (due to its fuse that broke), replacing the head gasket (the old one was still ok), and reinstalling the timing belt, the engine came back to life.
    By the way, all that happened because, when I replaced the timing belt (that looked very fine, so kind of useless), I did not complete the angular tightening, after using the torque wrench, so to much load has been applied to the fuse.
    The positive about that, is that I leaned a lot. It was my first gasket. The negative is: did I do it right this time? :)

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      Yes I have seen that exact situation numerous times. it is very hard to diagnose until you remove a cover and physically inspect timing.
      this is exactly why I have started to adopt in-cylinder pressure analysis. it allows me to actually see when the valves are opening relative to a fixed position so I can immediately not only determine a timing problem, but if it’s on intake or exhaust. huge time saver!!

  • @tomtke7351
    @tomtke7351 Před 4 měsíci

    You make a point without actually making it: When planning your estimates for repair it's necessary to consider that you'll eventually leave behind a tool or piece of equipment in a car you've worked on. Just like is added for "shop material" you need another similar buffer for lost/broken equipment. Obviously you can't line item "lost tools" on an estimate another category is required.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      Hahahaha yeah I know I have left about a half dozen magnetic flashlights in various cars just in the past 2 years!!

  • @user-nt1xz6qn8x
    @user-nt1xz6qn8x Před 9 dny

    Very interesting Matt. I have an old Yamaha XJ 900f. Remember your voltage drop video. When the bike is cranked on the starter motor (no kickstart the manufacturers should have kept them) if the battery voltage under cranking load fell below 10 volts the transistors which as you know replaced points would not operate. A spark was visible with a plug on the cylinder head but no spark with the plugs where they belong. Is what your are describing related I wonder althought I know you are referring to starter amps? The starter motor is working against the compression of the engine, and in the case you describe the vacuum of the cylinder where the valve is not opening and the compression of the other one. My point is that both scenarios refer to the engine affecting starter amp draw. I am far from being an expert.

  • @PlanetTwilow
    @PlanetTwilow Před 4 měsíci

    1996 ZR1 Corvette ... enter the world of the LT5.

  • @Dr.AymanKamar
    @Dr.AymanKamar Před 4 měsíci

    Matt
    We need a series about diagnosis by compression test step by step

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      I agree!! I will work on that and also add it to the book.
      So much stuff to add!!

  • @JohnDoesGarage
    @JohnDoesGarage Před 4 měsíci

    There is nothing better than a scientist explaining a complex problem in simple terms. Einstein was right, if you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough. As a learning experience for me, you mentioned cylinder wash causing lower amperage demand by the starter due to increased lubrication from the fuel. I was under the impression that the excess fuel in the cylinder washed the oil from the cylinder walls and rings, which in turn lowers compression, hence the lower amperage demand from the starter. Lower compression as opposed to increased lubrication. A leak-down test is a good example of using oil to improve ring sealing and then evaluate the change in compression, if any. I know it is off-topic, but a learning experience wasted is knowledge lost. I attribute growing up with a father who was an abusive, alcoholic truck driver is what catapulted me into stratospheric success.

  • @stuckinmygarage6220
    @stuckinmygarage6220 Před 4 měsíci

    Thank you, Graham W. 👍

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +3

      He’s genius!! Brilliant insight to explain the observation.

    • @Graham_Wideman
      @Graham_Wideman Před 4 měsíci +3

      Hahaha thanks guys! Lightning does strike once in a while 🙂

    • @Graham_Wideman
      @Graham_Wideman Před 4 měsíci +1

      @@SchrodingersBox Matt I really enjoy how much satisfaction you derive from stalking clues and the thrill of seeing the puzzle pieces fit together!

  • @user-nt1xz6qn8x
    @user-nt1xz6qn8x Před 9 dny

    Starter motor is working against vacuum cylinder no 3 and compression on 5.

