Neil deGrasse Tyson and Kate the Chemist Answer Chemistry Questions

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  • čas přidán 19. 06. 2024
  • What is chemistry? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice take fan questions on exothermic reactions, PFAS, ice cream, sugar, fire, and more with Kate Biberdorf, aka Kate the Chemist.
    Fundamentally, what is a chemical reaction? Kate breaks down the basis of chemistry, how it overlaps with thermodynamics, and exo- versus endothermic reactions. Why is Gallium a liquid in the US but listed as a solid in the UK? Plus, Kate schools Neil on how adding salt to ice can help you make homemade ice cream.
    If hydrogen and oxygen are both flammable, why isn’t water super flammable? We discuss how chemists predict a molecule’s properties. Learn about activation energy and how elements manage to even bond with each other. We break down combustion reactions and why sugar gets hard when you heat it to a certain temperature.
    Are PFAS as dangerous as we think they are? We explain what PFAS are and what makes them problematic for our health. What gives colors to the elements? We talk about quantum dots, visible light, and what happens when you put sodium in water. All that, plus, what makes oxygen so special?
    Thanks to our Patrons Mark Baum, Ezequiel Adatto, James Wright, Vector169, Ray Rimes, Christopher Haws, Ruben Ramen, Kim Fletter, Daniel Brown, and Joy Pinero-Deniz for supporting us this week.
    NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free.
    Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus
    Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: amzn.to/3PL0NFn
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    About StarTalk:
    Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up!
    #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson
    00:00 - Introduction: Kate the Chemist
    5:57 - What is a Chemical Reaction?
    10:29 - Endothermic v. Exothermic Reactions
    15:14 - Can You Predict a Chemical’s Properties?
    18:34 - What is the Role of Activation Energy?
    23:51 - The Chemistry of Candy
    29:38 - Are PFAS as Dangerous as We Think?
    34:05 - What Gives Things Color?
    36:17 - Why Isn’t Water Flammable?
    39:04 - Seeking a Scientist
    40:53 - A Cosmic Perspective
  • Věda a technologie

Komentáře • 877

  • @StarTalk
    @StarTalk  Před 29 dny +64

    What's your favorite household chemistry experiment?

    • @figueroalabs
      @figueroalabs Před 29 dny +27

      Grab an ice cube and put it on the counter. Then very lightly sprinkle a bit of table salt. Now put a piece of string on top of that salt, and observe.
      The salt will melt and it will look as if there is a puddle of water. But the -2C will make the ice freeze the string inside of it, and you can lift the ice cube with the string.
      Totally relevant to the whole ice-salt-temp discussion in today's show.

    • @Highlyskeptical
      @Highlyskeptical Před 29 dny +11

      Using my enzymes to lower the activation energy needed to exergonically and catabolically metabolize chocolate.

    • @FourMypersonaluse
      @FourMypersonaluse Před 29 dny

      In ventive ness 👹🎤🙏👑🖼️👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸

    • @w13rdguy
      @w13rdguy Před 29 dny +2

      Americium nuclear reactors 😂

    • @theunknownunknowns5168
      @theunknownunknowns5168 Před 29 dny +8

      Kate is the Texas version of Aotearoa's Dr Michelle Dickinson. These are what good people look like.

  • @tdome3000
    @tdome3000 Před 27 dny +62

    Dear StarTalk organizers: we want more chemistry episodes, like this one. Preferably with prof. Kate Bieberdorf.
    Thank you!

  • @charlescheeseborough298
    @charlescheeseborough298 Před 29 dny +81

    I have a feeling that Chuck is the coolest dude in 99.9 percent of the rooms he is in. Smart and funny is a deadly combo.

    • @genore1993
      @genore1993 Před 21 dnem +1

      He is a "comedian" and every interested on the vast majority of space science nerds 🤓. Like you and I and muh others!

    • @DeborahSchneider-ng7dv
      @DeborahSchneider-ng7dv Před 17 dny +2

      Agree, NGT is fortunate to have him on his programme.

    • @johncaputo5538
      @johncaputo5538 Před 5 dny +2

      Chuck is there for the typical viewer to make it less nerdy, dorky, whatever. Love having him on Star Talks. He often says what I'm thinking. Thanks, Chuck.

  • @MeezMiah
    @MeezMiah Před 28 dny +59

    I wish i had a chemistry teacher like her when i was in school. So passionate and fun to listen to

    • @raymondrobbins9495
      @raymondrobbins9495 Před 25 dny +1

      I think all of us wish we had a teacher like her my Chem teacher was some 65 y/o man who was just waiting to retire it was the most boring class i took.

