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Neuroscientifically Challenged
United States
Registrace 15. 05. 2014
My 2-Minute Neuroscience videos will help you learn the basics of neuroscience in short, easy-to-understand snippets. It's important to note, however, that the videos are only 2 minutes long and full of information. You may want to pause, rewind, re-watch, use the closed captioning, and/or look at the transcript in the info section of the video---especially if you are learning this material for the first time.
As of May 2023, I have begun adding 10-Minute Neuroscience videos to my channel. So, if you’re looking for more information than a 2-minute video can provide, check for a 10-minute video that covers the same topic!
Unless otherwise indicated, all of the drawings used in my videos are drawn by me (Marc Dingman).
The banner image on my channel is a CC image courtesy of Bruno Pascal. The work can be seen here: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_astrocyte.png and the CC license can be seen here: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
As of May 2023, I have begun adding 10-Minute Neuroscience videos to my channel. So, if you’re looking for more information than a 2-minute video can provide, check for a 10-minute video that covers the same topic!
Unless otherwise indicated, all of the drawings used in my videos are drawn by me (Marc Dingman).
The banner image on my channel is a CC image courtesy of Bruno Pascal. The work can be seen here: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_astrocyte.png and the CC license can be seen here: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
2-Minute Neuroscience: Zolpidem (Ambien)
Zolpidem, better known by the brand name Ambien, is a medication primarily used to treat insomnia and other sleep-related problems. In this video, I discuss the safety and effectiveness of zolpidem as well as how it works in the brain to promote sleep.
TRANSCRIPT:
Zolpidem, better known by the brand name Ambien, is a medication primarily used to treat insomnia and other sleep-related problems. Studies have found zolpidem to be effective in reducing sleep latency, or the amount of time it takes someone to fall asleep, as well as in increasing total sleep time. Zolpidem belongs to a class of medications known as non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, sometimes called Z-drugs because many of the first of these drugs to be sold had names that started with the letter Z.
Similar to the benzodiazepines, zolpidem exerts its effects by increasing activity at receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA. GABA is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and increasing GABA activity can promote sleep as GABA can decrease activity in parts of the brain that promote wakefulness. Unlike benzodiazepines, however, zolpidem is thought to selectively bind to specific GABA receptor subtypes that are especially involved in sleep-inducing effects.
While zolpidem has been found to be effective and safe in the short-term management of sleep problems, the drug can also cause tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms when someone stops taking it, even when taken as prescribed at typical doses. Additionally, while most of the side effects of zolpidem, such as next day drowsiness, are common side effects of sleep medications, some zolpidem users have reported sleepwalking, sleep eating (which involves getting up and eating without waking), and even more dangerous activities like sleep driving, while under the influence of the drug. And due to various concerns, such as potentially impaired metabolism of the drug, an increased risk of falls, and an increased risk of cognitive impairment, zolpidem may pose more problems for older populations. Thus, despite its effectiveness, zolpidem should be prescribed cautiously and used only for as long as is absolutely necessary.
REFERENCES:
Edinoff AN, Wu N, Ghaffar YT, Prejean R, Gremillion R, Cogburn M, Chami AA, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Zolpidem: Efficacy and Side Effects for Insomnia. Health Psychol Res. 2021 Jun 18;9(1):24927. doi: 10.52965/001c.24927. PMID: 34746488; PMCID: PMC8567759.
Fitzgerald AC, Wright BT, Heldt SA. The behavioral pharmacology of zolpidem: evidence for the functional significance of α1-containing GABA(A) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 May;231(9):1865-96. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3457-x. Epub 2014 Feb 22. PMID: 24563183.
Gunja N. In the Zzz zone: the effects of Z-drugs on human performance and driving. J Med Toxicol. 2013 Jun;9(2):163-71. doi: 10.1007/s13181-013-0294-y. PMID: 23456542; PMCID: PMC3657033.
Huedo-Medina TB, Kirsch I, Middlemass J, Klonizakis M, Siriwardena AN. Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. BMJ. 2012 Dec 17;345:e8343. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8343. PMID: 23248080; PMCID: PMC3544552.
Matheson E, Hainer BL. Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Jul 1;96(1):29-35. PMID: 28671376.
Salvà P, Costa J. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem. Therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995 Sep;29(3):142-53. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199529030-00002. PMID: 8521677.
Wong E, Nguyen TV. Zolpidem Use in the Elderly and Recent Safety Data. Prescription Pad. 2014 Feb;10(2):140-141.
Xiang T, Cai Y, Hong Z, Pan J. Efficacy and safety of Zolpidem in the treatment of insomnia disorder for one month: a meta-analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med. 2021 Nov;87:250-256. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.09.005. Epub 2021 Sep 20. PMID: 34688027.
