Ursula Burns: We Live in a Society Where the Rules Are Made by White Men | Amanpour and Company
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- As CEO of Xerox, Ursula Burns was the first Black woman to run a Fortune 500 company. Now she sits on the boards of Uber, ExxonMobil, Nestlé, and more. Her new memoir charts her incredible rise to the top, from growing up on welfare to controlling a multi-billion dollar company. Burns speaks with Walter Isaacson about getting more women and people of color into STEM, and offers advice for the next generation of business leaders.
Originally aired on July 22, 2021.
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Amanpour and Company features wide-ranging, in-depth conversations with global thought leaders and cultural influencers on the issues and trends impacting the world each day, from politics, business and technology to arts, science and sports. Christiane Amanpour leads the conversation on global and domestic news from London with contributions by prominent journalists Walter Isaacson, Michel Martin, Alicia Menendez and Hari Sreenivasan from the Tisch WNET Studios at Lincoln Center in New York City.
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It's very hard to reach the top of giant corporation with your humanity in tact.
Humanity?? Damn.....i thought that was one of those trained silverback gorillas. Or maybe a big chimp....?? Never woulda thought that thing was a human.
Many kids let themselves get washed out by thinking they're not cut out for something difficult, when actually they could be great but maybe take 2 or 3 times longer than a talented student, but that's still only a few years' difference.
That's a really good point. It may take you an extra year or two but in a 40 year career that's not a huge deal. If it takes you 6 years to get an engineering degree you're probably not going to invent a power plant that runs on nuclear waste but if you like what you're doing and you make a good wage, that's not bad at all.
@@solarwind907 Why do you seem to assume that 'taking 6 years to get that degree' has anything to do with what might be acheived in the course of a career?
@@karenjohannessen8987 well, if we assume that people who acquire a degree in four years are better at following through on tasks than those who require six years - wouldn’t that lead you to believe they would probably accomplish more in their lives? Would you assume that people who take longer to get something done generally accomplish more??
I guess that if I bet against the slow learners in life, I’d win more money than I’d lose.
Of course it depends on the reason it takes a person longer. Sickness, family problems, bad luck, poverty, lots of reasons are very capable hard-working person could take longer to get a degree. I never got one so speaking from experience I can tell you it was not because I was smarter than everyone else or accomplished more in my life. Quite the contrary. But, had I finish school and got an engineering degree instead of quitting and working for jerks much of my life, my life would have been easier.
Anyway, I hope that answers your question
True dat. However, two or three years is quite a stretch of time for a person to be patient.
Are you talking about kids making adult decisions 23rd year decisions as a child really
I love this woman who is speaking my truth - I've been passed over for jobs because of 'affirmative action' and I said "so be it" - I never cared. I knew it was ultimately fair. And she's correct - even white women suffer from this white man's world. I'm a single mom, paid half of what men in my field are paid, have to fight and struggle for everything I can get in this society because of white men. They make the rules to benefit themselves only, and I see it across every aspect of America, but especially now when they are desperate to preserve their privilege. Just look at the images in the media - the optics speak for themselves. This is still a white mans world. I applaud Ursula's courage and support her ideas. Thank you Ursula.
Blacks have many priviledges Whites dont
The population began with the male being the strongest. We are merely evolving and it’s taking a long time.
@@cathithomas2888Male still strongest but ceded power females
@@briannichols9491 Please name these "many privileges" melanated people have that whites don't.
@@misstunes1765 Not "colored people" black people specifically....millions have got jobs they werent qualified for and millions have gotten into schools they werent qualified for ie see Asians suing Ivy League schools for choosing black students with lower test scores over them.....That is "Systemic" racism
Being poor and not have access to education and tutoring, guidance counseling, and parents who were too busy working, the ONLY reason I am where I am is self determination and a local library, I often think where I could have been if given more tools.
EDUCAATION is the ticket OUT of poverty but it's still a struggle for minorities.
In 2021 Education is a ticket for perpetual debt because we don't have jobs for you. And if your black you can forget it.