    • @MeezMiah
      @MeezMiah Před 24 dny

      @@raymondrobbins9495 😆 wow mine was the exact same

    • @hadtopicausername
      @hadtopicausername Před 22 dny +1

      Our chemistry teacher told us the basic recipe for how to make...uhm...a mind altering substance. She was awesome.

    • @sreneethomas
      @sreneethomas Před 22 dny

      @@MeezMiahsame here

    • @raymondrobbins9495
      @raymondrobbins9495 Před 22 dny

      @@hadtopicausername I learn that in Mycology

  • @danielludlow8960
    @danielludlow8960 Před 28 dny +50

    The time flew by watching this. All of a sudden it was over. I'm thinking... Wait! More please!

  • @michaeljohn7398
    @michaeljohn7398 Před 29 dny +74

    Ok, l will admit it, I am now addicted to Science and Technology. Learning is so much fun with these three brilliant people. Cheers from Michael. Australia.

    • @alswedgin9274
      @alswedgin9274 Před 28 dny +8

      You just said what i call ''being an eternal student.. And you gotta love being so. The open-mind..

    • @ShauriePvs
      @ShauriePvs Před 25 dny +2

      Hey vsauce, Michael here

    • @666MaRius9991
      @666MaRius9991 Před 24 dny

      @@ShauriePvs Hey Michael,here vsauce

    • @aletra2885
      @aletra2885 Před 20 dny

      😢que não þ😂0⁹​@alswedgin927k😮4

  • @amanhaman8568
    @amanhaman8568 Před 28 dny +18

    Her enthusiasm and energy is infectious! I first listened to the podcast and knew I had to watch her on youtube.

  • @muhammadyassin346
    @muhammadyassin346 Před 28 dny +18

    14:14 I love this. When presented with a new/differing information from what was initially understood, you note it down, you go back, you study and do experiments. And you know what, you just know that after Neil is done with the experiment, he'll feel so happy that he learns something new, rather than feeling crushed because he got his understanding wrong all this time.

    • @1st-Law
      @1st-Law Před 26 dny +2

      I also loved this moment. NDT was so confident… Then she dropped an equation on him.

  • @michelemerick599
    @michelemerick599 Před 29 dny +138

    Am I the only one taking pleasure in seeing NDT being challenged? “No, sir! You’re wrong!” 😂 love the show btw

    • @kyusshead
      @kyusshead Před 29 dny +2

      Legend!

    • @4acrehome168
      @4acrehome168 Před 29 dny

      Yes!

    • @machinarum
      @machinarum Před 29 dny +6

      I was LOL!!! I said “Don’t do it!!!” And then he challenged the expert on her subject!!! 🤦‍♂️

    • @nealemarquardt7144
      @nealemarquardt7144 Před 26 dny +3

      I like that Dr Tyson admitted his uncertainty and said he'd do the experiment. He knows how to prove who is right and will wait until then. I expect an explainer later on how it works

    • @Woody2Shoe
      @Woody2Shoe Před 16 dny

      Nah, I'm with you.

  • @newtongh
    @newtongh Před 29 dny +152

    Kate is a Chemistry monster like Neil is an AstroPhysics monster, damn

    • @FourMypersonaluse
      @FourMypersonaluse Před 29 dny

      I like to drink monster drinks 👶🎤🙏👑🥤👶🎤🙏👑🥤🖼️🩸👩‍💻👨‍💻🧑‍💻📡📡📡📡📡📡📡📡📡📡🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🩸🥤🩸🥤🩸🥤🩸🥤🩸🥤🩸🥤👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👅👅👅👅🩸🩸🩸🩸🥤🥤🥤🥤👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👅👅👅👅🩸🩸🩸🩸🥤🥤🥤🥤📡📡📡📡📡🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️🛰️👩‍💻👨‍💻🧑‍💻🥤🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🩸🦖🦖🦖🦖🩸🩸🩸🩸🦖🦖🦖🦖🦖👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🎯🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🏘️🌐

    • @BrainWorm4president2024
      @BrainWorm4president2024 Před 29 dny +4

      Im a cookie monster dork.

    • @yewhanlim8916
      @yewhanlim8916 Před 29 dny +5

      Monsters spewing formulas. 😅

    • @truthBreal2030
      @truthBreal2030 Před 29 dny +3

      Not when it comes to PFAS

    • @thestigglet
      @thestigglet Před 28 dny

      Too scared of DOW chemical to call them out for poisoning our future tho.

  • @DRob70
    @DRob70 Před 28 dny +12

    Kate is a great guest. Engaging, knowledgeable and a sense of humor

  • @juanignacioluquesandoval
    @juanignacioluquesandoval Před 29 dny +24

    Effectively, heating the sweetened condensed milk is a way to make "Dulce de leche". Greetings from Argentina!

