Residential vs. Commercial Electrical Power
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- čas přidán 1. 06. 2024
- Electric Pro Academy - Real Skills to make real money.
Synopsis:
In this video, Joel will walk through what parts of an electrical service the customer is responsible for and what parts the utility company is responsible for. He’ll also breakdown the parts and terms surrounding an outdoor electrical meter cabinet, the difference between single-phase & 3-phase power, & the similarities and differences between commercial and residential power.
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Minimum standards referenced in this video:
NEC Free Access Here: www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standa...
AES Goldbook Free Access Here (Note: AES is the AHJ for Indiana, not nationwide): www.aesindiana.com/goldbook-e...
Outline:
0:00 - Introduction
0:14 - Commercial Meter Cabinet Example
0:37 - Meter Cabinet Accessibility
1:14 - Commercial Meter Cabinet Components
1:44 - Utility-Required Specifications
2:28 - Ownership & Responsibility
3:09 - Connected Indoor Electrical Panel
3:33 - Current & Voltage Explained
4:52 - Voltage & Phase Relation
7:30 - Contrasting Residential & Commercial Power
Connect With Us:
Jefferson Electric services residential, commercial, solar, and Tesla systems in Indianapolis, IN.
www.jeffersonelectricllc.com/
/ jeffersonelectric
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I can answer that ? about phase. First a phase must be understood, which is one sine wave. Single phase does not have 2 phases, it is one phase (since it comes from 1 sine wave) and at any given point in time anti-phase both coming from the same sine wave. (This is due to counter windings on both secondary transformer windings). 3 Phase is actually 3 different phases, (3 individual sine waves 120deg out of phase.) You can have delta and star configs on the transformer setups. The reason there is "no two phase" is because the phasing of this creates counter forces on motors and results in their premature failure. The funny thing is there is still true 2 phase in the US, only in an historic area of Philidelphia, Pa. The earliest generators at Niagra Falls were actually two phase. The two phase in this area of Philidelphia is actually obtained from 3 phase generators, since there is no 2 phase generation in the U.S. This 3 phase is actually converted to true two phase via 2 special Tranformers.
Single phase 120/240 where 240v is commonly seen as the source for AC power to some household devices that require 240v. It can also be called a Split Phase 240. This configuration consists of 2 voltage legs that are 180 degrees apart in terms of the sine waveform both voltage and current waveforms. The voltage between the two legs (called phase to phase or line (hot) to line(hot)) is 240V and the phase to neutral voltage is 120V. The 120/240 notation identifies the phase to neutral voltage followed by the phase to phase voltage. Some list the phase to phase voltage first so it may also be called 240/120 single phase. Two single phase of 120v also allow better panel segregation with one 120v phase for one set of breakers and the other side fitting another set of breakers while two 120 v still allow you to create a double pole breaker to feed a 240v devices.
Amazing!
Good answer!
In my over 50 years as a sparky THE 1 & ONLY SPLIT PHASE Is a single phase motor that usually a capacitor to make the start winding out of phase with the run winding. We were taught to call the common 120/240 bolt single phase 3 wire most commonest type of residential service an Edison system. It's been almost 40 years since I worked on two phase. This generally had 4 energized wires and a center tap to provide 120 volts. Two biggest problems with two phase is that you always have to derate wire size due to more then 3 current carrying conductors. Also if you cross phased a 240 motor you only received I believe it was around 170 volts burning the motor out. Philadelphia & Detroit still has some two phase services in use.
There used to be one real oddball service, IIRC last allowed in the 1978 Code: "delta breakers", where you had a single large piece of equipment requiring three-phase power such as an air conditioner in a residence. Separate, unfused three-phase power was brought to the breaker (mounted in the panel but of course insulated from it) in which the remainder of the panel was fed by typical 120/240 volt means. Scary stuff, especially if the delta breaker failed!! I heard they were common in the South for A/C and there are probably a number of them still in service.
Don't forget "high leg". (and some oddball 240 3-ph - often the way 3 phases are brought to a residential area.)
I would say single phase is called that because it comes from a single phase on the primary side. The fact that you’re getting it split into 120 and 120 I call “legs”.
In theory, electricity could be generated with any arbitrary number of phases but three strikes a good compromise balance between cost, complexity and performance. Three provides enough overlap between the phases that to provide essentially constant power for large motors. Three coils in a turbine are easy enough to construct. Three is is a manageable number of wires to string across a city and into electrical panels.
There are some videos on YT explaining this in detail.
Also, 3 phase is much more efficient and can carry more power on the same-sized conductors than 1 phase can. More than 3 phases is just diminishing returns on this factor.
