Russian language vs English language compared | Edward Gibson and Lex Fridman
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- čas přidán 18. 04. 2024
- Lex Fridman Podcast full episode: • Edward Gibson: Human L...
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Edward Gibson is a psycholinguistics professor at MIT and heads the MIT Language Lab.
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Full podcast episode: czcams.com/video/F3Jd9GI6XqE/video.html
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Guest bio: Edward Gibson is a psycholinguistics professor at MIT and heads the MIT Language Lab.
United language It should be easy like esparanto. Or Indonesian
@@carkawalakhatulistiwa Yes, a simple language for primitive communication between people of different languages, it is only for you to understand the basic. But if we are talking about brain development, then the Russian language contributes to its development, unlike Latin languages... because in the Russian language are more letters, therefore more words and variants of statements due to its free arrangement of the subject and predicate. And the Russian language is poetry! The barbarians who destroy the Russian language, simply do not tolerate competition....It's envy. And I remind you that Russian is one of the 6 international languages. If you want to sell pork to another country, learn English, if you want to develop, learn Russian!
There's a big difference between oral and written Russian.
In oral Russian, you have intonation. Intonation is the king. The word order doesn't really matter since you have
1) cases and/or prepositions to convey correct relations between words
2) you have intonation to convey the main idea, or *the rheme*, the comment.
3) verbs look like verbs (have specific verb endings), the same with adjectives, attributes, prepositions and pronouns. You can clearly see which part of speech is which and you don't need to know its place in the sentence.
If you learned Latin you may get the idea.
And written Russian is different. I dare say that word order is fixed in written Russian. Or perhaps "more fixed" than in oral Russian. But it's fixed in the semantic sense, not syntactic. That is you have to build a sentence in such a way that the rheme or the main idea be placed at the end of the sentence.
E.g.
Я построил дом = I built a house (you specify what you did)
Дом построил я = Could by conveyed as I'm the one who built the house or The house was built by me. (that is it's important for you to specify who exactly built the house)
And here you see another difference closely connected with word order: in the first sentence you have "house" with the indefinite article. And in the second one it comes with the definite article. But there are not articles in Russian, so word order in Russian is also important to make distinction between rheme and theme (topic - comment relations).
Дом я построил. (Since the word "built" is the rheme it could be used in a situation when you stress that you built the house and not bought it). I have difficulties conveying it in English directly, perhaps it's safe to translate it as "I built the house, not bought it".
In oral speech you can take any of these and stress the rheme, the main idea with intonation.
More on the topic-comment thing:
Мальчик вошел в комнату = The boy entered the room.
В комнату вошел мальчик = A boy entered the room.
This is where word order is crucial. If you have no articles, you still have to convey the topic-comment relations and that's where word order comes in.
In the first sentence you describe actions of the boy. In the second one you decribe what's happening in the room. The topic and the comment (or the rheme and the theme) are different in the two sentences.
I hope I conveyed the idea.
Not only did you convey the idea beautifully but you also made me want to revive my studying of Russian. I had it at school for a few years but shamefully forgotten most of it. Great regret.
I guess you're refering to the intonation put to help distinguish the sintaxis of a sentence. That's common with spanish and even english sometimes.
As a Russian I have to say it’s really interesting 😅
I believe this is true for all Slavic languages and thus probably for all languages with essentially free word order. There is a standard, or neutral word order and several nonstandard ones, each conveying a subtle, extra message. Though I must admit I've never though of intonation (or its absence) as a key factor that differentiates a spoken language from the written one. But once you think of it for a while, it becomes obvious.
As a Russian, I applaud your comment. I've never thought about it that way.
Две собаки вошли в комнату. В комнату вошли две собаки. Собаки, две, вошли в комнату. Вошли в комнату две собаки.
В комнату две собаки вошли. Собаки вошли в комнату, две. ))
Две в комнату вошли собаки - sounds a bit weird, but the meaning is still perfectly recognizable (Two in the room entered dogs)
Ну вошли и хрен с ними.
Двое собаков зашли комнату в.
это пиздец товарищи я только сейчас осознал насколько это странно со стороны звучит/выглядит
after studying russian ro more than 30 years i can say in Russian is basically way more complex in terms of mastering it but the payoff is it extremely optimized and precise in terms of application.
in other words it's much more complex and difficult to operate, but much more effective tool of transfering ideas from psyche to psyche.
Let me tell you, when Russians finally start reading their favorite poets in English, they are usually disappointed beyond belief xD
Out poetic translations (at least from European languages) are considered top-notch and are often more like creating a new, deeper meanings and links to other works. And they rhythm needs to be impeccable - otherwise it sounds dumb to our ears. However, the situation changes dramatically if that is a song - music somehow allows poetic English to shine.
Don't know about others but I listened to Evgeny Onegin narrated by Stephen Fry and it was elegant. Although I agree that it's usually hard to translate a poem or a song close to original and make it sound beautiful
@@DashieDeПушкина почти нельзя перевести на английский.Есть слова оттенки которых непереводимы,а в них вся красота.
Много гласных как и в итальянском и короче слова вот и на музыку хорошо ложится.
@@user-gr3wy4ks7g как по мне вообще редко что можно перевести точно. логика разная, оттенки разные. многие обыденные вещи (какой уж там поэзия) вообще не переводятся. можно подобрать лишь примерный аналог.
i think since English is very strict in terms of how you can compose sentences, the most reliable way to make it sound elegant is the pick of words. Say, "spectacular" instead of "awesome", "rapid" instead of "quick", "azure" instead of "blue"- something like that.