  • @jeffreyjackson4742
    @jeffreyjackson4742 Před 29 dny +41

    I love startalk, Neil and Chuck are the greatest! And I do enjoy the other hosts, I do, but it almost doesn't feel like startalk without Chuck 💯🧠💯

    • @aguywhogames1695
      @aguywhogames1695 Před 29 dny

      get out of my head 🤣

    • @kyusshead
      @kyusshead Před 29 dny +4

      I agree. Chuck is half the show!

    • @Solenya1111
      @Solenya1111 Před 29 dny +1

      💯

    • @Scantronacon
      @Scantronacon Před 28 dny +2

      Chuck a HUGE part bc of his comic relief and saying ish us "normies" would say even though we know Chuck is being the "I'll ask that question guy" He seems very intelligent and nowhere near as dumb as he jokes about. Neil and his chemistry are so enjoyable to listen to, I don't even have to watch the pod sometimes bc it's such good conversation all around.

    • @MrSkinkarde
      @MrSkinkarde Před 28 dny

      Chuck is annoying And unfunny

  • @TheMattin92
    @TheMattin92 Před 26 dny +9

    PFAS and PFOA ( C8 chemical ) is something to look up and a movie called: Dark Waters with Mark Ruffalo is worth watching.👍

    • @HaggenKennedy
      @HaggenKennedy Před 16 dny +1

      I watched it when it came out. Great movie. There's a Graham Norton episode with Mark Ruffalo to promote the movie, and the actual guy (on whom the movie was based) was also in the audience. That particular episode is worth watching, too.

  • @sdonnervt826
    @sdonnervt826 Před 29 dny +9

    She was referring to freezing point depression but describing enthalpy of mixing instead. Freezing point depression is not a decrease in temperature of the solution, it is the decrease in the freezing point of the mixture. Enthalpy of mixing is why solutions will change temperature when the components are mixed together.

    • @marcd1981
      @marcd1981 Před 29 dny

      "How is freezing point depression used in everyday life?"
      "It is used in making ice cream, where salt is added to ice to lower its freezing point and make the ice cream mixture colder. It's also used in antifreeze for cars, where a substance is added to water to lower its freezing point, preventing the car's engine from freezing in cold weather."
      Isn't this what was being discussed?

    • @sdonnervt826
      @sdonnervt826 Před 29 dny +2

      ​​@@marcd1981No, I was referring to a part earlier in the interview when NDT asked her if simply mixing a solution will change its temperature, and she said, yeah that's freezing point depression. 14:00

    • @MrBrew4321
      @MrBrew4321 Před 21 dnem

      Indeed, I believe she is a little confused. I don't think the amount the water will cool is the same as the amount of freezing point depression the water will attain from that formula. But I give her points for one realizing Neil was confidently telling her the water wouldn't cool and was wrong, and two points for at least coming up with a formula even if it is the wrong one lol!

    • @johncaputo5538
      @johncaputo5538 Před 5 dny +1

      The salt in ice cream making is used to melt the ice (lower its freezing point) and maintain the salt water at or below freezing while distributing that temp more efficiently over the container the cream mixture is in. Next time you want to chill your beer in your cooler, add some water after the ice and it will cool much quicker because of the contact being all around the can rather than just the places the ice touches the can. You could add salt, but that might be overkill for beer.

  • @peglegjim57
    @peglegjim57 Před 29 dny +5

    I found this absolutely educating, and in a humorous way.
    You slayed this episode.
    Switching it up sometimes, is the reason I enjoy Star Talk.
    Kate is a fantastic guest, and I hope you have her back!
    (When she’s talking about elements, I have to slow the video down to 25%, and listen to it 4 times, just to begin to wrap my little toy brain about it.)
    She’s very gifted. 😎
    Keep these great sessions coming!

  • @domdela5217
    @domdela5217 Před 28 dny +5

    Great guest, great questions, and great answers. Her enthusiasm on the topic is fun to watch.

    • @dojam123
      @dojam123 Před 28 dny

      Please let the can fully cool down to room temperature before opening.

  • @intergalacticangler
    @intergalacticangler Před 28 dny +5

    Never seen her till now. I'll have to check her out

  • @ubserrano8180
    @ubserrano8180 Před 23 dny +1

    I was planning on watching a bit now and the rest later in the evening, it got me hooked until the end. Great episode!

  • @gregorys1545
    @gregorys1545 Před 27 dny +2

    This episode just reminded me of my chemistry classes and how damn happy I was to learn all of that!!! The happiness in the eyes of the guest talking about chemistry is just great and makes me nostalgic of my chem classes!!😢😅

  • @Mr_Kyle_
    @Mr_Kyle_ Před 27 dny +6

    Many non-stick cookwear is essentially made with PFAS, which is very insidious because you're cooking and eating these chemicals directly. But as she said there are many sources - many PFAS also get into groundwater from industrial manufacturing - 3M is one notable company that makes all kinds of PFAS materials.