I read about her when she first became CEO of Xerox. I admired her then and cannot wait to read her book. Thank you PBS for continuing to inform.
This woman, whom I had not heard of before seeing this, is a perfect representation of
all who have benefited from affirmative action. It should not be seen as a negative on anyone’s resume. She deserves every benefit she has received. 👍
Your mother had good values and understood her responsibility of the importance of education
For her childern.
Great interview. It's wonderful to hear both her incredible success story and her acknowledgement of structural racism. I also appreciate seeing her data-driven assessment of corporate leadership.
yes, its clear she's been held back, unable to succeed in corporate America. poor thing struggling as CEO of a major corporation.
This was a eye opener, people who aspire to be successful, associate with successful people…
I appreciate her vision of making it easier for women to be in the workforce through child care. What disturbs me, sociologically, are the generational results of the first and primary nurturers of children being strangers.
One wonders what amount of time her mother was able to spend with her a day or was she sent to child care but her mother was still able to influence her so much.
I graduated from high school in 1976 (Ohio). In Algebra II, Trig and Geometry I would finish all the problems in the book in a few weeks. The teachers, who were female, would yell at me and tell me to stop going ahead. I was done with the book. They never told us what you do with any of it. What it was used for. Engineering was never discussed. Didn't know it existed. I had an almost perfect score on my college math sections of the SAT and ACT. Still no one told me about the possibilities. I was told to make sure I took typing.
Yep. Similar experience. I was raised in Ohio and graduated high school in 1969. I was lucky to have science and math teachers who encouraged me. Still the guidance counselor recommended a writing career. I ended up doing both. Eventually got a Ph.D. in an engineering field and made money by writing technical documents on a contract basis when engineering jobs were hard to find. Now I make extra money online using my science and writing skills. All in all, things have turned out well.
Excellent interview. We need more like this one - honest to our core. Glad to now know Ursula Burns - she's fantastic.
Very impressed with your speaker today.
She vocalizes my sentiments wholeheartedly. I was a high school teacher at one time. Even though our technology has advanced our education system has not. I also feel the government is largely responsible for the suppression and educational advancement because of fear that someone might take their job. But besides that, we are not preparing our children nor are we tapping in to our natural resources that, the diversity of our culture brings to the table.
Exactly! 🙏☮️
What an inspiring story. Respect.
Change happens as people like her are heard out .... Thank you. Many women are very busy many raising children who will turn out to be educated and competitive. Change happens.
Her mama did a good job, you honor her with your book, she honors you with compassion and vision
We have some awesome Black people still fighting the fight. Thank you Ursula.
Although I agree and like what Ms. Burns says, I have one complaint. She mentions Blacks, Hispanics and White women. NO mention of First Nations men OR women. First Nations people ARE NOT EXTINCT. And this is THEIR land. Deb Haaland, Laguna Pueblo, is the first First Nations person to hold a cabinet position in the US government.
She is so right on so many topics. Even today in the US women disproportionately carry the hardship of raising children, caring for disabled family, the elderly etc. They make no income for doing this work. This is the work that literally holds our entire social structure together. When women do enter the workplace they are paid less for more work. It’s the same issue of being undervalued for your contribution. Most of the the higher positions in government, corporate boardrooms, and high paying jobs in general are dominated by men. This has created a uneven and undervalued mindset in society regarding women. We must all evolve together to overcome the challenges of limiting beliefs and systems that are handicapping our society from progressing to a better future.
Great woman. Please have her make Nestlé stop taking California's water.
She's so impressive, not only for her achievements, but for keeping her humanity and care for others! Besides RESPECT, I want to add EXPECT- from her mother to her guidance counselors, and probably others in her life. The best way to respect all members of our society is to expect more, not less. And to make sure the structures don't present obstacles. (I love her example of the golf course!)
There were some real blessings. I think this is an amazing story. From Panama, high school educated Mom... a blessing, she had high school. An immigrant, a blessing. I think most immigrants reach for more. Thank you for telling your story.
What an inspiring woman. Thank you!