До чего же приятно видеть в комментариях оживленное глубокое обсуждение родного языка. Успеха всем кто сейчас учит не только русский язык, но и любой другой. Для меня это сложно, не могу себя заставить уделять некоторое время ежедневно. Видя как люди изучают так глубоко иностранные языки, не перестаю восхищаться таким людьми.
My native is Russian and I speak English and French. Every of them has its own brilliance but the Russian is most flexible
Абсолютно согласна. И живя в англоязычной стране, я понимаю, как богат и одновременно прост и сложен русский язык.
Yoda is like: "Lightsaber hold my"
Btw. Yoda makes a lot of sense in Russian dubbing. He sounds wise because of the still unusual word order, but, I guess, less 'alien' compared to his English original.
In russian its is not even sound to strange or unusial.
Лазерный меч подержи мой.
It's not even weird😂😂😂
Yoda's gramatic sequence of the words have just few known languages.
@@eg568 Ит из литл уирд, но не настолько как в английском
The Slavic and Germanic languages come from the same Corded Ware culture, which in the first half of the Bronze Age occupied the whole of northern and eastern Europe. Until now, many common words have been preserved in English and Russian:
Day - Den'
Night - Noch
Stop - Stop
Door - Dver
Snow - Sneg
Water - Voda
Sister - Sestra
Brother - Brat
Daughter - Doch, Docher
Son - Syn
Mother - Mater, Mat'.
You can find hundreds of such words.
the clip is not about vocabularies, but systems in the structures. You mention meat, while the podcast talks about bones.
@@Laenthal you are wrong with "stop". It's a borrowed word in Russian. But there is a similar root "топтать", "топот", "топ" in Russian. "Топтать" means "to stomp" . I don't know for sure if it is the same indoeuropean root or not (because of lost s). It can be just stochastic external similarity. Both words (stop and топать) can have etymologically different origin.
@@CapitalismScorner reread stuff more carefully.
Slavic, Germanic and Romance are the big three groups that are related. But there are many other smaller groups that are also related, for example Greek and Hindi are related.
@@CapitalismScorner I think the closest thing to the word stop would be the word stoy (стой). When I was in the army, we said, "Stop! Who's coming?" - "Стой! Кто идет?"
Spanish is similar to Russian in that regard. While SVO is the preferred order, words can go in pretty much any order. It's common for verbs to go before their subjects, e.g. "Se fueron mis amigos", "me lo dijo mi mamá", and also very common for verbs to go after their objects, especially in expressions intended to sound archaic (a vestige from Latin), e.g. "Quien bebidas no compra, amigos no tiene".
You can also invert subjects and objects with no problem due to case marking and direct object clitics, e.g. "A Juan lo besó María", "el pan lo compró mi amigo".
Due to its verb modifiers and extensive use of different kinds pronombres, yes, it is much closer than English.
"Кто девушку ужинает, тот её и танцует" - Proverbio ruso similar al tuyo sobre los amigos.
@@Agalofix that's a cool one 🙂
Same in Italian and Corsican, due to their latin roots. Latin had a case system, just like Russian, so basically the words' order wasn't the key to convey meaning. So words order is more flexible (even more so in Russian) and serves a different purpose (stressing an idea, literary style, poetry...)
This is a great observation! It's true. Subject, verb and object can switch places depending on a stress you want to make. Also really helps for poem writing
4:40 In Russian, that doesn't really work with foreign names that don't get inflected, and at times that becomes rather confusing. "Джон поцеловал Мэри" and "Мэри поцеловал Джон" convey practically the same meaning (except nuances), because we assume Джон is male and "поцеловал" is the masculine form of the verb, whereas if Mary was doing the kissing, that would've been "Джона поцеловала Мэри" and "Мэри поцеловала Джона". But if both were, say, female, and with non-inflectable names, like "Мэри поцеловала Сьюзи" and "Сьюзи поцеловала Мэри", you couldn't, strictly speaking, determine who kissed who, and would have to rely on certain word orders being more "natural" than others. Happens not only with names, but with other words too, although I can't come up with a good example of that at the moment.
Is there exists any English male non-flectablr name? It seems to me that there are no male names that cannot be put in the accusative case. That is, even at the language level in Russia, same-sex stuff is banned😂
@@MishkoWtF There are, to my knowledge, plenty of those: Bobby, Billie, Johnny, Joe, to name a few. Basically, any name (or name form) that ends not with an "a" or a consonant. Male names tend to end with a consonant (there are exceptions, such as Илья or Никита), female names with an "а" or "я" (there are probably exceptions as well, but can't remember any of those now). Most stuff that doesn't fit into those patterns you wouldn't know how to inflect and therefore wouldn't inflect.
@@vladimir945 or you''ll use some other variation of the same name.
@@vladimir945Sasha
@@ClydeDivision Sasha -> Sashe -> Sashu -> Sashi
Joe is always Joe
Breaking down a sentence into a diagram to illustrate word dependency and function is taught in primary schools in Poland. Students usually loathe it but, as Mr Gibson described, there can be a lot of beauty and logic in basic grammar rules.
Присоединяюсь. В России это тоже проходят в начальной школе.
@@seperependipity This provides a lot more understanding of the mechanics of language. Of course doing dictation for 14 year olds means you have less time for other lessons.
@@JudePi-jx7yo Elementary school (Начальная школа) - kids of 7 - 11 years old. At Russian language lessons, kids routinely do syntactic parsing of the sentence as an excercise. Since the word order in our language is not fixed, it may be a non trivial task to find subjec, predicate, object and adverbial.
Yes, kids are very busy at school. However, in my opinion, there are other less necessary lessons that could be sacrificed. Russian language, maths and reading are the core lessons in elementary school.