    • @robert-jason-king
      @robert-jason-king Před 22 dny

      Clothing in the laundry is probably the big one. Wrinkle-resistant stuff puts forever chemicals in the water, and also microplastics if it's a synthetic material.

    • @fictionalhitman
      @fictionalhitman Před 20 dny +1

      Ever heard about Dupont? Teflon? Rob Bilott? Then you should watch Dark Waters 2019.

    • @js887744
      @js887744 Před 17 dny

      Don’t the people working at 3M or DuPont have kids???

    • @pavellambracht5823
      @pavellambracht5823 Před 17 dny +1

      Dow DuPont are more notorious.

    • @johncaccioppo1142
      @johncaccioppo1142 Před 3 dny

      DuPont tried to overthrow the government in '42 and succeeded in '80 through his support of the American Liberty League and a helluva lot of wicked corporate propaganda, including the creation of the modern megachurch.

  • @wheresmyoldaccount
    @wheresmyoldaccount Před 29 dny +6

    One of the most prominent sources of PFAS contamination is fire retardants. Consequently PFAS contamination is known to be especially serious in proximity to sites where firefighter training has occurred because of repeated use and exposure.

    • @MissAdventurzzz
      @MissAdventurzzz Před 28 dny +1

      Lots of talk about this now in the fire service... especially where our hood comes in contact with our skin. For years guys didn't wash their gear out of pride ("look at the fire activity I've been in")... I'm glad for the research to keep us safer now.

    • @hardcoreherbivore4730
      @hardcoreherbivore4730 Před 28 dny +1

      Take a look at the PFAS levels in freshwater fish.

    • @riggitywrckd4325
      @riggitywrckd4325 Před 28 dny

      Something that some may not know is that because California had mandated fire retardant in furniture until 2013 many older couches are made with lots and lots of fire retardant in them. This leeches into your body as you sit or just touch it. It is supposedly easier to figure out today now that the law is gone and replaced with a new one but it is still a very really possibility that if you sit on a couch you could be getting the chemicals inside of your body. Watch out for those PFAS, they'll get you.

  • @JustDoIt-xq9pi
    @JustDoIt-xq9pi Před 18 dny +1

    Imagine having every kid on school enjoying these type of teachers.
    Nobody would say science is boring and we would all be smarter because of it.

  • @lamontwatson6967
    @lamontwatson6967 Před 28 dny +2

    I love her energy. And its especially awesome when you add neil & chuck

  • @demetriomaniau9249
    @demetriomaniau9249 Před 23 dny +1

    just discovered this podcast holy moly this was a great conversation

  • @jwiderstra
    @jwiderstra Před 29 dny +6

    17:36 "I'm looking down at my nucleus..."
    Chuck , you're the man, lol

  • @jamesduncan578
    @jamesduncan578 Před 29 dny +5

    Excellent, I'm sure that I have never enjoyed learning as much as the last 43 minutes. Kate is absolutely charming, I would love to be in her classroom.

  • @crss29
    @crss29 Před 29 dny +25

    We CAN control how molecules meet each other. That's what enzymes do. And that's why they reduce activation energies and speed up reactions.

    • @eunicemwicigi8104
      @eunicemwicigi8104 Před 26 dny

      I was also surpr by that answer. Regioselectivity anyone??

    • @advaith_arun
      @advaith_arun Před 25 dny +1

      I think Neil Tyson sir was asking about exactly orienting the atoms and colliding them.. that isn't possible but ya catalysts and enzymes do the work kinda but we arent pinpointing single atoms

    • @kevincedeno8899
      @kevincedeno8899 Před 24 dny

      There are different levels of control in reactions. I think the type of control Neal was talking about is the type that we're hoping nano machines would be able to provide, at the individual molecule.

  • @davespain7716
    @davespain7716 Před 22 dny +1

    This is the best Startalk I’ve seen, Kate is so knowledgeable and engaging I had no interest in chemistry before I saw this. Great video thank you all.

  • @MissAdventurzzz
    @MissAdventurzzz Před 28 dny +2

    This was such an entertaining discussion! Great minds having fun... inspirational!

  • @DCocco43
    @DCocco43 Před 27 dny +3

    My Argentinian mother in law have been making making Dulce de Leche through sweeten condensed milk cans. It's a staple for sweets in the Argentinian culture.

  • @LarsDJ
    @LarsDJ Před 27 dny +1

    Brilliant episode. I could listen to this stuff every day.