When I worked in CATV, more than once we hacked down peoples bushes for being too close to our equipment. Can't follow directions, you can lose your precious bush or tree. The law was on our side too, which was always nice when the homeowner got all pissed because we hacked their bush down.
funny, in my country only 12kV and above that voltage power lines are above ground.....
some are even in the ground, too!
every house gets its power from underground cables, phone and TV cables, too!
my town dont looks like it is in Africa or any other 3rd world country!
Great information.
Another great video. Thank you. Subscribed.
Because the pulling and tugging at the same time which could mix it a complete loop
Hello my name is Gilbert I am the purchasing a Klein tool GFI receptacle tester with LCD the type that you have can you also use that on the Klein circuit finder thank you
Hi, here in italy we have 220-240v single phase (1hot, 1 neutral and ground). Business uses 380-400v 3-phase power (3 hot + neutral + ground ). In some places, mainly in where they "convert" 3phase 380v in 220v, you have 2-phase (it's rare but i've seen it) and it is 2 hot + ground
230/400V up here in Germany....privat and commercial!
I under stand the 3 phase system. The square root of 3 makes 208 into 120V. That is why the transformer is 208/120. If 240 the line to neutral would be 138.5 V. In my world the phase conductors are always Red/Black/ Blue. Your order showed Black/Red Blue. Utilities use different colors . Some times Red/White/Blue. Others use Red/Yellow/ Blue. Just showing some different colors used. Not picking on you. Just for info.
The electricians Bible the NEC never did have a mandatory color code to distinguish phases on three phase 208, 240 or 480 volt systems. The grounded conductor ( no such thing anymore as a neutral ) was always told must be gray in color. For 480 bolt three phase most electricians use BOY. Brown, Orange & Yellow.
It isn't utilities but regions. Red/Black/Blue is Canada. Black/Red/Blue is the United States. European countries have their own standards, which have changed over the years.
Different groups of colors can be used for different types of services and voltages. For example, "high-leg Delta" service usually has the back leg or high leg or wild leg labelled in orange.
@@jovetj Thanks I did not know that. Now I do. I do know Hydro One in Ontario use Red/White/Blue. Also, in Ontario most systems are 600V. Some plants but few are 480 volt because they are owned by United States
What happens if you are a dyslexic electrician from Canada working in the states? Red black blue and blue black red . See the problem.
7:03, we call it a 3p 200A switch.... the 3p already gives indication for 400V use...1p or 2p would be single phase 230V!
because we have everywhere 230/400V
with the neutral also switched off, it would be a 4p 200A switch
btw: my house got 3x63A power connection.... i could put it down to 3x50 and it would still work! its a 5x16mm² cable
biggest thing i got is my 14kW electric water heater, running with 3x35A.... it a 5x6mm² cable
Would there be a 3 phase in a home that is 5000-10,000 Sq feet or even a 45,000 Sq house
1:34 What material is allowed for these service riser? Can it be PVC? or should it only be Metal or what? In my country I only see metal pipes for these and always always corroded after a decade or two.
what country is that, ours can hold over 40 years, but i am also in Europe!
Utilities often limit the size of motor that can be run on a single phase service, typically 5hp max. Larger motors require 3 phase service.
the color that's shown is 480V brown orange yellow is 208V or 277V
The BOY or brown, orange & yellow is not in the code book but just about everyone uses that for 480 volt 3 phase. With that color scheme any any of the 3 colors and a gray grounded conductor ( no such thing anode called a neutral ) is for 277 volts and used mostly for 277 volt lighting circuits.
@@JohnThomas-lq5qp hm, we use 230/400 for lights, why using another 277V transformer if you have it already in your basement!
Some countries in Europe have 400 volt 3 phase residential power supplies. I think that the amps are not high like in a commercial service in the USA. I wonder how that evolved? Does anyone know?
i know a lot about it, 40 years electrician in Germany.....normal houses got 3x50A or less from the power company.... my old house been running on a single 35A at 230V.... wire sizes are only in metric, its the same from the French coast to Japan...
Is there such a thing as 240v three phase?
Yes. Years ago some ultility companies supplied a 3 wire 240 volt service. Small customers that have it usually install a second service say a 100 or 200 amp 120/240 volt single phase service. Often cheaper to install two services then purchasing & installing a usually a 240 volt three phase transformer to a 120/208 volt secondary to supply luminares & various 120 volt loads.
its 230/400V in Northern Europe, they changed it in the 90s from 220/380V
In the USA smaller commercial
& Industrial sites have either 240 volt 3 wire or 120/208 volts three phase. Largest 3 phase 240 volt service that I installed was 800 amps.
could you run 3 phaser to residential for a work shop with larger equipment?