  • @nl3cortese
    @nl3cortese Před 4 měsíci

    Have you considered having the other "good" head checked for unseeable crack/fatigue in the same general area? Would be a test to confirm your mentor's thinking and whether that extent of machining was something to ponder?? Wonderful series, going to put new cam in my 3.8l town country due to worn cam...learning curve same with compression and leakdown.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      yea the other head is absolutely fine. i mean i’m not going to magnaflux it or anything since i’m replacing it anyway but i see absolutely nothing concerning about it at all.

  • @m.b.smoshitoa8325
    @m.b.smoshitoa8325 Před 4 měsíci

    Hi Matt did you see that some newer car don't have timing marks. Wish you one day bump into such car. Aai is gonna be one great video.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      I have no run into that!! Hmmm there would still have to be some way to set the mechanical timing. i’m sure there is still a procedure for such cars even if it isn’t setting by marks.

    • @user-nt1xz6qn8x
      @user-nt1xz6qn8x Před 8 dny

      @@SchrodingersBox Yes there must be Matt.

  • @user-nt1xz6qn8x
    @user-nt1xz6qn8x Před 9 dny

    Matt I have never seen rockers break off like that must be very rare.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 9 dny +1

      2 machine shops said the same thing!!!

    • @user-nt1xz6qn8x
      @user-nt1xz6qn8x Před 9 dny

      @@SchrodingersBox On the subject of rockers, I watched a video of a car mechanic who works on taxi's all the time in Cambridge UK. Timing belt broke when he opened the valve cover the rockers had snapped no bent valves. 16 valve motor new timing belt kit, (new rockers six hundred and thirty six dollars, £500 UK cost ) and that fixed it. Car was a Ford Mondeo with a Peugeot engine. Sacrificial rockers he called them.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 9 dny

      Oh wow I wish that would have happened. I can only think the pushrods were far stronger than the rockers so the rockers broke before they even bent. Pretty lucky however in my application with a racing engine and stuff springs, weak rockers would last a very short time.

  • @frugalprepper
    @frugalprepper Před 4 měsíci

    I work with a lot of single cam engines. Most Produced engines ever. GM 3.8, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5 (Older and Newer Model), 3.9..... It goes on and on. I have never seen a cam/crank timing issue on any of them though I am sure it happens though.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      i have seen it only once- but it wasn’t even so much a jumped tooth- it was that the crankshaft sprocket somehow slipped over the key and of course moved it out of time but technically the chain didn’t jump. i also have never seen that on a single cam either. i see it a lot on dual cams- in fact just saw it on a subaru a couple weeks ago.

  • @tomtke7351
    @tomtke7351 Před 4 měsíci

    the phenomena of increased current from.slowed motor results from DECREASED back emf. In essence, back emf is resistance to current... decreased bsck emf = increased current.
    BTW... Internet search will.yield plenty of data on back emf but simply... CHANGING magnetic lines induce opposing fields that then oppose current causing magnetism.

  • @timlochner9147
    @timlochner9147 Před 4 měsíci

    Should put some roller rockers on that while its apart.

  • @xarslanxahmed578
    @xarslanxahmed578 Před 4 měsíci

    Burh i love your big beautiful brain , I am not that smart ,you make it easy for me. I don’t get the technological term you use. I am uneducated and I am trying to learn and trying to fix cars to make a living.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      I appreciate that! don’t underestimate yourself though! I am sure you will find your capabilities will be far beyond what you think if you stick with this. for most of my life I thought I would never ever learn electrical.

  • @gerardogle1732
    @gerardogle1732 Před 3 měsíci

    How long do you own this car? I remember it from many years ago on your channel, happy you kept this black v8 beauty, I have a black v8 as well😁

  • @jiyushugi1085
    @jiyushugi1085 Před 4 měsíci

    Can't even imagine allowing anyone to build an engine for me. The chances of getting it down properly are almost nil.