TRANSCRIPT:
Zolpidem, better known by the brand name Ambien, is a medication primarily used to treat insomnia and other sleep-related problems. Studies have found zolpidem to be effective in reducing sleep latency, or the amount of time it takes someone to fall asleep, as well as in increasing total sleep time. Zolpidem belongs to a class of medications known as non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, sometimes called Z-drugs because many of the first of these drugs to be sold had names that started with the letter Z.
Similar to the benzodiazepines, zolpidem exerts its effects by increasing activity at receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA. GABA is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and increasing GABA activity can promote sleep as GABA can decrease activity in parts of the brain that promote wakefulness. Unlike benzodiazepines, however, zolpidem is thought to selectively bind to specific GABA receptor subtypes that are especially involved in sleep-inducing effects.
While zolpidem has been found to be effective and safe in the short-term management of sleep problems, the drug can also cause tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms when someone stops taking it, even when taken as prescribed at typical doses. Additionally, while most of the side effects of zolpidem, such as next day drowsiness, are common side effects of sleep medications, some zolpidem users have reported sleepwalking, sleep eating (which involves getting up and eating without waking), and even more dangerous activities like sleep driving, while under the influence of the drug. And due to various concerns, such as potentially impaired metabolism of the drug, an increased risk of falls, and an increased risk of cognitive impairment, zolpidem may pose more problems for older populations. Thus, despite its effectiveness, zolpidem should be prescribed cautiously and used only for as long as is absolutely necessary.
REFERENCES:
Edinoff AN, Wu N, Ghaffar YT, Prejean R, Gremillion R, Cogburn M, Chami AA, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Zolpidem: Efficacy and Side Effects for Insomnia. Health Psychol Res. 2021 Jun 18;9(1):24927. doi: 10.52965/001c.24927. PMID: 34746488; PMCID: PMC8567759.
Fitzgerald AC, Wright BT, Heldt SA. The behavioral pharmacology of zolpidem: evidence for the functional significance of α1-containing GABA(A) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 May;231(9):1865-96. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3457-x. Epub 2014 Feb 22. PMID: 24563183.
Gunja N. In the Zzz zone: the effects of Z-drugs on human performance and driving. J Med Toxicol. 2013 Jun;9(2):163-71. doi: 10.1007/s13181-013-0294-y. PMID: 23456542; PMCID: PMC3657033.
Huedo-Medina TB, Kirsch I, Middlemass J, Klonizakis M, Siriwardena AN. Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. BMJ. 2012 Dec 17;345:e8343. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8343. PMID: 23248080; PMCID: PMC3544552.
Matheson E, Hainer BL. Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Jul 1;96(1):29-35. PMID: 28671376.
Salvà P, Costa J. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem. Therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995 Sep;29(3):142-53. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199529030-00002. PMID: 8521677.
Wong E, Nguyen TV. Zolpidem Use in the Elderly and Recent Safety Data. Prescription Pad. 2014 Feb;10(2):140-141.
Xiang T, Cai Y, Hong Z, Pan J. Efficacy and safety of Zolpidem in the treatment of insomnia disorder for one month: a meta-analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med. 2021 Nov;87:250-256. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.09.005. Epub 2021 Sep 20. PMID: 34688027.
zhlédnutí: 3 705
Video
10-Minute Neuroscience: Depression
zhlédnutí 12KPřed 5 měsíci
In this video, I discuss the neuroscience of depression. First, I cover the serotonin hypothesis, which suggests depression is caused by low levels of serotonin in the brain, and I explain why this hypothesis does not fully explain what’s happening in the brain to cause depression. Then, I cover several other hypotheses, including those that focus on dysregulation in the HPA axis, immune system...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Sleepwalking
zhlédnutí 8KPřed 6 měsíci
Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, involves walking and other behaviors that are performed during incomplete arousal from sleep. In this video, I discuss some hypotheses about what happens in the brain to cause sleepwalking. TRANSCRIPT: Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, involves walking and other behaviors that are performed during incomplete arousal from sleep. Sleepwalking episodes can last for anyw...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Vertigo
zhlédnutí 9KPřed 7 měsíci
Vertigo involves the illusion of movement, where someone either feels like they or the environment around them is moving-usually in a spinning manner. In this video I discuss the role of the vestibular system and related structures in producing vertigo. TRANSCRIPT: Vertigo involves the illusion of movement, where someone either feels like they, or the environment around them, is moving-usually ...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Migraine
zhlédnutí 18KPřed 7 měsíci
Migraine is a chronic neurological condition involving repeated headaches as well as a variety of other symptoms. In this video, I discuss the neurological mechanisms thought to underlie migraine. TRANSCRIPT: Migraine is a chronic neurological condition involving repeated headaches that are frequently severe and are accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and an increased sensi...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Methylphenidate
zhlédnutí 33KPřed 8 měsíci
Methylphenidate, better known as Ritalin or Concerta, is a stimulant medication primarily used to treat ADHD. In this video, I discuss how methylphenidate affects the brain and how this is thought to lead to therapeutic effects in ADHD. TRANSCRIPT: Methylphenidate is a stimulant medication primarily used to treat ADHD, although it is sometimes also used to treat daytime sleepiness associated wi...