@@seperependipity Yes and yet most, even well educated, Anglo-Americans don't even know what an direct object is. You don't need it to speak English well. This is often seen as a sign of lack of education yet look at the record of innovation from the English speaking world so something is going well in the education system.
@@JudePi-jx7yo It's probably ok for an English speaking person to not do this task, but it's strange that a Russian speaking person like Lex doesn't remember it. Wikipedia says his famili moved to Chicago when he was ~11. And here you may see one of the reasons, why there is more innovation in English speaking world. It is so convenient to get good free education in Russia and then go to the West to monetize it.
What’s interesting is learning ASL. You think you are signing “I am going to the store.” But you actually sign “store. I go.” The first way is considered thinking in English.
Serbian is the perfect language. Every sound has one letter. And everything is written the way it is spoken.
Really?
@@andreyansimov5442 Yes. 30 Cyrillic letters represent all the sounds needed to form any word, even foreign. No illogical rules and spelling like in English, French, Russian, or German.
@@universalconquest4447 Interesting
There is many languages like that Georgian for example
@@sj3222 Georgian has 33 letters/sounds and Serbian only 30, thus Serbian is better and more efficient.
Хуже водки лучше нет.
"да не")
@@ghostriIey да ну нет)
@@user-hc1kq7gi6q да не ну, а нет
@@user-hc1kq7gi6q да нет, наверное))
у ребенка в учебнике видел для разбора предложение: "Косил косой косой косой".
3:30 "I can't mess with the order in English" - Two dogs entered a room.
Bruh, I've read old English books, and believe you me, they use all kinds of variations of the same positions of words and it is still very understandable, I think it's much more interesting to read when the same incidents are spelled a little differently, the same feels like a tautology.
A room was entered by two dogs,
In the room two dogs entered,
In the room entered two dogs,
Dogs of two entered a room,
Two of dogs entered a room...
the point was to use the same words, no additions.
Bruh, dude even in your examples you're adding new words to deliver the same meaning - "was", "of", "in the"... The point is, you need to use the same words and only change the order. That works in russian, but you can't say "A room two dogs entered" that's sounds weird. Also some of your examples sound old, like in old English books as you said. I'm not sure if anyone talks like that usually? In Russian it's common thing and usually doesn't sound like in old books, people talk like that everyday
Hope this helps
в комнату вошли две собаки
две собаки вошли в комнату
две собаки в комнату вошли
вошли две собаки в комнату
1:45 - Don’t they teach that in school? They did in my regular Russian school.
Might be. I don't remember breaking sentences to a tree, but we might have did it. Memory is weak
This was normally taught in 3rd or 4th grade in grammar school when I was child in the postcomm country I'm from.
There is a saying in Russia: "English poetry is subpar in original language". A lot of poems was translated by renown russian poets, and after reading the translation, it is a stark contrast.
I remember reading ‘Hamlet’ twice, the original text by Shakespeare and the Russian translation by Pasternak, and I can say I enjoyed two very different plays, each beautiful in its own way
Перевод Самуила Маршака "Верескового мёда" на русский просто потрясающий
Same in reverse, Pushkin in English pales in comparison to original tongue
@@computershit
that's not "same in reverse".
They said that the translation to Russian enhanced the English original, not diminished it.
Звучный перевод, но почему у него "мёд", а не эль, как в оригинале? Мне непонятно.
those verbs are not irregular as far as i know. they are vestiges of the old english conjugation system which was in the course of centuries replaced by the -ed verb pattern. ironically they are in fact regular and the -ed form is irregular. the same process took place in German as well.
I am pretty sure by Old English we already had the -ed past tense system since a lot of other Germanic languages has it too, so the past tense of irregular verbs might be even older coming from early Proto-Germanic or even Proto Indo-European
Lex Clips, This made me so happy! I liked and subscribed!
Calm down
На самом деле, самое забавное в русском языке, что вы можете на ходу придумать слово, которое тут же поймет ваш собеседник, например из существительного сделать глагол, не говоря уже о мате и формах глаголов производных от этого мата)) Я правда не лингвист и не знаю, можно так в других языках, скорее всего можно, но в русском это легко.))
Это скорее что-то что естественно приходит на каком-то уровне понимания языка
Согласна) поэтому это очень разнообразит диалог
Кузяво шпаришь, пацак. Зацени ревёрс, старый аки анализы птеродактелей:
Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
Пырялись по наве,
И хрюкотали зелюки,
Как мюмзики в мове.
О бойся Бармаглота, сын!
Он так свирлеп и дик,
А в глyще рымит исполин --
Злопастный Брандашмыг.
Но взял он меч, и взял он щит,
Высоких полон дyм.
В глyщобy пyть его лежит
Под дерево Тyмтyм.
Он стал под дерево и ждет,
И вдрyг граахнyл гром --
Летит yжасный Бармаглот
И пылкает огнем!
Раз-два, раз-два! Горит трава,
Взы-взы -- стрижает меч,
Ува! Ува! И голова
Барабардает с плеч.
О светозарный мальчик мой!
Ты победил в бою!
О храброславленный герой,
Хвалy тебе пою!
Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
Пырялись по наве,
И хрюкотали зелюки,
Как мюмзики в мове.
Современный английский это куча продуманных слов, которые возникают чуть ли не ежедневно и весьма активно вводятся я широкий оборот. Например, spinner, что из массового приходит в голову
@@kolesglock поздравляю, ты описал язык
Words in a sentence build a tree. Objects on a picture build a tree. Regarding music I can't judge. And all these are not separate trees. They are intertwined. Any object is a tree of its parts. Conceptions grow from a generalized root to concrete leaves. I'd like you to notice connections between all different kinds of trees. Here we get to the notion of multimodal graphs.