As an Academic Advisor, I am very proud of this accomplished woman’s college advisor. Too often, I hear stories of guidance counselors who discourage students. Also, her mom sounds like an amazing woman.
Excellent guest.
I need to read her book. I would love to learn her thoughts on the current political climate and the slide towards fascism and what measures people of color should consider if this happens. She may see things which may open my eyes to other possibilities. Currently, I have given up on the US and therefore I invest time mentoring people of color during their journey migrating from the US.
Thank you for your work Maggie.
I had a patient this weekend thta I had admitted to my psych hospital tht I work at who was a black american. He studied to be a mechanical engineer and was denied apprenticeship due to racism after completing his program. His life went completely downhill aftr that for 30 years.
Or, maybe he had mental issues that were obvious to potential employers? There is no boogie man, there is no “systemic” racism, everyone has it better than ever before in this country. You should be ashamed of yourself for perpetuating this lie. Do you feed this BS to people coming into the facility you work at knowing they are in a weak mental state? I think I know the answer…
@@mcwilliams4546 like I said, she is first generation immigrant not foundational black American. The discrimination against us real and deliberate
Great interview, absolutely fantastic woman, with a brilliant perspective on what needs to happen. Invite her back.
I must say that this was an excellent interview! RESPECT to Ursula & please keep doing what you do!!!!!❤️❤️❤️❤️
I remember when black maids would take care of white families homes, with children, while both white spouses worked. And got paid the same, even when child care was around. Now a lot of Mexican women do the same jobs at lower pay. I’m glad she moved on up!
He asked. Should corporations take a stand on social and political issues? Ahhh! What? They always have. And it’s always been about maintaining the status quo. Let’s socialize the fact that corporations taking a stand is not new. It’s just a new kind of stand that they are taking. Thanks for considering that idea.
All white people that feel that not all white people agree with white men ruling everything need to stop being afraid to speak up and speak out for others trying to get into those positions. A level playing field is all POC are asking. And the field definitely for 400 years haven't been level at all, not in the least bit. And that needs to come to an end if America is to have any shot at the future. White people in general CAN'T be the only one's prospering in America's economy. A country won't last long operating like that, period. EVERYONE HAS TO PROSPER NOT JUST A FEW, BECAUSE OF ONE'S SKIN COLOR.
Who is this person, and what makes her think her "rules" would be any better?
SMH…
@10:57--You can't "level the playing field of today" without fixing the sins of the past.
So true. Nor does prevaricating about them excuse them in any way.
What constructive actions have been undertaken in a serious manner? What provisions have been made already with a consistently productive result? That’s the only way to correct anything.
You cannot possibly get to “level playing fields” by claiming that inequality & injustice = level. And “let’s start from already wrong & work forward toward right” without removing the incorrect input altogether.
Ms.Burns, I'm all in with your thought process. Thank You...
I WISH MY MOTHER WOULD HAVE ENCOURAGED ME LIKE YOUR MOTHER! ALL MY MOTHER KNEW TO DO WAS TO BE JEALOUS AND TRY AND HAVE OR GET WHAT EVER SHE COULD FROM ME! BUT GOD!!
She is so inspiring to me. She is one of my favorite influences in business. There is nothing like being raised by a mother that aspires you to be great and balanced at the same time.
Enjoyed and learned a lot from her book. She even had a speech/dialect coach as she moved up in the Xerox hierarchy. At one point, her salary package was over $20 million.
Ursula Burns, Champion, Hero Warrior Goddess!
wonderful, spot on. Thanks!
My cousin has a company that encourages STEM learning it is for small children called Paige and Paxton. They are great educational books and resources for young children to learn about STEM.
Brilliant woman. Such respect.
PS. Please stop selling everything from hamburgers to light bulbs with images of a woman’s half naked body. That rap is so tired.
Don’t ever forget, education is the key
What a great attitude. Thank you. You probly have set a few free today. We can if we find a way to loose the old hindrances and adapt to an I can succeed. It is .everyone's choice and you figured how to do yours 👏
Inspiring !!!!!