  • @GlycerinZ
    @GlycerinZ Před 4 měsíci

    Any upcoming Cat vs Trolls video? Buying a house and getting another Trans Am def feels unobtainable for me. I'd love to be able to buy yours someday, I miss mine that was taken from me back in 2018 :(

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      You’ll get there if you make it a goal and incessantly work towards it. That’s what worked for me.
      I do think about a cat vs trolls video again but CZcams is just so sissy now that I don’t want to risk getting in trouble. They are so pansy with “online bullying” and I’m worried cat vs trolls may border on being flagged for such

  • @drjimjam1112
    @drjimjam1112 Před 4 měsíci

    Wondering if the backfiring caused the damage to the cylinder head and might you still have an undiscovered issue that caused the backfiring in the first place??

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      Good thought but it’s more likely the backfiring was from a crack forming on the head allowing combustion into the intake. Then it just finished off while I was filming.

  • @ProfessorOzone
    @ProfessorOzone Před 4 měsíci

    Ok, but my 4 cylinder Toyota engine (2zz-ge) actually measured within one or two PSI of 265 PSI in each cylinder and the spec is 216 PSI. What happened there? Other checks showed the engine to be pretty healthy, so I chalked it up an incorrect spec, but still 265 seems really high to me. Comments?

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      If I had to guess I would say you may have carbon buildup on the piston crowns that is Increasing compression.

    • @ProfessorOzone
      @ProfessorOzone Před 4 měsíci

      @@SchrodingersBox Borescoped it. Looked good. The engine runs well. It's really weird. I thought my gauge was broken. It is ancient. But I borrowed a neighbour's brand new, still in box snap-on gauge and measured the exact same numbers. It was a dry measurement.

  • @TRAXRIPPER
    @TRAXRIPPER Před 4 měsíci

    Lingenfelter heads? Same as the supercharger manufacturer?
    I know they did stuff for the Corvette and they had a jet black FireHawk TransAm with a Lingenfelter Supercharger and it was 700 hp called "The Beast"
    They gave it away in a contest!
    Damn I wanted it!
    When I saw the video here and saw it was OUR CAR! LMFAO
    I ran out of the room in tears, went outside and prayed it was possible for you to fix it because you can't pass the car down to me when it's time if it's not running and gonna cost me thousands to get it back on the road!$$$
    The whole reason you are passing it down to me is because I'm the brake clean diagnostic machine master technician!
    3 quick shots to pinpoint the condition and the winning submission!
    LMAO!

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      Hahaha oh I will fix it- believe me!!
      The supercharge is from pro charger. Different company. Never an issue with the supercharger!

    • @TRAXRIPPER
      @TRAXRIPPER Před 4 měsíci

      @@SchrodingersBox You were just getting gas right?
      Who knows but maybe it just happened that the multiple factors all in the situation they would need to be to fail.
      Like unspent fuel still lingering at key off and the weak spot at the heads with the valves and spring load just at that one spot then just maybe at key on with already having fuel in the cylinder before it got to combustion the pressure caused detonation and it was all just at the right yet wrong conditions for some dumb shit!
      The fact you drove home knowing now the carnage inside is impressive!
      Lol
      The Fire Bird got more power at start up and idle then the Thunder Chicken with a Turbo Turkey running WOT!
      LMFAO!

  • @nicolowlows2916
    @nicolowlows2916 Před 4 měsíci

    There is a channel called ToyShopFab his name is Johnny Biggs he did a video on fuel injectors and how to file down and get the best spray. What are your thoughts on something like that

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      Hmmm never heard of that. I have heard of modifications to direct the spray more to a specific area of the combustion chamber to maximize combustion- similar to indexing a spark plug.
      My thought is at worst it has zero effect at all and at best maybe a nominal effect only in the most extreme of applications. Doing this on a Honda civic for example would be pointless but maybe on a dodge demon there could be some effect from it that probably won’t even equate to a better track time.

