The Best Homemade Deer Block! Store Bought Vs Homemade

Sdílet
Vložit
  • čas přidán 17. 08. 2022
  • In today's video, we are comparing which deer bait works best: Homemade or Store Bought. We will be comparing our homemade fortified deer feed block with a couple of different different brands from our local tractor supply co (Record Rack, Big & J, Purina and Mighty Deer Lick). Be sure to tune in and see which one the deer prefer!
    Connect with White Bucket Outdoors:
    Facebook: / whitebucketoutdoors
    Instagram: / white_bucket_outdoors
    Produced by Brokenstraw Media
    Connect With Brokenstraw Media:
    Website: brokenstrawmedia.com
    CZcams: / @brokenstrawmedia
    Facebook: / brokenstrawmedia
    Instagram: / brokenstraw_media

Komentáře • 172

  • @Day12My
    @Day12My Před rokem +57

    I wonder if oats would make it harden up better. I know if you leave remnants of oatmeal in a bowl it hardens up like concrete ( My wife has scolded me several times for doing this)

    • @mattlogsdon7908
      @mattlogsdon7908 Před rokem +4

      Seems like oatmeal would work well. Does turn to concrete once dry

  • @jackriley5974
    @jackriley5974 Před rokem +18

    The only critter eating your block that loves salt is the deer. 50 years ago I had a NYS ENCON officer follow me around for about twenty years and the second time he confiscated my salt block I was forced to use another local method. Months before the season (not that the locals needed to be told when to hunt) we would hang a burlap bag full of rock salt over an old stump. The rain would effectively pickle the stump with the salt. At the start of the season we would remove the works but the deer kept coming to lick the stump. Worked in the Adirondacks!!

    • @dalewalker2379
      @dalewalker2379 Před rokem +2

      I did the same thing in TN. Works great. The burlap sack with the salt acts as a slow dripper when it rains. In a couple months, the stump is totally saturated

    • @edhlavaty6914
      @edhlavaty6914 Před 10 měsíci

      In Pa any residue must be gone or you're going to get a fine.

    • @JuarezDerrick
      @JuarezDerrick Před 10 měsíci +3

      ​@@edhlavaty6914what residue? 😂

    • @v0lv0k1ll3r
      @v0lv0k1ll3r Před 5 měsíci

      That's inaccurate, hogs love salt as well.

    • @jackriley5974
      @jackriley5974 Před 5 měsíci

      We're not talking about redneck hunting!@@v0lv0k1ll3r

  • @davidgalloway2131
    @davidgalloway2131 Před rokem +27

    Great video. I would take 4 ratchet straps and squeeze the buckets together to make a tight compacted block. Let the mixture set in the compressed buckets a few days to insure tight compaction. Keep adjusting the straps as the mixture continues to compact. Good luck and I think you have a great idea going here!!

  • @Day12My
    @Day12My Před rokem +10

    Love the trial!!!! I don't know why other people don't do this. This is what we want to see is RESULTS

  • @feha6580
    @feha6580 Před rokem +7

    YT has blessed your channel mate, watched the whole video and I gotta say you earned it!

  • @raymondtrotter4655
    @raymondtrotter4655 Před rokem +2

    Like it Like it. I have some oats also to put in my blocks along with all you showed. The molasses and apple is what drew them in. Looks great. Thanks

  • @peytonnunley168
    @peytonnunley168 Před rokem +13

    I have to say I have came across your channel and I just want to tell you that I sure do love your content brother keep it up man

  • @lukeprince7690
    @lukeprince7690 Před rokem +8

    Hey man just a little tip I started feeding the deer around here blue corn It's got a lot more antioxidants and all kinds of other stuff it's a really good form gotten really good results at the club here at past couple years

  • @ammoiscurrency5706
    @ammoiscurrency5706 Před rokem +9

    I'd say use more molasses on swap the crisco oil for a hard a room temp oil like butter or crisco. Add some oats or rice to thicken. You could even try gelatin and let it all soak in the gelatin before cooking. Maybe try to cook in the final mold and compress a few times while cooking to remove air gaps. I'd skip the maple syrup and up the salt. Deer love salt and it would help prevent mold if you make them to store up for next season

    • @sweetteaoutdoors
      @sweetteaoutdoors Před 11 měsíci

      Yeah and most "maple" syrup, is just maple flavored corn syrup which you are already using...

