2-Minute Neuroscience: Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
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- čas přidán 12. 09. 2024
- The direct pathway is a circuit in the basal ganglia best-known for its hypothesized role in movement. In this video, I discuss the structures that are considered part of the direct pathway, and explain how they are thought to work together to facilitate movement.
For an article (on my website) that explains basal ganglia function, click this link: neuroscientifi...
TRANSCRIPT:
The basal ganglia are a group of structures that are generally considered to include the caudate and putamen (which are collectively known as the striatum), the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The globus pallidus is further divided into internal and external segments, and the substantia nigra is divided into the substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata. The direct pathway is a circuit in the basal ganglia best-known for its hypothesized role in movement.
The direct pathway model involves glutamate neurons that project from the thalamus to motor regions of the cerebral cortex. These excitatory projections are thought to be involved with stimulating movement. Neurons from the globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata, however, project to the thalamus and maintain a steady release of the neurotransmitter GABA which acts to inhibit the thalamic neurons and suppress movement. This mechanism is thought to be important in keeping unwanted movements from occurring. When we want to make a movement, however, information about the movement is sent from the cortex to the striatum via the corticostriatal pathway. Glutamate neurons in this pathway excite neurons in the striatum, and the activated striatal neurons release GABA in the globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata, inhibiting the activity of these regions and stopping the inhibition of neurons in the thalamus that are involved with movement. This effectively opens a gate for movement to occur. Activity along this pathway tends to occur just prior to a movement, and thus has been linked to the facilitation of movement.
The substantia nigra pars compacta is thought to modulate the activity of the direct pathway. Neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta travel to the striatum via the nigrostriatal pathway, and release dopamine in the striatum. One effect of this seems to be the facilitation of activity in the direct pathway.
References:
Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Dec 1;2(12):a009621. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009621.
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, Mooney RD, Platt ML, White LE, eds. Neuroscience. 6th ed. New York. Sinauer Associates; 2018.
Special thanks to Nicole Lookfong for help with fact-checking the script for this video.
good video !today i officially give up understanding and or memorizing this pathway and it shall forever remain vague and grey in my brain. i have made peace with that fact.
Hahaha same
Yes , this video made it things very clear for me too. Cant learn this stuff. So relieving
I will never get why random ass youtube videos (that's meant in a good way) are easier to understand and better illustrated than my neuroscience lectures.
Nowadays I don't even start reading the chapter of the books before checking out a video. Look how easy it is to comprehend this! Insane. Kudos and thanks for carrying me through my Uni ^^
This is the most straightforward and easy to understand explanation for the direct pathway. Thank you so much!
I am a psychology/biology double-major, and I was a research assistant in the laboratory of behavioral and neural plasticity for most of the duration of my undergraduate program. We were researching neural mechanisms that lead to substance use disorders, focusing on how long-term exposure to stimulant drugs of abuse negatively affect the mechanisms in the brain that regulate the release of dopamine. At any rate, this video reminded me of how much I enjoy learning about the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortico circuit!
That's low-key mad lit. And what was to become of the research? Did you just do a meta-analysis? What were the long-term effects, if any, did you guys find?
I can imagine higher association with dopaminergic diseases like Parkinson's or basal ganglia....so more tremors, loss of fine control over time, etc??
(2/28/23, 11:39 PM)
Thanks man, I'm already lost with all this CNS shenanigans just now until I found your channel.
ALWAYS WILL BE GRATEFULL WITH YOU, YOUR EXPLANATION IS INCREDIBLE! THANK YOU
It has been so helpful just before my Advanced Physiological Psychology final. :D Thank you!
best short crisp to the point
I was looking for a video on this the other day on your channel and was disappointed to not have found it. Really happy to see this since you make the topic much easier to understand. Thank you for this :-)
😁👍 I'm working on an indirect pathway video now as well, and that should be up in a few weeks!
I love your videos; they are very simple and easy to understand. Thank you and keep it up. God bless you
Great as always! Thank you for all the help!
Thanks! And you're welcome! 😁
Amazing videos and so well explained!! :) I can definitely tell that these videos are going to save me in neuroanatomy lol
this channel is amazing
Thankyou so much for explaining it in such an easy way to understand
Thank you so much it is very helpful to understand in way you are teaching keep doing this
Thanks! This video helped me a lot!
good explanation, nice and short, helpful
Do the dopamine receptors have an excitatory or inhibitory effect? Because it your video it is stated that in the direct pathway the substantia nigra pars compacta has an excitatory effect on the striatum, but I have an image here that says otherwise. I am just checking, could you maybe explain why the substantia nigra pars compacta does have an excitatory effect here and not an inhibitory one?
I think dopamine is inhibitory here
Great video, neat and simple!
Incredible video
wow.. you kinda inspired me to make youtube videos so that I could help others..
this excellent explanation
So the motorcortex recieve information from the thalamus, but how the thalamus get its signals? Is there a loop from motorcortex - thalamus - motorcortex?
The direct pathway serves as that loop. It's a cortex-->basal ganglia-->thalamus-->cortex loop.
How timely, midterm next week on this. Good review video.
Thank u sm, ure just amazing!!!
This was fucking amazing man. Thank you.
amazing
Wow!
keep up the good work
Thank you and thumbs up. I may have missed this one, but what part of the brain produces free will? How does free will function? Thanks again.
You didn't miss that one, I wouldn't attempt to cover a topic like free will in a 2 minute video. 😁 Free will itself is a contentious topic, but disregarding the debates about whether or not we have it and to what degree, it's not the type of thing that would likely be localized to one part of the brain. For the most part, modern neuroscience looks at complex cognition in general as something that can't be pinned down to one brain region, and free will is even more complicated in many ways than other complex cognitive processes.
@@neurochallenged Thank you for your rapid and informative response. Any debate about whether or not we have free will is not a debate but simply some posers trying to get attention by saying that we don't. (These are the kind of people who will also tell us that existence does not exist, ignoring the fact that they must exist to even make such a statement.)
That being said, non-localized is what I suspect. This makes it difficult I do understand. However, there has to be circuitry somewhere that actually makes a decision, even if it is stochastic and non-localized in nature. Your videos are a big help to me in learning brain anatomy. Thank you!
Why is thlamus involved in this if corticospinal tract starts in cortex😭😭
How substania nigra facilitate the pathway ?
So basically people who are good at dancing have a high functional basal ganglia?
Can anyone plz explain me if strium send inhibitory Impulse to gpi so how can gpi send impulses to thalamus like if someone inhibit you so how can you work?
ياريت تنزل شرح باللغة الألمانية
لان اللغة الانجليزية لا اتقنها
I don't understand how the inhibition of the thalamus could excite the cortical neurons? And how can the inhibition of the thalamus result in activation of movement in the direct pathway but inhibition of movement in the indirect pathway? Could someone please explain 😭
The inhibition on the thalamus is blocked in the direct pathway, thus activating the thalamus so that it can activate movement in the cerebral cortex.
Take care of yourself. Ya hear?
Videos are fun and helpful but stay healthy.
I'm trying shitbag, I'm trying.
@@neurochallenged you're a brain scientist "trying" to be healthy. Make that make sense.
Seriously be healthy my friend. Please.
@@shitbag. I was being a bit facetious, but I think the best any of us can do is try to stay healthy. Right now I'm succeeding in my attempts! But seriously thank you for your concern :)
@@neurochallenged :)
Happy new year.
I think there's a mistake here. Dopamine must be inhibitory in this case
Great
thank youuuuuuu
Sir your text hide the content you have made... Please remove the Text
My question is
What is the pathway for Parkinson’s Disease
youre a legend sir and im not an indian