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SUBMARINE DIESEL ENGINES WWII U.S. NAVY TRAINING FILM FAIRBANKS MORSE 17984
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- čas přidán 10. 03. 2021
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This black & white U.S. Navy educational/training film was created under the direction of the Engineering Department of the Submarine School at New London, Connecticut during WWII. The film is about different types of diesel engines, especially the ones found in the new fleet submarines, which were built by Fairbanks Morse.
Opening titles: (no title) card noting that film was made under the Technical direction of the Engineering Department Submarine School, U.S. Sub Base in New London, CT
(:06-:12). Diesel engine backstory. The fire piston was made in Southeastern Asia. The tube/stick is shown, a tinder was put at the end of the stick. How this process works is shown live and in a diagram. Another example is shown with thermometers, a gauge and compressed air, this process is called compression ignition (:13-2:59). A piece of rubber is stretched over a container and then placed on a flame. The animation shows compression ignition and expansion. The piston is shown, adding a connection rod to make a crankshaft, then housing and a base is added. The engine is then shown working. This is shown and explained in animation. A diesel engine is shown working in animation. Intake, compression, power, exhaust is explained. The piston is shown moving (3:00-5:53). Title: Two Stroke Cycle engine. This type of engine is shown in animation and explained. The piston moves and the engine is working. Large diesel engine, two stroke type is shown (5:54-8:11). Another type of two stroke cycle diesel engine is shown in animation and explained. Piston is shown working and driving the air pump (8:12-10:00). Title: Double Acting Engine. This type of engine is in the new submarines. The piston rod, crosshead, connecting rod and stuffing box are shown and explained. How this type of engine works is explained and shown in animation (10:01-12:42). Title: Opposed-Piston Engine. This is shown, its quite large and used in the submarines. Two pistons in each cylinder - exhaust ports, scavenge ports are shown. How this type of engine works is shown and explain via animation (12:43-15:11). Title: Scavenging Systems. Multiple lobe displacement blower is shown and then how it works is shown and explained via animation and with the actual machine. Two stroke cycle engine. A uni-flow system is shown animated and explained. Types of scavenging systems are: Loop, Uni-flow, and Direct (15:12-17:05). Title: Supercharging. Animation shows fuel in the engine. Supercharging is explained and shown with the animated engine. Two stroke cycle is shown supercharging as well. Opposed piston engine is shown supercharging in animation (17:06-20:48). Title: Fuel Injection Systems. Air injection system is shown. A man stands near an engine. First stage compression, second and third stage are shown as well. The fuel pump is shown and explained as well (20:49-23:59). Oil and spray air. Oil enters the chamber, valve stem is lifted, fuel is blown into the cylinder as a spray (24:00-24:48). Most diesel engines in the submarine have an individual fuel pump. Bosch fuel pump is explained and shown. Winton unit injector is an injection unit, this is shown and explained via animation. Close on the fuel through the spray hose (24:49-27:40). End credits (27:21-27:48).
In 1939 Fairbanks-Morse developed a marine diesel engine using an unusual opposed piston design, similar in arrangement to a series of German Junkers aircraft diesels. The most common variant for submarines through the 1990s was the 38D 8-1/8 engine, ranging from 4 to 12 cylinders. This engine was delivered to the U.S. Navy in large numbers, often for use in fleet submarines, which used 9- or 10-cylinder versions as main engines in World War II. When the innovative but faulty "pancake" engines of the Tang class boats proved unworkable, they were replaced with World War II-style Fairbanks-Morse engines, and these remained standard on US diesel-powered submarines through the early 1960s.
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I had no idea how big diesel engines could be until my company had a contract with Fairbanks Morse. Their ship engines were the size of a city bus.
Those engine animations are ridiculously smooth. They actually animated all 24 frames per second, not cheaping out by doing doubles!
I really enjoy these films. I'm a former Navy and Merchant Marine engineer. I could watch this stuff all day. I have run and maintained, Cleaver Brooks, Foster Wheeler, Babcock and Wilcox boilers, GE & Westinghouse turbines, repaired, Fairbanks Morse, Caterpillars, Detroits, 10 to 20 cylinder EMD 645's, Alcos, Alpha Laval, Sulzer diesels and many others. Watching this makes me miss it. Thank you.