Yes. But it's going to cost you.
here yes, but i am in Europe, not living in 1910!
I'm waiting...why not two phase? I know why I just can't explain it. Has to do with the sine wave of the 60 hz power.
@@ElectricProAcademy Pretty awesome 👏!
It really boils down to just definition. The Utility Company Generates power that is 3 phase. I have personally been to Power Plants, and several Hydro Plants. It is how Generators work. So we Define 3 Phase Power as Three separate phases 120 degrees out of phase with each other. Your house gets power from a Transformer, the Utility Company will run a SINGLE Phase of their line to an area, and another Phase to a diff area, and the third phase to a diff area. This saves them a TON of money on copper. Those main cables are HUGE and cost a TON of money at their level of scale. They balance out the load across the grid.
Okay, for my house, that Voltage is just over 8,000V at my Transformer. They replaced mine 2 years ago and I took a picture of the inside and totally geeked out on it. The Transformer has a Center Tapped Load side, and YES it does provide Two Separate Phases, 120 V, but they are 180 Degrees out of Phase, NOT 120 Degrees like a Generator. So we do not call it Two Phase, because the Def of 2 phase, is related to 3 phase Power. Think of 2 Phase as a Reserved Word.. Since it comes from a Single Phase of the Utility Company, we call it Single Phase Power. Some people will call it Split Phase which is actually the most accurate.
Bottom line, it is just the Definition. As Joel points out, if you Measure Phase to Phase on a 3 Phase System you won't get 220 V. The 180 Phase Diff, if you have 120V line voltage will be 240V. that gets you a MAX Voltage, and takes less current. Across 2 phases of a 3 phase system, you will have about 10% less Voltage. So, you would need about 10% more current for the same Pwer It helps us keep straight on the Phase Difference, and Home Appliances in America are designed for the Split Phase numbers... You will see real three phases at manufacturing plants, typically ones that use electric motors or large power hogs.
More details...
"(a) nominally 120/240 volts, 2-phase, 5 wires; only available in areas supplied by 2-phase distribution facilities located along public
highways or private rights-of-way and limited to service capacities of 100 kVA or less;
"
www.peco.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Current%20Elec%20tariff%20eff%20June%201%2c%202022.pdf
@@CC-il6tj Nope.Wrong. single phase wires can never be any degrees out of phase. All single phase comes from one coil that if say 120 volts is required it's just center tap. Same as a 3 terminal door bell transformer that can supply 8,16 or 24 volts. They have a winding tapped at 8 volts and and other at 16 volts. 8 &16 = 24. In a 120/240 volt single phase system the center tap is halve way between the 240 volt winding so 120 & 120 = 240 .
@@JohnThomas-lq5qp maybe you would believe Wikipedia? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-phase_electric_power
USA houseload service is 240v split phase . A good way to explain it would be to draw an entrance service diagram from a " Y " or a Delta transformer showing the house serve to one side and a commercial service to the other.
i dont know of any place in the us that uses Delta 3 phase like i do know atleast my area for businesses use wye or in known shorter term Y wouldnt be surprised if the single phase stuff is also a Y variant you can even see Y on the power meter on a business with 3 phase power
All of the thousands of ultility transformers in my big city that feed single phase to houses and small stores & businesses are never feed from a Y or Delta winding of distribution transformer. All single phase transformers. A lot of streets only have one high voltage wire to feed what is an autotransformer. Cheap shakers ground one side of the high voltage and the center tap on secondary 120/240 then to metal case.
@@JohnThomas-lq5qp in my country, every house got 3 phase....some use maybe only a single one, but since WW2, we do 3 phases! and no more metal boxes, since the 1950s!
😵💫
Tell me... wye!
Train wyes are the best wyes.
Sorry to say but these "Colour codes" for three phase wiring are not Universal most likely for USA or at most for North America. Rest of the world have different Colour codes. One important thing "USA is not Universe" 😂😂. Thanks
Well he is based in the us and these videos are really meant for his apprentices and new hires. And really like it's a bother if every video he had to mention that this is us standards like it's obvious if you watch the video dude. So Idk captain obvious much. Tell me how do you explain electrical work you explain it how you know it right so ya of course where you are from the system will be totally different so ya he said universal but if you had a brain you would have understood that he is saying universal in the U.S. electrical grid not the world dummy. If I watched a video of a UK sparky and how shit is run down there ya I'd bet that the color codes are gonna be different because if you knew anything about electrical you'd know shit is run differently across the pond hell countries my side of the globe have different systems. Don't be an idiot and this will all make sense.
Well, it's a video made in and about wiring in the United States, so naturally it just applies to the USA.