Hey, we used to do these trees in my Polish ground school 😅
And that's why it's darn near impossible to have a non-native spy who would pass for a Russian in Russia. Not only the word order is freer, but your fluency _will_ be judged by whether you pick something a local would pick, or something that doesn't sound "fluent".
Irregulars in English are from the old Anglo Saxon rules. Adding “‘ed” to a past tense is a Latin import. The relative of English, German relays heavily on prefixing with “ge” for past tense and the vowel shifts too. In Spanish, which is Latin with a Celtic and Arabic vibe they past tense relies on suffixing “ado” or “ido” much like the modern English suffixing with “ed”
Yes, the irregulars are the same as in German so I thought the regulars must be an addition that got into the English language after that. For example:
I drink - Ich trinke
I drank - Ich trank
I have drunk - Ich habe getrunken
The - ed endings aren't a Latin import. We also used to use ge- in our past tense alongside the suffix corresponding to modern -ed, such as in a word like "ġefolgod", which is the past participle of "follow". This -od past tense ending was inherited from Proto-Germanic -ōdaz. This is used as both a past tense and past participle marker, and as the participle it is cognate with Latin -ātus, but not derived from it
Ed is not a Latin import, we the -ed rule since Proto-Germanic
@@BrandydocMeriabuck Oh, I see now that - ed is the equivalent of German -t:
followed - gefolgt
@@Alex-ds6sw Exactly!
боже, я так и не дождался, когда он позволит ему сказать
сказать ЧТО ?
Lex, I have learned how to speak English watching your channel, I love your videos, your content is amazing! I would love to ask you to do a review about the book "the brothers Karamazov" as you did with "1984". That review helped me to open my mind and enjoy more the reeding.
Thanks a lot for everything that you have done.
Um grande abraço do Brasil!!
(A huge hug from Brazil)
that’s a tough ask, he tends to be ironically quite anti russian which is a shame
his best book by far
@@valuetraveler2026 i love dostoevsky, im saying lex is anti anything that’s russian
Greetings to Brazil, the last white country
Playing word order in Russian (or any other language that allows that) gives you an opportunity to encode "shades" over basic meaning. For example: normally you say "I came to America ten years ago", but if you say in Russian "I came to Amerika years ten ago" would mean that you're not completely sure, was it ten years, or nine, or eleven, or else, but approximately ten. Going further, you could say "In America i came years ten ago". That would mean you stress the meaning on place, where you came some time ago, so the next sentence would probably have different stress against the previous. For example, you're giving an interview how you became a successful business man in America. In Russian tou could say "In America i came years ten ago. But economy i studied for almost fifteen years. So i came to America prepared"
Ещё чуть-чуть смешного, для тех кто сможет понять.
"Мэри поцеловала Джона" - Тут сразу ясно, что Мэри женщина.
"Мэри поцеловал Джона" - Мэри мужчина.
"Джона поцеловала Мэри" - здесь Джона точно женщина.
"Джон поцеловал Мэри" - Джон мужчина!
"Джон поцеловала Мэри" - Джон женщина.
А зомби зомби зомби.
В третьем примере обратный порядок, а не женщина по имени "Джона". К слову, вполне допустим такой порядок, особенно если мысль состоит в том, что именно Мэри поцеловала Джона.
@@openm1ndead Вы ошиблись. Тут два варианта. 1 муж по имени Джона поцеловал Мэри. Муж по имени Мэри поцеловал мужа Джона(род.п от Джон). Если бы Джона была женщиной, то поцеловали бы Джону. Если бы целовала жен Мэри, то она бы целовалА.
@@Korovkin_Pavel нет, не ошибся.
- Маша поцеловала Петю, а кто же поцеловал Джона?
- Джона поцеловала Мэри.
Full stop
@@openm1ndead Упс, тут не с русским проблема, а у меня со счетом. Глаз за вторую строчку зацепился. Согласен, что в 3тьей может быть обратный порядок. И Мэри(ж) целует Джона(м). Звиняемся.
In Russian, you can make a sentence from one word.
I think the same is true in most languages.😊
@@user-yl9sw4ed2f Is it? I think the commenter is right. It is definitely not a unique trait of Russian but it is also not that common in many languages.
For example: "Распогодилось.", which means "the weather has cleared up" or "das Wetter hat sich aufgeklärt", I don't know of any way to say it one word in English or German. Even in Latin, which is known for its "laconic" features, it would be "tempestas purgavit" (or other verb).
Another example: "Понеслась.", which literally means "away we go!" or "Weg gehen wir!", but more often used as a description of a point of no return like when a street fight starts or when we describe a turning point in history\economics\politics to give it more "spice". The common usage is large.
So I just wanted to show, that Russian really has some unique features and instruments, though I know not that many languages and may be wrong!
@@user-ei7bk1tq1w bullshit!
@@user-ei7bk1tq1w Пиздец.
In Russian, you can make a sentence from words
J ust wanted to add few words on importance of the context. Lets consider that «дом я построил» with two different contexts:
1) - ты что дом купил?
- дом я построил.
Eng: - did you buy the house?
- I built the house
2) - и что ты построил?
- дом я построил.
Eng: - so what did you build?
- I built the house.
In the first case we emphasize the fact that we BUILT the house, not just bought it. In a latter one we are emphasizing that we built the HOUSE. The word ordering matters, but the full semantics can be captured only in combination with the context and intonation.
In german there are also a lot if possibilities tonconstruct a Santander.
This also is because we haven't strct rules, when to use a specific tense. You can say for example:
Das Haus baute ich.
The house built I.
Das Haus habe ich gebaut.
The house have I built.
Ich baute das Haus.
I built the Haus.
Ich habe das Haus gebaut
I have built the house
Gebaut wurde das Haus von mir.