  • @NightowlNS
    @NightowlNS Před 7 dny +1

    I really enjoyed meeting Kate. I will look for here videos. My chemistry teacher in high school made me like chemistry. It is great to have a teacher the excites her students. This was a very exiting episode.

  • @davidbeverly9894
    @davidbeverly9894 Před 28 dny +2

    This was an amazing episode !!!

  • @franktadley1810
    @franktadley1810 Před 29 dny +2

    That was great. All three of you interacted like good atoms. And Kate was the catalyst. Entertaining and highly informative. Thanks.

  • @kamigoroshi9459
    @kamigoroshi9459 Před 28 dny +4

    14:17 The temperature will go down but not due to the reason stated, "freezing point depression". It's in the name. It's the decrease in the freezing point of water, i.e. it's temperature of water will need to be lowered beyond 0 degree Celsius to freeze it. The reason dissolving NaCl in water lowers the temperature is because the NaCl molecules break down into ions in water and thus absorb energy from the water, i.e. it's an endothermic process

    • @christopherschubert1239
      @christopherschubert1239 Před 28 dny

      I was just researching this because I was also confused about the reasoning. Energy is absorbed (endothermic) when salt is dissolved in water which is why the temperature of the solution will drop, not because of freezing point depression. Unless maybe you could calculate how much the temperature of the solution would drop by using the freezing point depression formula? Then the freezing point depression reasoning would make more sense. But I'm not sure.

    • @Gruskinator
      @Gruskinator Před 26 dny

      This is what I thought as well. I don't know how you would use the freezing point depression formula to calculate the energy used in that reaction or why you would do it that way. I think maybe what she meant was that if you add salt to ice there freezing point depression causes the ice to melt and the energy needed for melting makes the temperature go down. This works in the ice cream scenario but wouldn't happen with room temperature water though, so them describing an experiment with a cup of water after doesn't make sense.

    • @navneetbiswal707
      @navneetbiswal707 Před 17 dny

      I had to type about a 300-words explanation to this problem and then i posted the comment before deleting it after 5 minutes. It felt too cocky for me.
      Glad to see someone else did it. Good job!

  • @joppadoni
    @joppadoni Před 27 dny +1

    Loved the show. What a great guest to have on it. One of the best.

  • @shewhosucceeds
    @shewhosucceeds Před 25 dny +1

    Please start including the guests online handle/social media links in the description of the vids!

  • @dioburtophoto
    @dioburtophoto Před 19 dny +1

    I love this channel/show for all the nerd talk but Chuck fits so perfectly - the timing is always on point lol

  • @towesc
    @towesc Před 29 dny +2

    Brilliant stuff really enjoyed that one, thanks guys for sharing.

  • @joshkent4888
    @joshkent4888 Před 28 dny +2

    Such a fantastic interview. Chemistry is so important. Thank you

  • @sandrataylor3723
    @sandrataylor3723 Před 28 dny

    I enjoyed this interview! Thanks.

  • @tomhoyer2313
    @tomhoyer2313 Před 24 dny

    Thanks for having so many great guests on your show. Go Neil and Chuck.

  • @donmilland7606
    @donmilland7606 Před 7 dny +1

    Awesome! More chemistry and biology episodes please.

  • @gabrielrochasantana
    @gabrielrochasantana Před 27 dny

    So good to see her enthusiasm with Chemistry, I am big fan now from Brazil.❤

  • @mangalover9000
    @mangalover9000 Před 26 dny +1

    I would love to see a conversation between quantum physicist and a chemists. Such a great insights.

  • @gooneybird808
    @gooneybird808 Před 26 dny +2

    I’d like to hear a talk about the chemistry involved in making a blue LED. The history is very interesting and the chemistry is ground breaking

  • @jasonirvin6782
    @jasonirvin6782 Před 12 dny +1

    Thank you for this channel and thank you for Dr. Kate! This was so fun!

  • @rparker7710
    @rparker7710 Před 28 dny +1

    Great guest. Thanks to all of you.

  • @trothaksharkpuncher1059
    @trothaksharkpuncher1059 Před 27 dny +1

    This was an excellent episode!

  • @smokeyninja9920
    @smokeyninja9920 Před 29 dny +6

    36:45 I'm imagining a pair of glasses that allow you to visualize different ranges of the spectrum, and how beyond amazed Neil will be when he first wears a pair.

    • @hic_tus
      @hic_tus Před 28 dny +1

      we kind of do that already, we translate invisible parts of the spectrum in something that our brain can understand on a screen. the point is we don't need to see that kind of light, it's too much! our brain would be too busy and we would be constantly blinded by wi fi, our oven, our phones, the uv light from the sun, the cosmic rays, our own body temperature... not great. we can use a screen and technology just fine! we could use some kind of augmented reality glasses instead yeah! but it's basically like a screen. our eyes are already fantastic for what we need to do as a species!