Awesome lady! Now I have to read her book.
read Agenda 2030 instead, you might actually learn something
Please change the title. This is wrong and clickbait. Ursula says so more then the title. I’m insulted.
Dear Genius, suggest a title. Or run your own TV video channel. Everyone complains.
@@rosalindmartin4469 I don't work for PBS. If paid, of course :)
@@rosalindmartin4469 This is America, if people didn't complain you wouldn't enjoy many aspects of your American life. If you don't like it, be mature; focus your energy elsewhere. Otherwise, you're in the wrong country.
Xerox is a world class corp.
Imagine that, not a leg up, but a level playing field. We work so hard we would do what always happens…take over. Tiger Woods, Williams sisters, Simone Biles basket ball, Tyler Perry, Oprah etc. etc etc.
Even though all of what she said, you will still have white people that will watch this and still completely miss the point of structural racism in this country. And at some point you just say, "I hope you guys figure it out, but I am tired of trying to explain it to you."
So be it. I love this woman & want to hear more from her! I appreciate how she included women & other poc to the list of those suppressed in this white mans world. Our suppression may not look the same but it’s there. In that way, hopefully, we can understand each other or better yet, work together to lift each other up.
Ursula talk about how grocery stores are increasing the price of food, and making the boxes smaller. I just came back from Pete's & the boxes of cereal (to cite an example) are getting smaller & the price is rising. Aldi just makes boxes smaller but does not make them more expensive like Pete's. I could care less about your"incredible rise to the top".
That has been going on for decades!
Hahaha ....yet you do ....YOU are HERE... hahahaha
Jealousy ???? Oh goodness 😱 ..NO
Hahahaha
The mother is an immigrant from Panama? Once again, no equivalent black foundational American
She doesn't own Xerox birdbrain. Shes just an employee. If it wasnt for MLK you'd folks would be still climbing bannana trees bare foot peeling coconuts with your teeth.
@@SaturnStarOfDavid MLK? We made our presence in America felt long before MLK who admitted before he was murdered by the government, that he led us into a burning house
Great piece. I would like to add that impoverished single women, like myself, need to also be included in this conversation. Even with new views and new laws and programs coming out seem to exclude white single moms in poverty. It all needs to be looked at and changed.
The last time I heard, 25% of households are single parent. Those add up to big numbers of moms like you and my mom. It never gets any easier it seems. I remember hearing Reagan demonizing welfare moms and feeling so left out of America. So I hear you, but at least you aren't facing racism on top of sexism. That would be even worse.
This has been my lament...'you can be a teacher or a nurse...amen!' I love listening to this woman...she transcends color...what a blast of 'affirmative energy' for all women. Thanks!
Pleasant n wise interview.
I remember the box of "careers" that we were presented with in 9th grade so we could plan our future. "Here is the box. Pick something," was the instruction. I wonder if the boys got a little more guidance than the girls.
I don’t remember being asked the question. Don’t remember being told about it
I am 70 years old. Career Day in 9th grade: girls: teacher, nurse, or secretary? A woman doctor? A woman banker or businessperson? A woman airplane pilot? LOL! Well, a stewardess - yes, if you are pretty....
"not only myself but myself and a whole bunch of of patriots...." Love it!
This is absolutely true 💝
Detroit has DAPCEP program for future engineers.
I am so so sick identity politics. We had a black POTUS, black SCOTUS, black every thing and still this tired label, victim. I'm a white woman and we were considered property until 1850. Black men could vote 50 years before white women could. I'm pretty sure Clarence Thomas voted to take away my rights to private health access. This woman is clearly priveleged - privileged because of her mom's struggle. This is the story of America she should be celebrating! Further - come to my town and I will introduce to you many many women struggling unbelievably struggling today - none of the POC. This race as determinant narrative must be challenged.
I wonder what it's like to feel good
It will be helpful if we have vision papers on how society needs to look like.. We have understood over last 200+ years that the white male visions have problems
Without White Male vision u would not have Democracy,human rights,feminism,prosperity,environmentalism, Science,Medical Science, Advancements in Agricultural production ect.ect. ect.