Built was the house from me.
If you would want to Sound old you could say:
Es wurde errichtet das Haus von mir.
It was built the hous from me.
Similar it is with the present.
irregulars are irregular because they're older in the language from a point in time when there were more declinations on the verbs.
So think of drink. For as long as the English language and before in its germanic or indoeuropean past people have drunk.
For new verbs, they will follow the rules. For the past of the verb google, you will have googled not gogloke (broke) nor goglought (brought).
What they are trying to do is to explain grammatical categories of theoretical grammatics without actually introducing them. Synthetic languages tend to have more grammatical categories hence flexibility in the word order.
3:22 Disagree with you Yoda would!
I love you. Love you I? You I love? Love I you? No.
Я люблю тебя. Люблю тебя я? Тебя я люблю? Люблю я тебя? Да. Yes.
Причём, это от интонации, а точнее, от ситуации сложившейся тоже зависит, хотя строгого порядка слов в предложении нет. I love you (Я тебя люблю) зависит от интонации и ситуации в момент произношения этой фразы, но порядок слов остаётся на твоё усмотрение.
This explain main difference between synthetic and analytical languages
Not exactly, f.e., synthetic German has even more fixed word order, then analytical English.
Тест по владению русским языком для иностранцев:
" Косил косой косой косой" - переведите это на свой родной язык :)
Я на русском-то не понял, что это за хрень, а ты предлагаешь иностранцу это расшифровать))
@@rednoi3eНе коси под косого.. 😂зайяц косу погнул , вот так и косит.
@@vz8934 мда... Так вот, в каком именно месте богат и могуч русский язык 😂
@@rednoi3e Что поделать, нашла коса на камень а четвёртый раз в год косить ночью косой не пойдёт. Фигвам. Вот так и косой косой косой и косит трынь траву на поляне и при этом напевает странные слова..
@@rednoi3e a crosseyed guy was mowing with a crooked scythe
No No No, the irregular Verbs used to be regular in English, but the rules of inflection were eventually dropped Like most of the grammar when old english was morphed with old French or norman in Order to create modern English.
That's why the inflections merely exist with the Most common every day words. Those weree Just remembered without remembering the underlying rules.
Two of my favourite languages
Insightful interview, spassiba, Lex!
Sorry to be not boring but curious. Do you know meaning of the word spasibo, how it has been "built"?
@@andreyansimov5442 I actually do, yes. I'm surrounded by Russians, where I live.
@@andreyansimov5442what is it?
New learner
4:42 btw, some words do not change their endings in Russian language. You can't switch Matthew and Charlie in "Matthew hit Charlie". There's still a default subject-verb-object order
We can do it
You actually can
М ударил С = M hit C
С ударен М = M hit C
Matvey udarel Charlie.
Charlie udaren Matveyem.
You can change. And preserve the meaning.
If you don't change them it will flip the meaning.
@@denisdenisov4036 hm, well, in this case it's right. However, it means it was a wrong example, it should've been "Matthew is hitting Charlie" :) So it is "M бьёт C". I can't find out right away what Charlie can do 🤔 May be избиваем but the verb seems to be too different and it suggests assessing the level of harm
Reminds me Zadornov's ' Да, нет наверное' joke :P
in Persian, past and present perfect forms of verbs are all regular. for the past forms, you remove the ending of the infinitive form of verbs and you add 6 different forms for 6 subjects (I,you(informal),he(no gender for third person, she and it are all he), we,they, You(formal-plural). and the past participle form of verbs, are easier, you add only one unchangable verb which means "being" for all other 6. Hahaha, now you can make a lot of sentences
in Chinese, freedom is everywhere, so poetry is so popular through the past 3000 years, u can easily find ancient poetry from 2000 years ago…
How is the poetry constructed in Chinese? I mean, it is rhymed, or does it keep a certain rhythmic pattern, fixed number of syllables, or something like that?
@@Axel_Kidd it has so many forms, some 7 some 5 some 4 some n-tuples of words, and the order can go svo/sov/vso/ssv/svvo… (Japanese would use one of the ancient Chinese parse order vso) because there is no time and pronunciation problem, the old ones have different dispatches in your brain to generate the meaning (runtime system in brain is different from western languages) then when you combine them which means differently, each word is one syllable, one square space, which allows people to combine new phrases in the same form and the meaning is highly exchangeable you can always find a sound in a particular meaning, plus u can define the tuples on the fly, even today people creating new vocals by combining unprecedented words together which would generate a meaningful words by just associating with their old meanings which is very hard to explain, different eras may use different strategies to create their form of expression, u can say “Chinese” has minimum syntax then every era makes up their own sub languages but the previous used meaning is still referable to generate new combinations. You can say Chinese system is like lisp, allowing customised sub languages to be formed which can still call the functions of other modules in the ancient contexts.
@@beautifulmind684 Super interesting, thanks!
I guess, it would be great to get myself some kind of anthology book, with the examples of Chinese poetry as well as English translations and explanatory text. I have just barely touched Chinese language, but it would be good to have that additional incentive to learn it.
I was under impression that Chinese is an analytical language just like English is.
So I pretty much doubt it's as flexible as any of synesthetic languages like Russian.
Correct me if I'm wrong.
@@RustedCroaker I don’t know the concept of analytical language or synthesis lang(maybe that is what Chinese is(generate the meaning by guessing instead of following one fix set of rules)).
Such a fascinating show!
What language is more difficult russian or german?