    • @Kleyguerth
      @Kleyguerth Před 28 dny +1

      Well, it's not like Neil works in a field that points telescopes that can see outside the visible light spectrum and map it to the visible light spectrum to create pretty pictures for the press, right?

  • @dancooper8551
    @dancooper8551 Před 28 dny +1

    Episodes with Kate are always the best!🧪

  • @feldegast
    @feldegast Před 29 dny +2

    PFAS has been used in fire fighting foam etc, I remember there was a PFAS issue related to fire fighting training near an airport

  • @TwistedStitchesShow
    @TwistedStitchesShow Před 21 dnem

    I so very enjoyed this episode. Thank you all!! I feel like I learned so much! And at 54!
    Well everytime I watch Startalk I have a 🤯time!! Thank you… makes me wish I had pushed harder when I was in school!!

  • @chrisbarr4157
    @chrisbarr4157 Před 29 dny +2

    Enjoyed this chat, awesome.

  • @franklentz5388
    @franklentz5388 Před 29 dny +8

    About PFAS, they use them in firefighting foam, the foam floats on top of petroleum and deprives the fire of fuel, I was in the Navy and we use this to fight shipboard fires. Now, at 68 years old and having been retired over 30 years I was just diagnosed with tumors in both kidneys. The PFAS stays in the blood system, it has an extremely long half life, they suspect this is what caused my cancer.

    • @Friedafterbirth
      @Friedafterbirth Před 29 dny +4

      Sir, I know its only the internet, but I salute you for what you've gone through and continue to go through. Stay strong man 🙏

    • @deppam
      @deppam Před 29 dny +2

      Good info man. Hope you get better.

  • @masonwank3332
    @masonwank3332 Před 2 dny +1

    Hey guys! Just thought I’d shoot an answer out there for the question at 16:05 because I do research in this field at my university. We currently use deep learning neural networks and machine learning algorithms using schrodingers equation to predict the stability and properties of newly developed molecules. We run massive simulations on a supercomputer on campus to generate and process data. From the data, we draw conclusions on aforementioned subjects.

  • @nolaformentin1982
    @nolaformentin1982 Před 29 dny +2

    Brilliant episode. Thanks!
    Neil, you rock. Chuck, I love you. 😊

  • @Optimus19
    @Optimus19 Před 25 dny

    I liked her so much.. She's do full of energy and bubbly. Great teacher and students lucky to have her

  • @SageRites
    @SageRites Před 29 dny +7

    77 Fahrenheit (ca. 25 degree Celsius)

  • @JJs_playground
    @JJs_playground Před 21 dnem +1

    Kate is a beast, the fact that she can ramble off those equations off the top of her head is incredible.

  • @payasobudy7643
    @payasobudy7643 Před 29 dny +2

    The best intro till today congratulation!!!

  • @truk784
    @truk784 Před 29 dny +2

    It’s called Dulce de leche. Nestle sells it. Or you can do it on your own, can of sweet condensed milk. Boil in water ( cover sealed can) for a couple hours, let cool ( do not open till cool) and BANG! You have caramel. It’s delicious.

  • @tyrone4u559
    @tyrone4u559 Před 29 dny +3

    Awesome segment

  • @reneev4148
    @reneev4148 Před 29 dny

    So cool that deGrasse had not only something she hadn’t heard of but also my absolute favorite thing Dulce de Leche- but i don’t know that we ever boiled the can for just one hour… i was taught by a Brazilian friend when i was young-late teen we would boil the can between 2 and 4 hours, depending on what we wanted it for; the longer u boil the thicker and more solid the caramel becomes, so only 2 hours to make a spread or dip for something like apples or pretzels, and 4 hours to make more ‘chewy’ caramel texture -i’ve even gone up to 5 hours to make chocolate caramel truffles; where we took scoops of the thick globs (after can cooled and was opened) and dipped into chocolate or ganache-another fun kitchen chemistry recipe to try btw- now i want to try just an hour- i imagine that would be really good on a kind of coffee cake or something… I’ve edited this many times as i was remembering, the time i did use, after a 2 hour boil, as a filling in a cake, but it didn’t quite drizzle and pour like he described

  • @rickspencer3839
    @rickspencer3839 Před 22 dny

    I guess a lot has changed since I have taken chemistry but I have never heard of elements referred to as different species. Very interesting! Great show!

  • @JT_771
    @JT_771 Před 29 dny

    Good episode. This segment on chemistry was quite good.