  • @Mirandafenie
    @Mirandafenie Před 2 měsíci

    My husband and I will be making the deer blocks soon and we will let you know how it goes, Hopefully with pictures.😊

  • @94dink3
    @94dink3 Před rokem +3

    Awesome Job I can’t wait to get the ingredients and give it a shot

    • @WBOutdoors01
      @WBOutdoors01  Před rokem +2

      Let us know how you do! Shoot us a message on Facebook with some trail cam pics!

  • @williamtickner
    @williamtickner Před 3 měsíci

    Get a candy thermometer and boil your Karo syrup to hard boil them mix in. This should make it harder. I am going to try that method and see how it works. Great video! Thanks!

  • @akbychoice
    @akbychoice Před rokem +2

    Cheap jar of crunchy peanut butter. Take the screw top off, screw that to a tree, screw the jar into the cap, cut the bottom of the jar off. Deer luv it.

  • @stevebrown6793
    @stevebrown6793 Před rokem +1

    I've tried this too , never could get mine blocks to last a week as the Purina block ( only 1 I tried ) lasted a couple months so I liked that better . I was just wanting something in the area all the time . That being said only used it 1 time .

  • @DIYMountainMan1
    @DIYMountainMan1 Před rokem +10

    I just made my own. But, different ingredients. I also made them about 4inx4in blocks with para cord cast in them so they can be suspended from low hanging limbs to avoid raccoons. I’ll keep ya posted.

  • @shane3878
    @shane3878 Před rokem

    I've made my own. Yes, more popular with the deer. But dang inconvenient. Add oats (steel cut is what I used) as a binder. Near end of last season I didn't want to make any more so I set out a store bought (Purina I think). Covered it in salt and covered the salt with molasses. Seemed to be nearly as effective as homemade.

  • @bigal25938
    @bigal25938 Před 8 měsíci +1

    Record Rack berry block is my favorite.

  • @bacongirl27
    @bacongirl27 Před rokem +2

    Need to have my birthday buddy do a cameo in the next one!!! Thank you I feel like I am now a deer block expert lol! Good video!

    • @WBOutdoors01
      @WBOutdoors01  Před rokem +1

      Heck ya! You’ll have to come help make the next batch!

  • @stevenl.halesr.6894
    @stevenl.halesr.6894 Před rokem +2

    I use bread pans when mixing my concoction. Then I either bake them in the oven on low eat 100* for 12 hours (it's like making your own beef/venison jerky), or I'll put it in a dehydrator... They work GREAT!!!
    Oter ingredients to try: Peanuts, PeanutButter, Raisins, Oats, Cheerios, Rice Krispies, Marsh Mellows, Oatmeal, Feed Corn.

  • @larrybivens130
    @larrybivens130 Před rokem +10

    To get better compaction fill one bucket with sand/wet dirt or concrete to use as a press.

  • @DeanFennell-or1je
    @DeanFennell-or1je Před 5 měsíci

    I did a horse feed and just adding more molasses and vegetable oil and syrup and baking like the way you did it in the pans and with the bucket mixing, oven temperature of 350 made this perfect. I learned anything for goats nursing and supplements are just as good for deer AND WITHOUT that hefty price. Hope this helps buddy!

  • @Chrisbreezy1979
    @Chrisbreezy1979 Před rokem +2

    Corn especially scented or flavored corn attracts to many animals such as black bear and raccoons here in Harlan Ky! We are being over ran by black bear the last few years. Every female we’ve seen this year has had anywhere from one to three cubs with them! I’ve seen two different females with three cubs this season! But to attract deer from far away within hours I use crushed beets from Walmart they come hard and fast to that stuff but you’ll have to have deer cane or a trophy rock to keep them coming back, or replenish the crushed beets once a week.

    • @sweetteaoutdoors
      @sweetteaoutdoors Před 11 měsíci +1

      Use crushed beats in south east Texas, the only things that comes is mold. Animals here wont really touch it. Persimmon crush or jam has been the best in my experience here. Different regions, different preferences.

  • @ShanaAdams
    @ShanaAdams Před rokem

    Love it!

  • @bobc.6437
    @bobc.6437 Před 4 měsíci

    Square buckets are awesome!