Russian
Depends on what aspect, i studied both languages personally. If we talk about grammar, russian is more reflexive and fluid than german, german is more technical than russian when it comes to grammar. On listening russian is a bit easier to understand and convey because it is vocally clearer, i had a bit difficulty undestanding german by listening. However russian cases are more difficult than german, not to mention it has more of them than german.
depends on your mother tongue, if you are english native then german will be easier to learn, if polish native then russian imho
in fact, the same difficulty overall.
If you know russian german will be harder than russian
English poetry is much easier than Russian. English has much more words, they are much more simple. And.. they are SHORT. So it's very comfortable to express thoughts in English. Though of course Russian is rich with nuances and undertones. English is more straight minded.
You are definitely right
Русский комментарий, который ты искал)
салам алейкум русский комментарий ))
Я не искал )
@@IbraTsoryв России так не говорят, только пару миллионов из 140 где-то на границах южных 😂😂😂
Хай бро
Я понимаю " ) " означает улыбку
я узнал это сегодня))
Too little for such an important explanation. Apparently they are both embarrassed to discuss this more broadly.
Irregular aren't breaking the rules but I think mostly before the rules were established.
Language is estimated by its literature. They have Shakespeare and Dickens...We have Dostoevsky, Chekhov. So both languages are top.
Both don't have good philosophy
@@mnemonicpie As some say, all Western philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato.
@@Axel_Kidd Heidegger is the honorable end of the Western philosophy. Plato is the beginning.
ну вообще язык Шекспира сильно отличается от современного, дети без пояснений учителя не понимают
Oh, so basically Schoolhouse Rock on nouns, verbs and adverbs.
Хоть в английском и существует строгий порядок слов в предложении, но он выглядит простым и естественным и при изучении это проблем не доставляет. А вот скажем в голландском все гораздо хуже. Например: англ - I want to GO to the cinema; голл - Ik wil naar de bioscoop GAAN. То есть второй глагол ставится в конце, зачем то. И это такой трубец, как будто специально сделали, чтобы их язык труднее было выучить:)
В голландском структура предложений идет в порядке SUBJECT-OBJECT-VERB или это уникальный случай?
Ну дык, в немецком то же самое жеж, нет?
@@user-zt2ob3le7e то же самое. Тут дело в модальном глаголе. После него инфинитив основного всегда идёт в конец предложения. По-немецки это будет Ich will ins (in das) Kino gehen. Если есть вспомогательный глагол, то основной тоже пойдёт в конец в том или ином виде (зависит от видо-временной формы глагола). Например в Perfekt (форма прошедшего времени, грамматически, но не по смыслу близкая к Present Perfect в английском) основной глагол в форме Partizip II (причастие прошедшего времени, 3-я форма глагола) тоже идёт в конец предложения.
How did we get here?
In the beginning there was light…
@@googull4778 nah , in the beginning God proclaimed "let there be light"... then there was light...
Diagram a sentence to observe its geometry, it looks like a tree. Languages are like trees in the forest.
John the object kissed Mary the subject.
it's very nice to listen to an educated person 👍
All you describing here are difference between "matrix-based" languages and "index-based" ones. In Russian you can use word sequence in sentence to make accents, for example:
I love you
Я люблю тебя - accent to love as reason
Тебя люблю я - accent to you as subject
Я тебя люблю - general form
Люблю тебя я - more poetic form
Люблю я тебя - strong accent on "love".
Романтическая любовь:
Я тебя люблю - повседневная форма
Тебя я люблю!!! - Эмоциональное утверждение во время недопонимания, например.
Я люблю Тебя! - Первое признание
Интересно наблюдать за тем, как твой язык обсуждают на полном серьёзе и рассуждают о нём. Привычные мне вещи в языке для иностранных ребят являются тем ещё препятствием для его изучения и, что самое главное, понимания. Ведь хоть ты будешь знать лексику русского языка, ты все равно не во всех случаях сможешь подобрать своевременно подходящее слово или фразу для описания ситуации, например. Вот где-то мне проще сказать, а иностранцу нужно все равно подумать. Разница в скорости выражения мыслей
Кстати, меня забавляет смотреть, как иностранцы пытаются выражаться на русском языке. Всё же это реально ржачно выходит 😂
Я тоже задумалась о том, что англоговорящие даже не задумываются о том, как язык приучает их жестко подчиняться законам языка,а потом и просто законам. Что гибкость мышления вшита в сам язык. Я считаю, что максимально круто знать несколько языков, причем, с разной грамматикой. Скажем, русский и английский.
It should also be mentioned that inversed word order in russian creates new meanings. In the example Edward gave it would mean “It was Marry who was kissed by John” (vs just “John kissed Marry” if the order is not inverted)
not really since you would write them differently
Active
Джон поцеловал Мэри - John kissed Marry.
Мэри поцеловал Джон - It was John who kissed Merry.
Passive
Джоном поцелована Мэри - The one kissed by John is Merry.
Мэри поцелована Джоном - Merry kissed by John.
The point is it's never become Merry kissing John no meter how you order it. As long as you don't change words information of who did what never change, you just change emotions or stress on different parts of information as more important.
Looks like a chair.. we can sit down and ah ha yes ❤
Me literally learning Russian right now
Stop reading my mind Lex
Когда послушала первое ваше видео, закралась мысль о том, что я, как будто, слышу русский акцент, хотя ваш английский превосходный. Думала, может, это какой-то диалект влияет на вашу фонетику. Но сейчас, когда вы сказали, что вы знаете русский, я ещё раз убедилась, что вытравить русский акцент практически невозможно, если русский - первый язык.