10-Minute Neuroscience: Visual Pathways
zhlédnutí 45KPřed 9 měsíci
In this video, I cover the pathway visual information travels moving from the eye to the visual cortex and surrounding areas. First, I discuss the components of the eye that focus light on the retina. Then, I describe the anatomy of the retina along with the functions of the different cell types found there. Next, I cover the pathways that carry visual information from the retina to the primary...
2-Minute Neuroscience: DMT
zhlédnutí 62KPřed 9 měsíci
DMT is naturally produced in a variety of plants and animals (including humans) and is also a potent psychoactive drug known for its ability to cause intense hallucinations and psychedelic experiences. In this video, I discuss how DMT might act in the brain to produce its unique effects. TRANSCRIPT: DMT is a substance that’s produced naturally in a variety of plants and animals, including human...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Cochlear Implants
zhlédnutí 15KPřed 10 měsíci
A cochlear implant is an electronic device that can restore sound perception in people with certain types of severe hearing loss by picking up sound from the environment, converting that sound into electrical impulses, and transmitting those impulses directly to the auditory nerve. In this video, I discuss the components of a cochlear implant and how they work together to create sound perceptio...
10-Minute Neuroscience: Action Potentials
zhlédnutí 35KPřed 10 měsíci
In this video, I cover the basics of the action potential beginning with an explanation of membrane potential and how it sets the stage for the action potential. Then, I describe how an action potential is generated and how it ends. I cover the propagation of an action potential down the axon and the role myelin plays in this process. Finally, I discuss the absolute and relative refractory peri...
10-Minute Neuroscience: Synapses
zhlédnutí 60KPřed rokem
In this video, I cover the different components of a synapse, including the presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, and synaptic vesicles. I discuss how signals are propagated at chemical synapses through the use of neurotransmitters, as well as how neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by enzymes and/or reuptake. I also cover the components and function of elec...
10-Minute Neuroscience: Neurons
zhlédnutí 47KPřed rokem
In this video, I cover all of the main parts of a neuron including the dendrites, cell body (soma), axon hillock, axon, and axon terminals (synaptic boutons). I describe how a signal travels from the dendrites of a neuron, down the axon, and to the axon terminals to communicate with another neuron through the release of neurotransmitters. I also describe ways of categorizing neurons based on st...
2-Minute Neuroscience: Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
zhlédnutí 28KPřed rokem
2-Minute Neuroscience: Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
2-Minute Neuroscience: Sleep Paralysis
zhlédnutí 127KPřed rokem
2-Minute Neuroscience: Sleep Paralysis
2-Minute Neuroscience: COVID-19 & the Brain
zhlédnutí 56KPřed 2 lety
2-Minute Neuroscience: COVID-19 & the Brain
2-Minute Neuroscience: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
zhlédnutí 506KPřed 2 lety
2-Minute Neuroscience: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
2-Minute Neuroscience: Restless Legs Syndrome
zhlédnutí 319KPřed 2 lety
2-Minute Neuroscience: Restless Legs Syndrome
2-Minute Neuroscience: Brain Aneurysms
zhlédnutí 102KPřed 2 lety
2-Minute Neuroscience: Brain Aneurysms
Adult by number yes, but the male brain does not fully mature until 25 yrs old. Specifically regarding the prefronal cortex. While I think the punishment fits the crime here, I also think 'kid' was just used as a figure of speach here and was not intended any other way.😊
My experience is i got it twice in October because I was watching ghost and shit and then now in may as some dude was talking ghost and spirit with me so makes sense other than this never got anything like that one thing i have noticed if u r afraid then it will haunt you more but u r image of god only so u r way more powerful than your fears and if u have any mental health issues then that's the cause
You always have some dummy feeling the need to write this: Watching a video on the negative impacts of alcohol “hey everyone I’m stupidly watching this while drinking whisky” Watching a video on the negative impact of marijuana on the development of the brain “hey everyone just sitting here stupidly watching this while smoking a blunt” Watching a video on the negative impacts of idleness “hey everyone just sitting here stupidly watching this while planning to spend my whole day doing nothing” And thousands of people will give those comments thumbs up on every video this is why few control many. Because the many are dumb as rocks.
Mm great video Ritalin stopped working on me he is on very long vacation
Is the exact mechanism of action of sleep is discovered yet
😢
جماعة عامر هناا 😂😂
aaj to mai bthrom me repaet krke keke krke itna thk gai thi 20 min ko roti rahi
The most common form of non-communicating is obstruction from a colloid cyst.