  • @timball7049
    @timball7049 Před rokem

    I also am trying to make my own feed blocks and the deer love them but I was curious as how hard your blocks were when you sat them out and how long they lasted?

  • @mxgangrel
    @mxgangrel Před rokem +1

    I love the idea and I gave it a thumbs up. I hadn't seen anyone else do this before. I will say though if your idea is to build something that you don't have to go out and drive and buy adding the Apple part almost I don't know why not just go by the block then if you've got to go by the beet attractant? Aside from that did you figure out how much this cost? Maybe you'll say it at the end I'm about halfway through

  • @larryumphfrey3880
    @larryumphfrey3880 Před rokem +10

    Look at the bags of Purina horse treats. They have apple flavor. We've had deer show up and eat them, literally 10 minutes after putting them out. I think crushing them up, along with the Purina powder Deer mineral and somehow incorporating Purina Deer feed would make an all around nutritious block for deer. When we fed deer, we would use everything I mentioned and also get a bag of whole corn and cracked corn. We would put corn, feed in huge tote and hand mix it. When we fed, we would put a cup of mineral and half bag of horse treats and hand mix it in the buckets. Deer would act like cats on catnip when they ate this concoction. Now, I just need to learn how to bind it all together.

    • @Chrisbreezy1979
      @Chrisbreezy1979 Před rokem +3

      I’d bind it all together with molasses. Deer seem to like it and it’s like glue once dried a lil. Sounds like a good mixture but we can’t keep the bear out of our scented mixes.

    • @hunterthewerewolf
      @hunterthewerewolf Před rokem +3

      Pretty cool mixture might try that

  • @user-dr7wk6xd1r
    @user-dr7wk6xd1r Před dnem

    You could build a frame and press with a bearing press

  • @pamelapelech3249
    @pamelapelech3249 Před rokem

    I am going to try this

  • @curtbutterfield1966
    @curtbutterfield1966 Před rokem

    you might try oats oat hulls wheat hulls .....i used to work in a grain elevator cracked corn would help bind it up too .....

  • @californiabrad
    @californiabrad Před 6 měsíci

    I would like to add some information about the beet pulp. That is a cast off product from sugar companies. There actually is not much sugar there. Some yes. Also there is lots of dirt. If you take that soak it first, which for the animals you should anyway, Get the dirt off the pulp, also make it so it does not cause digestion problems for the deer after they eat it. It helps the deer so much. May I suggest rice hulls. Purina has a horse feed that has a high percentage of rice hulls. That will condition the deer well over what you are feeding for when you want to hunt them. Also cracked corn is easier for the stomach acids to break down the corn so more is digested. Again makes for a better carcass.

  • @blakekopech2871
    @blakekopech2871 Před rokem +1

    very cool video.

  • @williamnessanbaum7464
    @williamnessanbaum7464 Před rokem +6

    Hmmm... Perhaps adding peanut butter and raisins??

    • @m998hmmwv7
      @m998hmmwv7 Před rokem +2

      I tried that. Ended up eating it myself lol.

  • @courtneesdad
    @courtneesdad Před rokem

    Enjoyed your video 👍👍

  • @KyHighlander59
    @KyHighlander59 Před 10 měsíci +2

    Had a thought while watching this. Build a small plywood box the size you want your block, then use a harbor freight 20 ton press to compact it. Might make it more solid.

    • @adamredden2007
      @adamredden2007 Před 8 měsíci

      Jack works but a buddy suggested that I just use my tractor bucket to press the plate down and compact the ingredients.... I'm about to try that.

  • @user-ct4im4nd6r
    @user-ct4im4nd6r Před 6 měsíci

    I don’t see how this couldn’t work Looks like a good mixture Definitely save a little money

  • @turbo-bigpapa
    @turbo-bigpapa Před 4 měsíci

    Hey. Great video. Just wondering if you would have put some weight on top of the product while it was still hot. That way I think it would hold better together if it was pressed down. I don’t know..just saying

  • @gloriabrown6052
    @gloriabrown6052 Před rokem +1

    thanks making my hubby his deer blocks

  • @steffanwargo8987
    @steffanwargo8987 Před rokem +8

    What was your final cost per 5 gal bucket?

  • @SilkyJohnston24
    @SilkyJohnston24 Před rokem +1

    This is going to go viral!