Глаголы по гендерной пренадлежности (пол). А НЕ по линолеуму и паркету - второе значение слова пол в русском языке. :D Например. "Один дома-2" в русском дубляже, в сцене где Кевин убегает из отеля Плаза ставя фильм. Вначале "Ты путаЛАСЬ...", а когда за Кевином заходят портье с охраной, они слышат "путаЛСЯ", и это неправильно (первое правильно) - персонаж там к женщине обращается (соответствующего спряжения глагол), но в русском языке пришлось, будто бы к мужчине, чтобы прикол на нет не свести. В русском языке у Кевина подобный фокус бы не вышел - глаголы гендерное спряжение имеют, неприятный портье мужчина, а на экране видеокассеты к женщине обращаются. Несоответствие. В русском языке эти глаголы по гендерному типу различны.
Russian my mother language.)
Текст Достоевского перевод на французский,английский, английский,а затем обратно.Теряется главный смысл.
мэри целует джона, целует джон мэри, мэри джона целует, джон мэри целует... да... вот так вот бывает. интересно как это гугл транслейт переведёт.. и ещё куча вариантов есть. важно ещё, что в каждом слышатся интонации. наверно, акцент на первом месте. например, целует мэри джона - а могла бы делать чтото другое. мэри целует джона - а могла бы другая девочка. джон целует мэри - а мог бы другой мальчик.
а я чото думал услышать такую странную вещь, прошлое время, джон целовал мэри, но мэри целовалА джона. то есть, в глаголе ты обязан указывать свой пол!!! я выпилО ещё недостаточно водочки, пойду добавлю))))
есть ещё прикольные приставки, кстати пересекающиеся с романскими, типа перепродукция, или наоборот окончания, платина, серебрина, всётаки я уверен неправильно в лингвистике принято считать германские и славянские более родственные... чтото в лингвистике традиционной сильно неправильно. очевидно, (балто)славянские ближе италийским в сто раз чем германским. (тут 19 век был романтический, да, все хотели быть правильной расы...)
вообще, тема русских глаголов сильно недопонята... у нас как... принято говорить, что система существительных в русском богатая, а глаголов крайне бедная, а вот в английском и болгарском наоборот - нет падежей, но есть 200 времён... в русском глаголы сильно неправильно рассказываемая тема.. тут даже в каменте и не смогу написать... система глаголов в русском интересна на мой личный взгляд что она развалилась в какуюто сложность и формирует какието новые вещи...
In Russian U can make sentence using only verbs without nouns. Устал, сел отдыхать. - Tired, I sat down to rest
по сути и там и там 6 слогов
If you want to change word order you may say "Jhon kissed by Mary."
English - a lumberjack Ax.
Russian - a Swiss Knife Multitool and a Scalpel and a Guillotine ... and a Oxygen Сushion ... and The Wrath of the Lord.
when I wrote in English to my English-speaking friends, they laughed at me, saying that I was writing as if Master Yoda was talking
Yeah that might happen when you think in Russian and translate it into English straight away. What I found more interesting is that these ‘awkward’ sentence structures are actually fine, you can find them in poetry all the time.
Чайнело… Мильные бокры
Юлись и дрырлись к поросе,
И глокой куздры развихры
Курдячились по белесе.
Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
Пырялись по наве,
И хрюкотали зелюки,
Как мюмзики в мове.
Soveticus poetry.
Нихуя не понял
@@tada3922тут также
Тест на ощущение языка, в детстве такое в начальной школе читали😅
5:10 so true with polish as well:
John kissed Merry:
- John pocałował Merry
- Pocałował Merry John
- John Merry pocałował
- Merry pocałował John
- Pocałował John Merry
- Merry John pocałował
It all means exactly the same. The only difference lies in a very very subtle emotional weight to which poetry can be leveled to such a nuanced beautiful degree.
Ending of a verb defines the meaning of it like in Russian exactly.
это относится к любому славянскому языку
английский очень примитивный
поэтому он стал международным
потому что его легко выучить
@@HEX-qw7qp примитивно думать, что бывают примитивные языки
your commentary made 0 sense. You are using the same conjugation of the word "kiss", it's past simple basically.
There is no way to distinguish who did what this way. And since when is Merry using a masculine conjugation of the word?
It has to be Merry pocałowała. Not pocałował!
@@diogeneslaertius3365 I don't speak polish but i guess it works pretty much the same as in russian and for me "Merry pocałował John" makes sense. "Merry was kissed by John". Maybe this sentence may help to understand: "Merry pocałował John, a Katyu pocałował Dima"
After Pushkin and Esenin I figured I'd check out the best poets of the west. The only one that didn't make me cringe was Lesane Parish Crooks.
Косил за косой косой косой косой косой косой
Are there any comedy clubs in Russia?
yes, stand-up comedy became very popular in 2010s in Russia; so now there are plenty comedy clubs; lots of open mics; one of the most popular comedy shows nowadays is "womens stand-up"
Tv stand up and Independent CZcams stand up is very popular
There are comedy shows both on Internet and Tv too
of course, and also there's a tv show called literally "comedy club"
Деградируют
@@in7374 you missed KVN which was a thing long before "stand up comedy"
PUSHKIN ❤
Sorry for my comment. I saw the starting title and thought. Just dont start with Da. Start with fact both languages are of German group and some root words are from proto language aka sanscrit. Russian got rid of To Be mainly, but it wasnt like this in ancient slavic. Ancient Russians say I am (As esm) and he is (on est). And I see more similarities between German and Russian in root words. By the way Im curious, why they say as reply to an order of commander in army - Yest'! (or it was, again, in the past, not in modern Russia)
Fellow russian here. Standard formal reply in army is "Tak tochno (так точно)" - when you basically say "Yes". Mean something like: "Exactly as you said."
Also we have: "Yest (есть)" It's more like: "There is/ Exist" - you basically mean that something going to exist. You say that when you are going to do something, making it into reality, into existence.