Excellent! Thanks for the simple explanation
This video made my ganglions hurt
Idk if it's sleep paralysis for me caus I just can't move then suddenly it's kinda hard to breath but I didn't hallucinate it just happen this morning when I try to go back to sleep again and it happened several times this morning
I thought this was a bloodborne boss
Bull shit, the phone part, that’s the only thing that can help me sleep, everyone need to relax and disconnect with everything going on, I can’t sleep unless I either have my CZcams or my Netflix on my tv, 🤣
Somebody in 2024 😅
So no Adderall, Mary j, coffee, fish oil, cod liver oil, coconut water, olive oil, electricity, red light therapy, induce coma, lymphatic cleanse, thyroid therapy, oxygen therapy, higher altitude therapy, beef liver, black sea moss, moringa powder, cayenne pepper, brain stimulating therapy, vitamin D increase 750-1000 milligrams or more, hight or flight stimulator using 3D Virtual reality?!? BS! There has to be a way to cure this. Bee stings or wasp in the temporal lobe or neck?! God gave us away. We just need to figure it out.🧐
Am I the only one who gets these sleep paralysis without any hallucinations? Like almost real to reality without any kind of foreign creatures and can't differentiate between reality and dreams?
I got this since i meditate every day. You can move if you focus to escape this state
Is it caused by vaccines? I'll bet it is.
PTSD doesn’t exist
_I am so happy for my Sister, she got cured of her Multiple Sclerosis just few weeks of using Dr Madida Sam herbal supplements🌿🌿.._
Oral?
I think so, but I will refer you to a mycologist where you can have all your questions answered and where you can get your stuff from.
Pharmpsych4
On Instagram...
autoreceptors and heteroreceptors video?
Whoa I had no clue about melatonin contributing to lowering body temperature or providing seasonal information, thank you! Very informative!
So helpful. Thank you.
Nice video! Would you name 2 common sources of input to putamen and caudate nucleus? Which artery provides blood supply to the region internal capsule? Thanks!
I think I have tourette's but I was never diagnosed
I think I had this last night I could not move my arm it was kind of scary or it could of been because I was sleeping on my arm idk
I love these presentations. Could you please do one about the path from the ear to the auditory cortex (which looks complicated, going to both sides of the brain and through the brain stem?), how the sound frequencies correspond to different areas of the auditory cortex, and how vision starts taking over the unused portions of the auditory cortex when you lose your hearing. Should be easy to do in just 10 minutes! :)
I just experienced DMT for the 1st time yesterday. 🤌🏾🙌🏾🙏🏾
Meet this mycologist that will guide you on your psychedelic journey and who will be your source where you can get your psychedelics from.
Pharmpsych4
On Instagram....
I can sleep on my stomach just fine but if I try to sleep on my side or back I HAVE to move my legs CONSTANTLY. It’s the most frustrating thing ever
Thanks
Why do we even have cannabinoid receptors? What does it mean?
Due to my ADHD (mental kind, not physical) i started with Concerta but switched to Medikinet because i had a hard time sleeping
Can this help myotonia patients?
How much should lorazepam have effect duration or half life?
I had ADHD in 1961 at St Pacal's Catholic School in Toronto, Ontario and my Nun teacher tried to beat it out of me with the strap, Scott, "Are you ready for your daily strapping?" but this dosen't even compare with the abuse dished out at the Residential Schools in CANADA on the indigenous young people at the time.
❤
Props for url in the video, that is almost cranio (QAeBKRaNri0) :D I love these videos. Studying and simulating 'life' as chess in Python; feasibility of the classical min-max and pruning algo to be used for optimizing life choices, and stumbling upon stress, action theory and all the good stuff.
Never take a benzo ever.
I've just witnessed this currently in bed and just had this I was completely aware I could not move I try3d screaming for help trying to wake up me dad from the other rooms but nothing what felt like me screaming was not me screaming at all was like as if I was stuck in my own head and able to only see out of it
Is the part where the nuclei are identified - is this a top-down view (horizontal/axial) or a front-on (coronal)?
Bac 2024❤❤🎉🎉🎉
Psilocybin mushrooms healed me. I can't explain it but my experience has been spiritual and eye opening. I also started micro dosing. It really helped me get rid of depression and anxiety.
Wiggle big toe. Send nervous system single down the spine and should break the paralysis. This works for me and i went from having it happen 4 times a week to al.most not at all.
IF THC CAN CAUSE CANCER CELL TO COMMIT SUISUDE, COULD AN NANOVIRUS BE GRENERATED TO, KILL CANCER CELLS FROM THC?
im not schizophrenic
My mom kept calling it, nervous tits
What can be done if a person has a disrupted HPA axis??
Beautifully explained! Crisp and clear!! 👏