This brings back memories from 50 years ago when I was going through the Navy's Engineman A school at Great Lakes. Later I worked on the FM opposed piston engines. Also worked on the EMD 12 and 16-567 engines. I did that until 1994. Also worked on the Detroit 16V149TI engines on the Perry class Frigates. Also as LCM6 engineer hauling Marines and their gear around the south china sea. But that was a lifetime ago.
Thanks for the memories.
Respect to all the brave men who built, maintained and operated these relics of engineering history
Thank you. It was a duty and an honor
These films are fine examples of a time when people were focused and disciplined in thought, as well as eloquent in the written and spoken word.
Tru dat
@@avman2cl lmfao
Yo u r8 br0! :)
Because everybody could read back then and there was no crime or poverty.
Why do people believe that we just became an innocent nation during the war
This is still the ethic of the technical publications industry. While the writing is more prosaic than poetic and the illustration likewise, clarity of thought is essential for unambiguously describing the principles, operation, maintenance and troubleshooting of technology. Ideologues are ill-suited to the task.
My favorite part of videos like this is the hand drawn and hand animated artwork. The technical illustrations are wonderful.
Extremely interesting designs of diesel engines... It is no wonder the 2-stroke engines were so efficient... Less valve train mechanism to operate, with twice as many power strokes... The mechanically run superchargers did absorb some power, but they still ended up producing more power per pound of fuel than the 4-stroke engines... The mechanical unit fuel injectors with their own high pressure fuel pumps were being used way back when this film was produced (which ever year that was)... Extremely interesting designs and techniques to produce power....Thank you for posting this!!!
I wish would have had a film like this when I was in the Navy in the 80s and 90s. We had slow talking instructors and book that never answered WHY, just the method. We learned a lot from on the job training. God bless America.
It was the same way in the Air Force in the mid 80’s. I was in tech school February 86 at chanute AFB in Rantoul, IL to be trained as a jet engine mechanic and I did not look forward to the class work at all. It was the same slow talking Instructors with the low quality IBM copy drawings that could not be deciphered half the time but shop time turning wrenches was the best. I always learned better with OJT anyways.
Take care brother, be safe out there!!
This is one of the best and clearest films of this genre. The extra time spent in watching the various cycles work is extremely valuable.
Thank you for my first true understanding of how a diesel engine works.
Excellent instructional film as most WWII films were. Always impressive what engineers could produce without computers.
Being a retired GM tech ,these old films are the best I have seen to date.Anybody can learn basics and beyond . I love watching old instructional films.
I like the one called how to build a submarine it was impressive
Before high-speed digital electronic computers, there were lower-speed analog computers, consisting of brains, eyes and slide-rules. You used the tools available, whatever worked best.
@@jacquesblaque7728 and the pressure of war was very effective for innovation and motivation
@@BILLY-px3hw YES, look how fast the Chrysler Tank Arsenal was built.... not only were they engineering the tanks, but the machines to build them!
This is a top-notch training video. In a matter of mere minutes, I understand so much more than I did before. Next time I run into the son an old WW2 mechanic, I'm going to have half a chance of communicating with him. Cheers
My Dad was a machinist at Fairbanks during WWII. He ran an internal grinder and worked to .0001 precision.
The animation in this film is mesmerizing.
I can't get enough of these older films. So much more educational than today.
"Education" today is designed to produce a dumbed-down slave class.
Out on Midway Atoll, there were several great examples of submarine diesel motor generators. The largest is a Fairbanks Morse 900 RPM diesel that couples with a many ton flywheel to drive a generator. It was 1 of three that powered the island's naval presence. This F-M diesel was installed around 1959 and ran for around 40 years. The submarine power station had either 4 or 6 engine generator sets of the type used in submarines. I think, but not sure, that they were Westinghouse.
Wow, I was on Midway from 64 to 65. Too cool.
@@wangofree they weren’t even broke in yet when you were there! They had only been running for 5-6 years when you were there!!
Thank you for your service Mike and I’m glad you came home ok! I’m a Desert Storm Vet with ten years service in the Air Force myself. I sure miss those days and I wished I’d never gotten out!!
I worked my career in that building called the O.P. building in Beloit Wi. It was an honor and a duty to contribute my abilities towards our national defense. My time there was well spent
I remember this movie from my “Air Breathing Engines” Applied Thermodynamics course at WPI back in the 1970s.