    • @WBOutdoors01
      @WBOutdoors01  Před rokem

      Hopefully! We’re trying to make useful content on stuff we ourselves would want to see!

  • @George-ro6bw
    @George-ro6bw Před 6 měsíci

    I just came across your channel. It was interesting to watch especially when you showed the results. The oil in the recipe is what most likely kept it from staying solid. I live in northwest Ohio where I believe the racoons outnumber the deer. Those homemade blocks would be gone in two nights. Which county in Ohio are you from?

  • @daniellundy510
    @daniellundy510 Před 11 měsíci

    I’ve never made any of these blocks but maybe putting in a press of some sort will make it harden up more

  • @philwhittaker2422
    @philwhittaker2422 Před rokem +5

    Ok my two cents so my wife makes her bird feeder cakes. Not only do birds loves them so do the deer. So try suet as a binder might not make it harder but it will hold it's shape.
    Sunflower seeds can be added as well. Side note to the people who complain about putting these out for hunting purposes a day will come when your going to need to eat while I'm sitting back eating a nice fat juicy steak you enjoy eating your grass. You voted for him reap the consequences.

  • @williamnewell7784
    @williamnewell7784 Před 9 měsíci

    I agree. Never tried those on the course must remove at the greens.

  • @user-vw6ej7ib5c
    @user-vw6ej7ib5c Před 6 měsíci

    As to compacting for a harder block. You might try some weight on top to pack them

  • @keithpowley2138
    @keithpowley2138 Před 6 měsíci

    I use a paint mixer with a drill for a quick mix.

  • @Hoyt-wv5gd
    @Hoyt-wv5gd Před rokem +1

    Maybe brown sugar instead of regular, and a dozen eggs, Keep it together better ,,,, maybe 👍🏻 good vid

  • @mikeoc217
    @mikeoc217 Před 11 měsíci

    I make Bundt & Carrot cakes they love them! 👍🏻🦌

  • @JohnThomas-gj2zg
    @JohnThomas-gj2zg Před rokem

    I would add more molasses to it to make it hold together better when you go to cook it I think it would work better And I would also add Apple chunks to it

  • @nathenfarmer5625
    @nathenfarmer5625 Před rokem +2

    Maybe use a log splitter to compress it together may work 🤔

  • @DM-wb4jv
    @DM-wb4jv Před rokem +1

    Since you are using sugars as binder, I wonder if you used a candy thermometer for how hard you want it. Different Temps for sugar for different hardness!

  • @CMMC-zb1gw
    @CMMC-zb1gw Před rokem +3

    I made the same block, deer wouldn’t touch it. I have since started to use the Big and J blocks. The deer love them and tear them up.

  • @PalmSandsRanch
    @PalmSandsRanch Před 10 měsíci +1

    Those Purina blocks are pressed with a hydraulic Ram. That’s why they are so dense.

  • @jasonnester9514
    @jasonnester9514 Před rokem +2

    I’ve never had luck with any of those blocks or mineral licks

  • @troylebouef8845
    @troylebouef8845 Před rokem +2

    Hey write your video I'm assuming that the amount of weight in the 5 gallon bucket ain't compressing down on the feed block as hard as a hydraulic press on machinery would do it that's why they get the results they do with the store-bought blocks they probably compressed with hydraulic presses receiving a lot more Force to compact the box together

  • @JustAnOldMan
    @JustAnOldMan Před rokem +1

    add more corn syrup and molasses and DON't use oil in the mix "anti binder", and when you dump it into a bucket to set, put your other bucket inside the other with as much weight as you can get in the bucket. Store bought ones are compressed together with hydraulic presses

  • @charlenebradly3065
    @charlenebradly3065 Před rokem

    Use lard cuz it will harden back after you cook it with all your ingredients but yeah put it free generator to pull it down the way you want it then it'll be perfect God bless

  • @bocephus5088
    @bocephus5088 Před 11 měsíci

    had a friend who used to just mix a container of grape koolaid with his corn.... swore it worked. he's dead now but i might try that this season in his memory

  • @bobboshers5515
    @bobboshers5515 Před rokem

    Try Crack corn or flower.,corn mill for binder

  • @andrewjones5717
    @andrewjones5717 Před rokem +1

    Your going to think I'm crazy. But home made deer block if you put Black Liquorish in it deer love black liquorish. And KC masterpiece BBQ tater chips.