@@briannichols9491 sure. It's to peg the problems that male vision has. Not at all to take away the enormous contribution
@@briannichols9491 but what would we have that we can't even imagine if the playing field were level? Who invented peanut butter?
@@nygrl6102 It is level and has been for long time
@@briannichols9491 spoken like a true white male. Women still don't have equal pay for equal work.
HELL YEAH WHITE MEN WE RUN THIS
And this has been the status quo for centuries ..We now are changing for the better..!!!
Why do we need manufacturing engineers when we have planed on having all manufacturing done off shore for decades.
The design work and planning is done in the US. The physical labor is done overseas.
@@Safphron Product design here. Process and tool design done there.
Thank you for this interview and all its wisdom and direction
I DON’T THINK YOUR MOTHER’S SAYINGS WERE COUKIE AT ALL!!
Your mothers hard life ..gave her the wisdom to instill in you your Cartier..
What makes you think your laws would be any better?
Marxist maddness...
correction, by rich people, not necessarily White Men, that is not only racist but sexist...hope she does not run Xerox in the same way and attitude.
"Level The Playing Field Of Today"🎤🎤🎤🎤
Done...
The Structure is the System that China done better! But that nation isn’t equal men to women!
Would love have her on our board TU YOU KNOW,
Perhaps she would have preferred the rules of Idi Amin Dada Oumee.
Truth is truth
@Jason Alaimo-And falsehoods and lies are exactly that as well. Especially when they’re perpetuated by MSM sucked up by gullible SJWs…
When i lived in Africa the rules were made by black men, strange.
That’s what you think but you’ll figure it out.
So how did she get to where she is now. I'm sure there were a few nice white guys that helped her? Not one? We only hear the bad
Ok..so shes talking about the bad ones...she DIDNT say ALL..THATS WHAT PEOPLE DONT GET
You must read the book. She had a variety of mentors, including two white men who were in the upper echelon of Xerox.
Walter is a great journalist…. He is very passionate and really enjoys his quests … plz mentor Hari … he needs help bad
When you LOOK at Walter and Ursula they could almost be in a relationship together.
what????? .🤔
@@clarkclarke Lol, I was just feeling silly.
The system is the “problem “! Change the system! Capital ism ! That is the system must change!
@K P-What alternative system do you propose?
Brilliant women and o so grounded. I think like in Rome.and a lot of✝️🕎 European countries these people in many book portray themselves as gods, like this childish fantasy of Zuse.ect ect and them being gods on Earth.you must do away with that notions that your Earthly gods I say no your trying to be gods but serve a god like all sinful unspiritual ,born🤲 again people wonderful👍🏾 platform and this women do nothing ♀️but honor to her famely and millions of other despite race and orgian, 🙏🏾📖🙏🏾🤲🌹💐💐💐🌹🌹I can say the lord has bless you in👑 spirit trouth and wealth.Aman.
Ms Burns and her mother’s story is an example of why we need to welcome immigrants.
They add fresh blood and ambition to our society.
We all benefit from that kind of positive change.
Why would you be against that?,
Not to mention we get introduced to great cultures and cuisines.
And women
💯
I cant believe she called children "assets". Omg how dehumanizing..
Poverty is a mentality and comes in all colors. Merit and competence does not equal any skin color. Affirmative action is not based off who is better qualified or skilled at something but rather skin or gender. When it comes to my health, i want a dr who got their degree based off knowledge and competency, not some placed person based off skin color that would have otherwise failed but given a degree bc of their skin color or gender to meet the affirmative action numbers! That is inequity at its core! And Thats happening now people, in all areas, even our military.
Idk what numbers she looking at but our latino population rank very high in self made-business ownership. Maybe she doesnt see individuals starting your own business as part of being successful. Bc in her marxist utopia there is no individual ownership for the anyone except the State and the State's wealthy friends.
You do realize that all doctors, no matter their skin color, has to take a licensed exam and pass in order to practice right? Or do they give the easy exam to the folks of darker shades? You must be slow and just never diagnosed properly.