I LOVE THESE OLD VIDEOS / TRAINING FILMS THANKS PERISCOPE FILMS
Great educational film ( video ) didn't realize that there were that many variations of diesel engines used in the WW2 subs , I'm an A&P for 26 years started on commercial airliners now been working on helicopters for the last 16 years. Love these old mechanical educational films . Very informative .
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At 14:00 there is a 36 second period with no narration. Can you imagine an editor today being able to that long without something? It's a good "i'll shut up and let you watch and think" moment.
I noticed that too, but not with the precision of time as you did Gary, well done!
Tremendous video explaining diesel engine and mechanical fuel injector layout and design in addition to other details like supercharging. Beautiful stuff.
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These films / videos for the military were excellent type with no computers at that time at all. All hand drawn animation, amazing !!!
Now I finally understand why Dick O'Kane referred to the Fairbanks-Morse engines on TANG and WAHOO as "Rock crushers"!
The city of Cushing, OK, maintains a municipal power plant which houses 11 old FM and Winton engines coupled with generators. The facility is actually rarely used, as it is utilized as a 'standby' power source for the grid in this area, but the engines are kept in running order and periodically tested. The facility is spotlessly maintained and looks more like a museum for mechanical equipment than an actual power plant.
Amazing that junkers used the 2 stroke Diesel engine in aircraft way back in the 1930’s and l remember well as a kid back in the 60’s here in Australia when l had an uncle that used to do interstate trucking here on the east coast and on school holidays l sometimes used to go from Melbourne to Sydney with him in his Commer “Knocker” prime mover pulling a small bogie trailer and it was powered by roots blown TS3 2stroke opposed piston which l later learned was a 3 cylinder six piston Diesel engine of around only 3.5 litres! And boy l remember the noise it used to unleash especially the long hills pulling a full load l used wear ear plugs given to me by my uncle but it was a big adventure back in those days on the highway, and can remember that those commers were king of the interstate along with petrol powered International R-190’s with the black diamond motors! And too bad that the company that made those great old commers sold out to Chrysler as they pulled the pin on the TS4 a larger 2 stroke diesel with a high specific power output for its day because they had an agreement with Perkins that they used in their Dodge trucks here in Australia but slong with the Detroit’s the commer TS3 2 strokers just sounded the best
I have 2 of those fire pistons in my survival pack. Great bits of kit..
Id never even heard of those until this video lol
Carry a ziplock bag with a couple of women's tampons....the cotton makes great tinder.
Omg thank you so much i love these old docs and I didn't really know how an engine even worked before this vid. So clear and concise I was expecting some rocket science shit. I want to thank the creator of this channel and it's content, such a broad range of fascinating topics.
Very impressive film. One has to remember that when this was made all the graphics are by hand. No CGI or auto cad.
The Fairbanks-Morse engines were incredibly durable. I know they were used in the Wind-Class Icebreakers, and also, I believe, used on the US Coast Guard cutter Storis, In almost continuous service for 64 years. Used as diesel-electric, just like they were used on submarines. I was stationed on the Storis and the Icebreaker Burton Island in early ‘70’s.
During World War II, the Navy operated a "Diesel School" in Richmond, Virginia to train all the future engine mechanics and operators to work with diesels. I think the huge building is still standing today. It's on the west side of I-95, south of the James River bridge, on the right side if you're southbound, just past the Maury St. exit, with the name Williams Bridge Company painted on the roof.
Way cool! I have driven past that location and always wondered what it was. Thanks!
I've been working as a ship mechanic for decades and I've never seen a better tutorial on diesel engines.
All of the early US nuclear subs up through USS Ohio had a Fairbanks 38ND 8 1/8 diesel. Starting them while submerged was the tricky part.
I love the gas exchange system of that MAN double-acting engine. The rotary valve in the exhaust is a great way to enable supercharging. But the design compromises and complications required to make it double-acting were too much to allow it to be successful. Cooling the piston was probably the worst: sealing telescoping tubes or oscillating grasshopper legs couldn't have been easy. And sealing the lower piston rod would be another problem. Stuffing boxes are always maintenance problems. Then the engineers would have to resist the temptation to make the upstroke as strong as the downstroke. The piston rod in the lower chamber limits the area that combustion pressure can act upon, so if fueling is adjusted to make the upstroke equal, the lower chamber is subjected to higher heat and pressure load.
All that being said,, I would love to hear a double-acting engine run.