  • @SheSweetLikSugarNSavage
    @SheSweetLikSugarNSavage Před 26 dny +2

    Bruh, Kate Biberdorf straight rocked this show! ⭐😎👩🏼‍🔬🧪

  • @grapesofhypocrisy9842
    @grapesofhypocrisy9842 Před 25 dny +1

    PFAS is on alot of cardboard food packaging... Also they have designed a high electrical use way to breakdown PFAS in water, but it needs to be added to all water treatment plants.

  • @silentracer911
    @silentracer911 Před 29 dny +3

    From my understanding, many PFAS are used in waterproofing, and these new sprays that can waterproof things are a problem when not wearing protective equipment

    • @margiegurner2694
      @margiegurner2694 Před 29 dny +1

      And Teflon non stick pans...and "stainfree" clothes/furniture/ carpet and water bottles/cans with white lining...the scotchguard spray we used to spray on suede items for "protection " and waterproofing 😢

  • @judyp9141
    @judyp9141 Před 29 dny +3

    “Don’t bring your girl around Oxygen” 😂😭

  • @aero1000
    @aero1000 Před 28 dny +1

    Regarding of why PFAS can stay long in the body I have heard that the Fluoride atom takes the space of another atom in an important molecule chain. For example a simplication using a CFC, the fluoride atoms take the position of H atoms, (simplified) CH4 becomes CF4. For important long molecule chains the body cant distinguish if a fluoride atom took the place of an hydrogen atom but the important function of the molecule is lost. Therefore the impact on our body is that DNA doesnts form, Cell division is irregular etc.

    • @antplace
      @antplace Před 25 dny

      You are pretty well on point. Its an enormously damaging class of substances that we are manufacturing 1000s of tons each year and their concentration in the environment raises relentlessly. Those fluorine chains are not slow to break down. They will NEVER break down in the natural environment. They require extreme energies, like from a laser beam to be broken. That is why it is so difficult to even test for them. they don't react with much at normal temperatures.

  • @Kiltylake
    @Kiltylake Před 29 dny +1

    I loved chemistry in school and still find it fascinating!

  • @melaniperalta2385
    @melaniperalta2385 Před 29 dny +2

    love you neil!! thank you for changing my view on all things universe!!

  • @voxp
    @voxp Před 23 dny

    Great discussion! While it's true that we can't control the orientation of every single molecule individually, we can indeed influence reactions creatively. For example, chemists often use inhibitors to block unfavorable reaction sites and enhance the efficiency of desired reactions. Additionally, by designing specific reaction environments, like using solvents or surfaces that favor certain orientations, we can significantly improve reaction rates and outcomes. So, while we can't precisely "dock" every molecule, we have clever ways to guide them to react in the right direction!
    About PFASs, they are persistent because they resist breakdown in the body. Once inside, they're processed by the liver and kidneys. However, these organs often can't eliminate PFASs efficiently, leading to accumulation in tissues and organs over time. So, it's not just about them "sticking" in the body, but rather their resistance to being broken down and excreted.
    Loving these episodes! Please bring Kate the Chemist back more often.

  • @markybob_bassplaya1462

    Now that I am retired (from engineering), my brain hungers scientific principles. These videos are awesome to keep my brain fresh and occupy my thoughts. Thanks Startalk, Neil and Chuck.

  • @BigIron936
    @BigIron936 Před 27 dny +1

    The whole boiling condensed milk to make caramel is a very old school thing. These days you see it done still in Central and South America. A lot of people would just make caramel the normal way, but when you don't have anything and times are tough or you're just feeling a bit nostalgic, or you simply don't have the time to fuss. Boiling a can of "sweetened", it has to sweetened, condensed milk works great for a lot of applications.

  • @sharayalynice
    @sharayalynice Před 27 dny

    my 2 fav Sciences collide!! 🥰🤗
    I always loved Chemistry since I had a awesome high school teacher and he also talked about Astronomy at the end of the year too.

  • @RichardRider-cf9fh
    @RichardRider-cf9fh Před 28 dny

    thank god you brought her back! she is so much fun.

  • @wiktoriatluvi
    @wiktoriatluvi Před 27 dny

    29:30 you can also buy it ready here, it’s called kajmak in polish :) basically creamy canned toffi :D most often used to spread on wafers that are then combined into a multilevel thing :)

  • @coupesandroadsters
    @coupesandroadsters Před 29 dny +2

    I think something that confuses most people is not talking about the difference between Oxygen the atom and Oxygen the molecule 02. Burning hydrogen and oxygen to get water is way easier to grasp when you understand it's not individual, unbound atoms catching flame and producing water. They are bound molecules that break apart and rejoin differently.
    And further, the why helps a lot too. H and O have electrons that need to bind to other atom's electrons or else they are unstable. You wouldn't just see a single oxygen atom hanging out. It's going to link up with other oxygen or other atoms. We don't breath O we breathe 02.
    Ozone, o3, in nature does recombine as o2. So if you had 2 ozone molecules they could recombine to be 3 oxygen molecules. The whole time there were 6 oxygen atoms, but they always partnered up with some buddies. Atoms just don't like being alone.