No - rules are made by the owner class. By you people, essentially.
Excellent interview.
What was so excellent about it?
Rules are made by the very rich ...yes here they are white but ...not all white people feel that they are right. So it would be nice if you would not say white people .
It would be helpful if more of the whites who don't agree with the current power structure exercised real allyship and protested, voted, and invested their energies against it. If you don't support the white male power structure, and what she is saying doesn't apply to you then act like it. Complacency is complicity.
@Miss Tunes-Imagine the good you could accomplish if you devoted your energy into something other than fighting the imaginary boogie man. You could probably do great things.
Jesus is God & He loves you
Jesus will soon be seen by all men, women, and children up in the clouds. Jesus is returning now! Believe and be saved.
Exodus 3:14 (God speaking)
And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you
John 8:58 (Jesus speaking)
Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am.
John 10:30 (Jesus speaking)
I and my Father are one.
Isaiah 9:6
For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, *The everlasting Father,* The Prince of Peace.
Matthew 1:23.
Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, *God with us.*
John 1:1 & 14
1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
14 And the Word was made flesh (Lord Jesus), and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth.
John 8:24 (Jesus speaking)
I said therefore unto you, that ye shall die in your sins: for if ye believe not that I am he, ye shall die in your sins.
John 14:9 (Jesus speaking)
Jesus saith unto him, Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen me hath seen the Father; and how sayest thou then, Show us the Father?
Hebrews 1:1-3, & 8 (God calls His Son "O God" because Jesus IS God in the flesh)
1 God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets,
2 Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds;
3 Who being the brightness of his glory, and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high;
8 But unto the Son he saith, Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: a sceptre of righteousness is the sceptre of thy kingdom.
1 John 5:7
For there are three that bear record in heaven the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.
Titus 2:13
Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;
Revelation 1:7
Behold, he cometh with clouds; *and every eye shall see him,* and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail because of him. Even so, Amen.
Isaiah 44:6 (God speaking)
Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel, and his redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no God.
Revelation 1:8 (Jesus speaking)
I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, *the Almighty.*
Revelation 22:13 (Jesus speaking)
I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.
---
There Are None Righteous / How To Be Saved
Romans 3:10 & 23.
10 As it is written, There is none righteous no not one
23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God;
Luke 5:31-32 (Jesus speaking)
31 And Jesus answering said unto them, They that are whole need not a physician; but they that are sick.
32 I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.
1 Peter 3:18 (The word “quicken” means “to make alive”)
For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit:
Romans 10:9
That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.
Acts 4:12
Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.
Ephesians 2:8-9
8 For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God:
9 Not of works, lest any man should boast.
SPOT.ON!!!!!!!!
If you’re an immigrant or child of one like her or her husband, please be thankful for being allowed to come here and get jobs that should go to Americans first. Be thankful for getting into public housing like Ursula and her husband Mr. Bean did. Be thankful for American tax dollars that helped you with food and medical expenses when you lived in the government housing. Be thankful for the American Citizenship you both got. If you research Mr. Bean he got the the job at Xerox bc of diversity / affirmative action and so did his wife. I’m happy for them. I like to earn my own way in life knowing I was hired bc of my qualifications.
Jealous much?
The American Dream in action. We all need to have the opportunity to take action.
Good for her. Instead of blaming white men be happy that there was a system where she could attain her success. What if she was in Africa? Would her highest achievement have been village chief? Let's be realistic here instead of always complaining about a victim past. What if there was no housing projects? Why was her mother a single parent? This women's success is mostly likely based on her mother coming from Panama where people don't complain more about their lot in life than making efforts for success the way black Americans do. For them the glass is always half empty.
"I started out poor but became a vicious viper that makes sure most remain poor and exploited."
Sucks.
They have left that wisdom to the family to tell you. But like you where saying, all your mom could do is try to stay alive. We were born when we freed ourselves(united states circa 1864). You most likely were freed from Spaniards.
Single mothers
Judge me by my size do you?