I saw an updated version of this at EN A School in the seventies. The bit with the bamboo at the beginning is something I would have remembered. I got to run a Fairbanks Morse over under there. I got out to the fleet and everything I saw there were GM X71.
This is another great episode i liked how they talked about the submarine engine. How it works and the mechanics who have to learn how to maintain t the sub to keep it running good so they can be ready war or on patrol
The Hamilton double acting engines were always problematic and unreliable and were eliminated from service early in the war. Made under the name HOR (H stood for Hamilton) they were under license from MAN in Germany. Nice to see a depiction of one in this. Fairbanks-Morris opposed piston engines were what powered most of the navy subs. The Junkers aircraft company built engines of this type as aircraft engines during WW2. The "Winton" diesel is the engine that became the GM Cleveland Diesel engine and later EMD locomotive engine until about 2000. The Detroit Diesel engine was a reduced size version of the Winton engine GM made in it's Detroit plant.
Just adding that the Germans couldn't make the double-acting diesel reliable, either.
@@robdgaming Just by looking at how double acting engine works, one would guess it's not going to work well.
Waukesha VHP 30 year mechanic here, greetings fellow mechanics from Tehachapi Ca 93561
Those HOR engines were referred by the men running them as "whore" engines. These engines were common on the fleet boats produced in the late 30's. They were replaced mid war with much more reliable Winton or FM engines.
Admiral Richard O'Kane described them as rock crushers. More than a few time his engine room crews put their engines well past overload maximums. Never failed. Probably the most reliable engine ever put in a submarine.
Quality video. Doxford were another famous maker of opposed-piston marine engines. Sadly no longer with us.
Most modern 2-strokes (such as the Wartsila/Sulzer RTA and MAN B&W MC) are of the uniflow design with scavenge ports at the bottom of the cylinder and an exhaust valve at the top.
like the notably absent in this video detriot diesels...... and napier deltic
Это пожалуй лучшее видео про принципы работы дизельного мотора.
Whoa, I learned some things from this film and the comments section that I didn't know about diesel engine design and their use!
Oh they had the finest supercomputer conceived - the human brain !
Had the FB OP engines on the large Coast Guard Cutters.Lot's of fun changing out a cylinder liner.
Try doing it to a 81/8 on a submarine. Disassembling the engine was the easy part. Disassembling the machinery room above it was the hard part.
@@armcchargues8623 Hats off to you Submarine guys.Had to be tight.
@@armcchargues8623 That had to be a challenge
i’m going back in time, i’m gonna need this
Thanks, Periscope! Good film but shows once again that everything is a trade off somewhere. Getting more power but getting more complicated. I'd rather have reliability. Thanks again!
Actually, efficiency was the big motivator for diesels. It extended endurance. Reduced fire-hazard of diesel fuel compared to gasoline important too. Living IS learning.
@@jacquesblaque7728 you are correct...........to a point. Once upon a time you are absolutely correct, efficiency was a driving factor or performance But that is not the case anymore. It is much more important that they squeeze every foot pound of torque out of the new Diesel engines and then they will possibly give safety and efficiency a thought. Things flip flopped in the early 90’s and have been about performance ever since
Thank you so much for share this video !!!!!
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The ventilation onboarding a submarine to run these engines is very complex, but fun to line up. Especially submerged at PD😁
This video would make someone who hates engines love them.
Changed the world, like the invention of the electric motor. Going to batteries won't be as cheap, so everyone will be a bit poorer than with using the diesel. Very informative video.
Amazing what you can learn about thermodynamics. The mechanics of it is total geometry.
These engines are still on US 688 Los Angeles class nuclear submarines today. They are started with compressed air btw.
Check out the DELTIC opposed piston diesel.
Thank you for this video.
Love these educational archives from back when the world was a better place to be in. Society today is really screwed up bad. People today are mixed up and only care about how much better they are than anyone they come in contact with.
This was 1941, literally at the peak of WW2 when thousands of young women were becoming widows every single day.
Fairbanks Morse, still the diesel of choice for USN. Look up the HOR engine and the GM pancake engines. Criminal
Read about that !!! Poor guys who had to deal with it.
Loved my 81/8. Ran every time, all the time. Even when the reactor didn't...