  • @backwoodsmodified
    @backwoodsmodified Před 29 dny

    Candy making is more about the heating range vs. cooling method. I used a thermometer for candy making ages ago. It had the ranges marked out from 230F - 360F. Higher temp = harder candy.

  • @stevein.
    @stevein. Před 21 dnem

    That short heated debate really had me. Love the show and the brilliant chemistry expert

  • @keithmetcalf5548
    @keithmetcalf5548 Před dnem

    Kate the chemist 😍 i can imagine how awesome her chemistry classes are. Such great energy. And Neil & Chuck, never ceasing to mk for a fun informative podcast. Thank you all.

  • @firghteningtruth7173
    @firghteningtruth7173 Před 18 dny

    I absolutely LOVE that UT seems to touch almost every field around the world. From business to microchips to chemical engineering and far beyond.
    🤘😃🤘

  • @adrianwilson7536
    @adrianwilson7536 Před 23 dny

    Pfas are also used in fire retardant treatments and water proofing. A large contamination in the US was found from a shoe maker. Those water proof shoes you see advertised, covered in pfas. So factories producing fabric products have been major users and emitters of these chemicals too.

  • @Raz.C
    @Raz.C Před dnem

    I really love that she's not dumbing it down all that much. She's displaying the complex beauty of chemistry so that people aren't misled into thinking that it's something other than what it really is.

  • @ianboyes4414
    @ianboyes4414 Před 28 dny

    This is great. I loved the “suck it and see” reference. This is a genuine UK expression and is in no way rude. So funny to see someone else’s reaction to this catalyst.

  • @thorben3281
    @thorben3281 Před 28 dny +1

    Hey I have a question. What would we see if we would look at a plant like millers Plante from Interstellar with a telescope wich could zoom in so hat we see what happened in the movie. How would we see that? In our time so it moves normal or slowed down so,it would take 27 years to see what happens there in 3 hours or how much time it’s was. Or in general what would time look for us if we look at a planet where there time is way shorter then ours?

  • @ayanbasu11
    @ayanbasu11 Před 29 dny +1

    What I love about Neil and Kate: they both went to UT! Neil got his doctorate there, and Kate teaches Chemistry there! Hook 'Em Horns!

  • @SheSweetLikSugarNSavage

    37:40 I knew that too....
    38:00 WOW Kate is really brilliant on the show. She's on it. I'm gonna have to start following her. I'm actually a fan now. 😲

  • @EspeVCC
    @EspeVCC Před 7 dny +1

    This was beautiful. Kate is such an inspiration!

  • @JediGillGaming
    @JediGillGaming Před 25 dny +1

    I found it hilarious that Neil doesn't like the feeling of not being the smartest or corrected on his own podcast. Kate was an amazing guest and his equivalent as a chemistry educator. I will definitely follow her from now on. She's so good at explaining things and her passion comes through in her words and excitement.

    • @JediGillGaming
      @JediGillGaming Před 6 dny

      Go to 13:55 for the moment when Neil tries to make a claim and is educated on the facts. He still wasn't convinced and like a true scientist states he will do the experiment tonight to prove to see if she was correct or not.

  • @seanpowell1163
    @seanpowell1163 Před 29 dny

    I studied this in industrial hygiene. A very complex and difficult field you have to know so much.

  • @sdehues
    @sdehues Před 28 dny

    One of the best StarTalk episodes I've ever seen. wish I could like like like like like

  • @TheStormerman
    @TheStormerman Před 16 dny

    I loved chemistry! My mother bought me a chemistry set when i was a kid, this was back in the day when they didn't neuter them. Mine had a freaking vial of radium in it. It had everything necessary to make pretty much anything as i learned when i went to the library to look up how to make thing.

  • @NicholasNerios
    @NicholasNerios Před 29 dny +1

    Great episode

  • @petedawg
    @petedawg Před 12 dny

    Chocolate chips are in Cassata cakes. They’re from Sicily and have white cake with quartered cherries mixed in, cannoli dip and mini chocolate chip filling, with marzipan (and/or white) frosting. If you can get a slice it’s wonderful to have. It’s very much a premium cake so expect to pay accordingly.

  • @onigvd77
    @onigvd77 Před 20 dny

    Great questions Daniel from Tasmania, I’m from Tassie as well :)

  • @Plantsandtea
    @Plantsandtea Před 28 dny

    This is my favourite star talk to date. Please have Kate as a guest soon :)