  • @travharrell1713
    @travharrell1713 Před 5 měsíci

    use a drill and a paint mixer. works great. be sure to start slow.

  • @lewis376
    @lewis376 Před 9 měsíci

    Great video, too much work though, I will just buy the blocks, lol

  • @pamelapelech3249
    @pamelapelech3249 Před rokem

    Great utube

  • @benwicker5820
    @benwicker5820 Před rokem

    I did the same block but a used a sledge hammer to pound it down tighter .

  • @user-gx7ry9ew4p
    @user-gx7ry9ew4p Před 3 měsíci

    how about adding calf milk into the mix ?

  • @rabidbeagle
    @rabidbeagle Před rokem +1

    "I feel like Rachel Ray" 😂

    • @m998hmmwv7
      @m998hmmwv7 Před rokem

      If you look like Rachel Ray I take you hunting lol

  • @dusty4208
    @dusty4208 Před rokem +2

    How long did the homemade last vs the store bought? Did you get a week? Couple days? Did the rain affect your homemade block? Thanks for the video..

    • @WBOutdoors01
      @WBOutdoors01  Před rokem +5

      It depended on the spot, the places that there were an abundance of raccoons, they lasted 3-4 days. The spots that were mostly deer was right at about a week

  • @aaronfreeman3567
    @aaronfreeman3567 Před rokem +1

    grab you some clamps and clamp down the buckets with the water/dirt/sand just to help compact it more you may make them harder that way.

    • @bigk5975
      @bigk5975 Před rokem

      Maybe even a Ratchet strap

  • @lukeprince7690
    @lukeprince7690 Před rokem

    Hey do you think putting in a press might help

    • @slick-px4pq
      @slick-px4pq Před rokem

      I use my shop press. Hard as a rock once cooled

  • @curtbutterfield1966
    @curtbutterfield1966 Před rokem

    crimped oats also which is like similar to oatmeal

  • @stevebrown3408
    @stevebrown3408 Před rokem +5

    That's the trouble I've had , could not get them as hard as store bought . Had no trouble with them being ate .

    • @WBOutdoors01
      @WBOutdoors01  Před rokem

      The Deer tore them up! I had a little better luck when I added in granular molasses!

    • @stevebrown3408
      @stevebrown3408 Před rokem

      granular molasses! At getting harder ?
      @@WBOutdoors01

    • @briankelly7738
      @briankelly7738 Před rokem +4

      Might have to make a bottle jack press to compact it more. Once you have the press made, press it once a day for 3 days. Need 3/4 inch plywood, 2x4s, all thread rod and a small bottle jack. Your recipe is on point. Now you need to press them harder. You can also use baking parchment to make them release from the pan easily.

  • @rebekataylor4343
    @rebekataylor4343 Před rokem

    Try corn starch a half a cup in each one it's a thicker when you back.

  • @rodneyharouff5739
    @rodneyharouff5739 Před rokem +1

    tamp it in good.

  • @MrTNBassmaster
    @MrTNBassmaster Před rokem +1

    Save time and pick up a "Protein block they come in a Tub"60 and 200 pound tubs . They are made for cows . Deer go crazy over them

  • @glenngreener9914
    @glenngreener9914 Před rokem +2

    Try adding a cupful of cement powder to each block

  • @ladyjess3957
    @ladyjess3957 Před 3 měsíci

    why not use honey instead of corn oil?? im going as organic as possible. thank you for teaching us how to make it brother.

  • @striperswiper1
    @striperswiper1 Před rokem +1

    I have 55 gallon of peanut butter, 150lbs of peanut, and apple flavor corn I am trying to get together!

  • @ericbenefield4520
    @ericbenefield4520 Před rokem

    Maybe more salt might help limit the amount consumed? Works with cattle.

  • @xXCastielXLx
    @xXCastielXLx Před rokem

    Maybe stack more weight on top of the top bucket...i.e. a board and concrete blocks.

    • @Day12My
      @Day12My Před rokem +1

      I used a hydraulic press with mine.

  • @m998hmmwv7
    @m998hmmwv7 Před rokem

    You might want to consider making yourself a racoon hat. And gloves and maybe boots and a jacket lol.

  • @nvrdwn3140
    @nvrdwn3140 Před rokem

    Bake it til it starts to smell burnt? I don't like my food burnt. Think the deer prefer ot that way?