@@armcchargues8623 Admiral Richard O'Kane, former captain of USS Tang described his Fairbanks Morse engines as rock crushers. They were capable of putting out tremendous amounts of power over and above their rated shaft horsepower. By putting them into overload roll coal and Tang would be off on the Run! Strongly recommend you read the book clear the bridge by Admiral Richard O'Kane, I also understand it is available in audiobook. I think the chief engineer on tank when she went down was petty officer or chief petty officer Delapp, still on patrol. They would have to basically hold down the safety switches on the electric motors and the Diesels to go into the overload that they were generating.
Thanks for posting this amazing video! Once again, I have to say how lucky I've been to find/subscribe to this channel. I've visited the USS Pampanito in SF more times than I can count. I finally know how its engines really work. Thank you!
Thank you, i love the old teaching videos
Dear Periscope Film. I'm glad you have provided these films. The watermark is fine. The on screen counter means your covering details.
Here's the issue: Tens of thousands of films similar to this one have been lost forever -- destroyed -- and many others are at risk. Our company preserves these precious bits of history one film at a time. How do we afford to do that? By selling them as stock footage to documentary filmmakers and broadcasters. If we did not have a counter, we could not afford to post films like these online, and no films would be preserved. It's that simple. So we ask you to bear with the watermark and timecodes.
In the past we tried many different systems including placing our timer at the bottom corner of our videos. What happened? Unscrupulous CZcams users downloaded our vids, blew them up so the timer was not visible, and re-posted them as their own content! We had to use content control to have the videos removed and shut down these channels. It's hard enough work preserving these films and posting them, without having to spend precious time dealing with policing thievery -- and not what we devoted ourselves to do.
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@@PeriscopeFilm I get what you're saying. Thanks for preserving these.
Awesome video with great information content. Thanks.
PV/T=PV/T is a very useful thing to learn.
In the double acting engine there is no way to cool the piston so BMEP must be kept low or lots of excess scavenging used, both of which reduce efficiency and power production.
great info
I had never seen or heard of a 'double acting' engine...............and I know why......its a terrible idea compared to a 2 stroke opposed piston engine with offset cranks like the Jumo aircraft diesel engine or the Fairbanks morse. A real gold mine video of weird and funky designs that were rightly killed off by natural selection.
P
Thanks, very informative
I was always taught it was Herbert Akroyd -Stuart who developed the combustion
ignition engine with engine maker Ruston, but it ran on coal dust injected by
compressed air, later the coal was replaced by oil, but still used the cumbersome
air injection.
Then Rudolph Diesel invented the jerk type fuel injection making AkroydStuarts
engine more practical. Rudolph mysteriously disappeared from a ship mid Atlantic,
AkroydStuart migrated to West Australia for health reasons and opened a large
engineering works in Fremantle.
2:53 "...this principle, called 'compression ignition', was developed by Rudolf Diesel.
*I'm pretty sure, that your documentary itself just mentioned that it was 'the peoples of Southeast Asia' that developed that. They simply never developed it into an engine for propulsion. They developed it for a device to light fires. And light cigarettes. Nonetheless, we should give credit where it is due, shouldn't we?*
It's petty to think we invented, or discovered everything.
"...look, good ole Chris Columbus hath discovered the New World!!!"
(Then what are all these people doing here, already, sir??!
-nevermind that, just row the boat, Bob!!)
😐😳😂
the compression ignition engine aka diesel engine was developed by Rudolf diesel tho.
No asian invented the compression ignition engine
Interesting some older ships used coal with boilers to move triple expansion pistons like the Titanic and Liberty Ships. Others use diesel engines like today's container ships. Others use bunker oil to heat boilers to produce steam to drive turbines. Even more interesting, in diesel submarines these engines charge batteries to run electrical generators, to power electric motors that powered the propellers while submerged. A reactor making steam to drive a turbine was a game changer for underwater operations.
Dang fine presentation. I learned a lot I never knew.
Excellent video...Thanks
This is actually a great video
Very understandable
Excellent explanation .
Bosch Fuel Pump , Love it !
I bet that double acting 2 stroke engine was a cooling and oiling nightmare.
Our 38ND81/8 ran for two weeks straight, never missed a beat. 170 degrees, 60 PSI oil pressure. 500KW all day and all night. And it would hum you to sleep.
I thought I would never understand how a car engine works before I die. Thanks US military people of the 1940s..
I'm glad you got it! I need to watch it again, 2, or 3, or 12 times again.