Есть being used in the military context is a borrow from English "yes"
Свободы в русском может и больше, но огрничений тоже предостаточно. Так фильм "11 друзей Оушена" переведен неправильно из-за невозможности дословного перевода.😊
Любой язык нельзя перевести дословно.
фильм "11 друзей Оушена" переведен неправильно из-за непрофессионализма и цензуры.
I like English for writing , while Russian is simply easier to talk with than English.
Mary kissed John
John was kissed by Mary
The point is that you can't lose the meaning of a sentence by changing the word order. Compare:
Мэри поцеловала Джона.
Мэри Джона поцеловала.
Поцеловала Мэри Джона.
Поцеловала Джона Мэри.
Джона поцеловала Мэри.
Джона Мэри поцеловала.
In all 6 options the meaning of the sentence has not changed.
@@user-pr9rz3sb8n HAve you heard about rheme and theme or topic-comment thing that affects the semantic meaning?
This is why English deals with articles and Russian has direct and inverted order.
The point is that the rheme is different in those sentences.
The 1st sentence tells us what Mary did. This is direct word order
The 2nd: tells us what exact action Mary did stressing the exact type of action (she kissed him and not hugged him, for example).
The 3rd one tells us whom Mary kissed (stressing that she kissed John, not another person).
The 4th one tells us who kissed John (stressing that Mary did that and not another person).
The 5th one is the same as the 4th
The 6th one is the same as the 2nd.
In written Russian you always have the rheme at the end of the sentence. Because you don't have intonation and you don't have articles to differentiate the rheme from the theme. You do it with word order.
So the meaning in general may have not changed (it's clear who did what and to whom), but there's a subtle difference in the details you convey when changing word order.
@@alexalexin9491 Agree. I wanted to write that the words order may change a little the essence of the sentence. But in poetry, for example, rhyme plays the first role and you can play with the order of words almost as you like.
two exceptional languages. English obviously more accessible to non natives
Английский язык на мой взгляд довольно прост. Но он не позволяет передать в должной степени эмоций от наступления того или иного события.
Depends on what your first language is
obviously? Could have something to do with centuries of world colonialization.
Even the USA just barely chose it over the German language. And learning German is not fun xD
Жаль что русского гостя не пригласили - он бы скрытые смыслы может быть раскрыл бы.
В русском языке только 20 % - это информационная часть. Остальное - скорее эмоциональная часть.
Школьные годы вспоминая. На уроках русского языка (как родной естественно, преподавался), целый квест подлежащее и сказуемое в предложении найти. В русском языке порядок слов в предложении не имеет значения, артиклей нет. Даже такого понятия, как артикли, в русском просто нет. Артиклей просто нет, ну нет и грамматика русского языка подобное не рассматривает. Язык который так сторонится (а в нём и нет) артиклей, и без них справляется, нужно ещё поискать.😂
English: I have a phone
Russian in meaning: A phone is with me
Russian in saying: with me (there) is a phone.
In me...
Why? У меня есть телефон это владение в общем смысле.
@@andreyansimov5442 причем тут общий смысл? речь изначально про синтаксис. если англоязычному человеку скажете что "у меня есть телефон" и I have a phone это одно и то же, он будет думать что У это I , а "меня" - это have
existential possession in languages that follow first order logic is expressed this way in most languages. for example, possession is expressed the same way in ergative Formosan aborigine languages
рашн : у тебя был телефон
теперь его отжал я и он у меня 😂
you can't do that in Russian either. I don't even know what you was trying to say by that. Okay. Mary kissed John. (Mary potselovala Johnah) I can say in Russian (Johnah potselovala Mary) yes. It sounds grammatically correct but in reverse. Yes, for the sake of the rhyme i can say it that way. But it still sounds in reverse kinda. There must be some reason why i would say it in reverse.
But we know who was kissed by whom due to the ending -ah. We say Jonh-ah . That -ah means that the action was done on him, not by him. So when i hear Johnah instead of John, i know that he was kisses by her, despite the words order. But still it sounds in reverse
Old English had cases.
Mark je poljubil Marijo. (normal)
Poljubil Mark je Marijo. (poetic)
Mark poljubil Marijo je. (Yoda-ish but OK)
Marijo poljubil je Mark. (romantic)
Yep, all works.
Nice, is this Serbian?
@@megaman13able Slovenian.
@@immortaljanus makes total sense to a Russian btw, all the examples.
А Лекс говорит по-русски?
да. в одном из своих выпусков говорил.
@@andreizelchenko934 Ух ты! А в каком - не помните?
@@aisakhandakha2278был выпуск с Виталиком Бутериным где он с ним говорил по-русски
он вообще-то просто вася из сибири
чей папаша закосил под еврея и за
счёт этого получил все блага в сша
@@aisakhandakha2278 в выпуске с Бутериным двухлетней давности
Глокая куздра штеко будланула бокра и курдячит бокрёнка, - и в общем-то все понятно хоть слова и выдуманы
Dorks 😁🙂
Лекс классный мужик, классный мужик лекс, мужик лекс - классный , лекс мужик классный , вроде все😂 только интонация меняется
Классный Лекс мужик🤭
@@nellimikhailova3202 💪🧠
как любознательный чел - классный мужик, как аналитик текущих геополитических процессов и исторических событий (что по сути одно и то же, так как взаимосвязано) - лучше бы он молчал.
За песчаной косой, лопоухий косой пал под острой косой, косой бабы с косой )
Lex succesfully summoned russian audience for this one)
bro knows russian better than 90% of russians do
Что за бренды с русскими словамм
First in Russian/
We do not need
English yes, Russian Yeste
Ingush 🤣
Ещё уменьшительно ласкательных нет в английском😅
Вообще-то есть