    • @nicolowlows2916
      @nicolowlows2916 Před 4 měsíci

      @@SchrodingersBox Thank you for your input.

  • @andyking9673
    @andyking9673 Před 4 měsíci

    some LS heads are breaking when they are being torqued down---casting design and execution is flawed, porting makes it worse

  • @gritpump
    @gritpump Před 4 měsíci

    Could you please explain why your firing order is different than the LS platform. Is that some sort of modification? I have an 02 z28 and the firing order molded on the intake manifold is 18726543.

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      Sounds like yours is the 5.7L LS1. This engine is a 6.0L LS2 or maybe it’s a 3- I forgot. I don’t remember firing orders specifically however I do know my original LS1 did have a different firing order than the new engine does.

  • @rexisretro
    @rexisretro Před 4 měsíci

    How the hell did you manage to get an hat stuck in there😂😂😂😂😂😂

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +2

      Hahahahaha!!!!! Dude I literally have no idea!!! I just remember looking up the wheel well and seeing some kind of green towel thing and I pulled it out and it was my hat hahahaha!!!!
      It looked like two lions fought over it in a coal mine lol.

  • @turbobuick33
    @turbobuick33 Před 4 měsíci

    How long have you owned your Trans Am?

  • @andyking9673
    @andyking9673 Před 4 měsíci

    Comp Cam springs suck. Get PAC or PSI or Isky. Comp doesnt make springs.

  • @arash3244
    @arash3244 Před 3 měsíci

    Hi my friend
    I want to bay snap on veruse
    Is it a good decision?

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 3 měsíci +1

      It is if you can afford it AND it is updated. Just the update I believe is over $1000. You might be better off with an Autel or Topdon and a separate scope if you look at all options.

    • @arash3244
      @arash3244 Před 3 měsíci

      @@SchrodingersBox tank you

  • @quintonm8609
    @quintonm8609 Před 4 měsíci

    Third!

  • @bensaadabdessamed9308
    @bensaadabdessamed9308 Před 4 měsíci

    Sound issue?

  • @jasonelliot9633
    @jasonelliot9633 Před 4 měsíci

    Yeah I'm reaching out because I can't log in and your team has not fixed it when they said they would yet im still paying for something I can't get I log in and it says I'm logged in but when I click on a video it says it's expired and I have to renew

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      Send me an email directly to schrodingers_box@yahoo.com and I will fix it personally. Sorry about that!!

    • @jasonelliot9633
      @jasonelliot9633 Před 4 měsíci

      I sent the email but it's saying that address can't be found so it wasn't delivered I'm not trying to be rude but I don't see why your team can't help people out with problems this has happened more than once and more than twice

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci

      that’s my email. are you sure you entered it right?
      otherwise just let me know your username and i’ll go ahead and look it up. I tried to look up various formats of Jason Elliot and I don’t see any users with that name. Send me email and I’ll fix it.

    • @jasonelliot9633
      @jasonelliot9633 Před 3 měsíci

      @SchrodingersBox ok I sent you the email and I still can't login what's the problem?

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 3 měsíci

      Never got an email from you and checked my spam and everything.
      I have no username of jasonelliot on my website at all. You will need to email me at Schrodingers_box@yahoo.com or just tell me your username here. Note the underscore- maybe you are missing it in my email address

  • @scotts2k
    @scotts2k Před 4 měsíci

    No sound

  • @jasonstanley-cy9qu
    @jasonstanley-cy9qu Před 4 měsíci

    Maybe run an engine as designed you wont have trouble

    • @bstevermer9293
      @bstevermer9293 Před 4 měsíci +1

      The fun patrol is here! Booooo

    • @SchrodingersBox
      @SchrodingersBox  Před 4 měsíci +1

      It is run as designed. It’s designed to withstand racing conditions at redline for extended periods of time.
      Now whether it was built that way by the engine shop is a different story. But the blueprint outlines the design clearly.