Those impellers were made on a shaper like the one abomb79 has
Awesome! Now I want to see a double acting opposed piston engine.
The UK has a bunch of them or had a bunch in their locomotives. You can run them down that way.
I find it hilarious that some people are currently hyping the opposed piston diesel as a brand new concept that will change the entire engine industry. You have to laugh at people who refuse to believe that the world existed and got along just fine before they were born into it.
@@ghost307 Right, pal. They think they're a lot more important than they really are. All I've ever seen out of one of them is unburned fuel smoke.
The Napier Deltic engine. Odd and fascinating.
Fascinating.
7:49"WHOOOOO!"
I just love this technology it still exists today
Extremely cool video
I find all this just fascinating. The increased pressure and thus power of a supercharged or turned engine has got to be hell on gaskets, I would think the gaskets would have to be stronger to handle the increased pressure.
This is so well done. With my affinity for 2 stroke motorcycles, I wonder about having an exhaust valve in that case would work. With the opposed piston engine, heat is conserved via the absence of a head, or that the "head" is the other piston. gain some efficiency that way.
Years ago i went to work for a utility company..Part of the job was to service and run a very old city diesel.natural gas power power station . The were several types of engines including the OP fairbanks Morris... i remember being told that one crank was advanced..Seems the was the Enterprise and Norrisburg i think .. Dual fuel units , There no longer there . We would start them up and generate power to test the unit ..
2:54 > 755°K/296°K X 16 X 14.7 = (T2/T1) x CR x 1atm. = 40.8 X 14.7 = 600psi
= cylinder pressure at TDC
900°f = 755°K
74°f = 296°K
1atm = 14.7psi
CR = 16:1
Would have been great to hear each one running.
I bet it sounds good.
Compression does not create heat. It concentrates it.
I'm scratching my head thinking about the amount of time either valve is opened to allow air in or exhaust out. That has got to be a tremendous amount of intake air or exhaust gas pressure that has less than a blink of an eye to react.
Diesel Boats Forever
And we today almost immediately become reminded that power is not given by or measured in 'burn cycles or ignitions per revolution' but nm/second - i can produce double the power just the same way by letting the very simple typ engine turn around twice as fast. That's what we do today (not because we are stupid, but smart).
That double acting set up was the first I've ever seen. I didn't think a 1stroke engine was possible.
Awesome.
I often wonder how the piston/cylinders are adequately lubed on an arrangement like this. They are not like a 2 stroke bike engine where the oil is mixed with the petrol, so how do they not sieze?
Different animal. In a two-stroke bike engine, the air/fuel mixture for combustion is drawn into the crankcase on the upward stroke of the piston. It must either contain lubricating oil (premixed with the gas), or else have it injected into the mixture, for the bottom end of the motor. This mixture is then forced up through ports by the downward stroke to the top end, where gas, air and oil together are compressed and burned, making them very dirty. In two-stroke diesel engines, supercharging is used to move the air, and fuel is introduced an instant before the power stroke. The air used in the combustion process never enters the crankcase, so the crank and pistons can be lubricated independently.
nice video!
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How about a double acting opposed piston 2 stroke diesel engine?
I can't believe it now the new technology. Opposed piston.
"at thirteen miles a minute" - Or in less occult units, 1.94 hectofurlongs per myriofortnight.
(just under sea-level speed-of-sound)
It looks like these engines would generate a lot of mechanical noise. Standing beside these engines was probably deafening .
Thanks for these movies - just a suggestion - can you move the timer down to the very lower extreme of the screen or to the left or right? Often the timer detracts from the images on the screen. Have a safe and nice day all. CHEERS from AUSTRALIA.
Were any engines made that used air direct injectors instead of having an intake valve? If they can direct inject fuel, couldn't they directly inject air into the cylinder?
I must have missed the part when he explains how the engine ( and crew ) of the submarine can get the air that is vital to operation. :)
The Diesels were run only on the surface or with the use of a snorkel. Otherwise the sub moved using batteries that were later recharged by the Diesels while the sub ran on the surface, usually at night. Or so the Germans would have us believe.😊
@@williambozynski1176 Thanks William, and you know, I knew that, but had a lapse of thinking there when I asked that question. I appreciate your straight up answer.
Cheers!
... or so the Germans would have us believe...😂😂😂
God Bless Norm McDonald!!!
How do they drill those microscopic holes (my old eyes can't even see them) in the injector nose?