    • @johnmead8437
      @johnmead8437 Před rokem

      The trick is to keep the temp low enough not to burn the eggs some of knowledgeable recommend as a binder

  • @mrpink6022
    @mrpink6022 Před 8 měsíci

    BIND WITH GELATIN AND CRISCO.....FREEZE......IN THE SUMMER ADD FLOUR (NO MELT)

  • @Day12My
    @Day12My Před 7 měsíci

    What’s the purpose of putting in oven?

  • @kylesturgess9279
    @kylesturgess9279 Před rokem +1

    Adding salt will stop them eating too much and pressing them will help

  • @billsharpe2746
    @billsharpe2746 Před 8 měsíci

    Try putting some raisins in there.

  • @kenjohnson6603
    @kenjohnson6603 Před 11 měsíci

    You may want to try a couple of packets of grape Kool-Aid.

  • @glenforrester8593
    @glenforrester8593 Před 11 měsíci

    Add flour to firm it up

  • @jeffroutzahn9195
    @jeffroutzahn9195 Před rokem +1

    Add wild birdseed

  • @fergieferguson2457
    @fergieferguson2457 Před rokem

    Well I can tell you a homemade mineral supplement for licks I been using for 15 years you can buy all at your local farm store..no corn just supplements the deer need and love to help grow big antlers..idk I just like big racks so I use stuff to help grow big racks!!I can spend less than 100$ make about 15 gallons in about 30 mins and they will dig holes you can fit a golf cart in..and attracts more bucks than doe..

    • @curtisjames9081
      @curtisjames9081 Před rokem +1

      Let’s here it?

    • @MrJamiewoods
      @MrJamiewoods Před rokem +1

      please share your recipe !

    • @cathytu9927
      @cathytu9927 Před 11 měsíci

      How much does it cost to make these mixtures? What about “ants”
      Still waiting on your recipe 😁

  • @20Bronco23
    @20Bronco23 Před rokem

    Add oats an more corn syrup. Harden up a bit

  • @WiiHunt95
    @WiiHunt95 Před 11 měsíci

    Compare to buck bourbon blocks

  • @notagain8661
    @notagain8661 Před 10 měsíci

    You kept showing and talking about a feed block on your tail gate. But your videos all showed a range mineral block in the field or woods.

  • @TheBeefSlayer
    @TheBeefSlayer Před 11 měsíci

    The Water Boy has your
    WOODEN SPOON!
    Der her her her 🥴

  • @DIYMountainMan1
    @DIYMountainMan1 Před rokem +1

    Also…. Anything apple flavor or scented has always not done well for me here in SEK

  • @larryleverett667
    @larryleverett667 Před rokem +1

    Peanut Butter?

  • @choccolocco
    @choccolocco Před rokem +2

    Interesting.
    Build a press, skip the oven…just to see.

    • @slick-px4pq
      @slick-px4pq Před rokem

      Doesn't work. You need to melt all the sugars to get it sticky.

  • @joshuacruz4046
    @joshuacruz4046 Před rokem

    9.99 for 50lb corn kennel ?? It’s 14.49 here in Connecticut

  • @hunterthewerewolf
    @hunterthewerewolf Před rokem

    This all seems pretty cool, but it seems making a homemade block is going to end up costing more than a store bought one, or am I missing something here?

    • @FurlongSEOmarketing
      @FurlongSEOmarketing Před rokem +4

      Ya he said store blocks are about 15 to 20 bucks each. For 100 bucks in product he can make 15 blocks home made... thats about 7 bucks a block

    • @dalewalker2379
      @dalewalker2379 Před rokem

      Especially if the store bought block lasts 3 times as long. It'd take 3 home made blocks to get the same amount of feeding time. Plus your labor....I think I'd just use the Purina block.

  • @chrisgrymes1590
    @chrisgrymes1590 Před rokem

    Im no professional by any means, (IN THEORY) i would think if you could grind all that up in to something real fine almost like a powder, maybe with like a coffe bean grinder or something of that sort then as a powder it would probably harden up alittle more and last longer. Of course i would think to do that before adding your oil, syrup, molasses, ect.

  • @archerontario
    @archerontario Před 7 měsíci

    More sugar boil it until it’s almost candy will harden up your blocks and make them last longer