Astrophysics with Neil DeGrasse Tyson | Dark Matter, Particle Physics, & Cosmic Science
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Professor Neil deGrasse Tyson will guide you through the mysteries of the universe in this fascinating course. Everything we now know about the universe-from the behavior of quarks to the birth of entire galaxies-has stemmed from scientists who’ve been willing to ponder the unanswerable.
00:00 Scientific Breakthroughs Come From Small Observations
02:42 Understanding the Pioneer Anomaly
09:51 Dark Matter Found in Galaxy Clusters and Galaxies
13:07 The Dark Matter Problem Persists To This Day
15:22 Einstein´s Greatest Blunder That Wasn´t
19:28 How Physics Is Ignorant of the Universe
21:55 The Zero Net Total Energy of the Universe
26:45 The Collision of Andromeda and the Milky Way
So what is our latest picture of some of the most inexplicable features of the universe? What still remains to be uncovered? What are some of the next avenues of exploration for today’s chemists, physicists, biologists, and astronomers?
“We know a lot about the universe. But there’s even more that we don’t know,” says astrophysicist and Professor Neil deGrasse Tyson, director of the Hayden Planetarium, an award-winning lecturer, and one of the world’s foremost experts on the secrets of the cosmos.
And Neil deGrasse Tyson’s course “The Inexplicable Universe: Unsolved Mysteries” is the perfect gateway into the mind-bending world of astrophysics.
Pondering the answers to these and other questions about astrophysics is a great way to appreciate the grandeur and complexity of the cosmos, better understand and discuss news and developments in science, and spark further interest in the universe.
This visually stunning course, which has been honored with a 2013 Telly Award for Outstanding Educational Program, features six self-contained lectures that transport you on a marvelous journey to the frontiers of the known (and unknown) universe and introduce you to tantalizing questions being addressed by the world’s top scientists.
Undeniably engaging and fascinating, this lecture series is a wonderful entrée to scientific pursuits that lie at the very heart of the history and nature of our universe.
In this Free Lecture: Scientists have made astounding progress in their grasp of the universe. But what remains to be understood? Investigate some perplexing aspects of space that science has uncovered in the last half-century. Learn about the mysterious trajectory of the Pioneer spacecraft (known as the “Pioneer anomaly”). Explore two of the longest-standing problems in astrophysics: dark matter and dark energy. And even try to map the shape of space-time.
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This is one of the moments I really thank myself for studying english for years to be fluent. What a treasure is to understand this man's direct words
you got to love this guy!
Especially when he is talking to Colbert lol
What the- didn’t expect you to be here. Huge fan!
This man has a way of explaining things in such a way to me that I deeply care and become passionate about whatever subject he is speaking of!!
Thank you for the love, Joan! Never stop learning!
@Enter the Bragn’ What?
Mr. Tyson articulates very well and with an honest, sincere tone of voice, he captures his audience's hearts. Great science communicator.
Another outstanding video by Mr. Tyson. Thank you for posting.
Neal always has crazy ties lol, it’s great
Neil...
Thank you for your time and consideration in this matter
brilliant and clear introduction of the problem dr neil
Im not good at math at all, but I always wanted to work in the field of astrophysics, but it just looked so hard that I just said to my self, "I guess I won't be a astrophysicist", but now I'm not giving up on my dream anymore (edit) i gave up on my DREAM
Somehow I went through this exact thought over the course of 1 days time. I even had universities picked out LOL.
Please for give me for my child like questions! I'm only 57yrs? I've only been listening to this guy only 7yrs?? Love it.
I'm not as reckless now! Thanx Neil!!! Lovyabruz☢️🌻🌴☘️☮️
Craziest thing is this was uploaded a few years ago probably produced in last decade and now we understand this pioneer anomaly as just heat loss causing it to slow down a tiny bit extra. How fascinating that we can figure out stuff of this nature all while sitting here on earth billions of miles from all crafts that have journeys beyond the solar system.
With my average English I didn't miss a single word in a scientific video. This is an accomplishment by itself. Grats Dr Tyson!
Thank you sir, I really appreciate how you explained it.
I NEED EVERY EPISODE OF THIS
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There all on youtube for free,3 hours worth in a row.
Fantastic video! Incredible topics discussed by a superb host!
Thanks for the feedback. We love hearing this and we're glad you're enjoying our offerings. Never stop learning!
thanks for elaborating Dr Tyson
Just WOW
In my opinion the book : “ Einstein’s universe without Big Bang “ by C. Poth gives good answers to all of above mysteries.
Scientifically falsifiable answers or neat ideas we can't ever test?
Such great content.
SO nicely explained EVEN DONKEY like me ca understand.👍👏👏👏👏
Don’t you just love this man?
south Carolina says Neil is the man" :)
I hope you cover the repeating novae in RS Ophiuchi.
Welcome to startalk, I'm your host niel degrasse Tyson.
You know...this is epic..
Good
Thanks
What other energies, matter, particles, physical laws exist out there that we just haven't discovered yet? Pretty exciting!
Quote on Wikipedia's "Pioneer Anomaly"
"The most detailed analysis to date, by some of the original investigators, explicitly looks at two methods of estimating thermal forces, then states "We find no statistically significant difference between the two estimates and conclude that once the thermal recoil force is properly accounted for, no anomalous acceleration remains."[4]
About the milky way and andromeda collision, the universe is just playing beyblades with us
xMrGoldx beyblade is the inspiration for the universe
I like this video its interestyng
I love his body language in this series. Just looks totally unscripted.
James Curran I hear you and I understand what you mean, look into this guy a little bit deeper and you'll see everything about him is scripted. He just wants to sell books.
There is a lot of joy in discovery. He can't help but show his compassion for what he does, and I like that too.
To say "he just wants to sell books" about a person who spent a lifetime studying and teaching astrophysics, contributing enormously to the non-scientific community; is just ignorant. What have you done for society?
He read the bible probably
Bob Akker he is a teacher, he doesn't need any script for this fool
Yes.
Great video, as usual !! :)
Here's a weird though I had while watching this :
What if Dark matter(DM) interacts with itself in the opposite way "usual" matter (UM) does.
DM interact with itself by repulsing itself: UM has gravity, DM has dark energy
So, big bang, everything get splattered, but at a finite speed. So, we have DM that makes up a lot of the matter in the universe, trying to repulse itself (probablu gonna have expansion, if there is no wall that is : it requires space to be infinite).
If you have a lot of particles (DM) trying to repulse the other particles of that thing, at a finite speed,
then it will form a "continuous" (at least very granular: the distance beetwen 2 particles is very small) spread of that thing. And it is what we seem to have with DM in the cosmos.
So we have 2 sorts of particles in this "field" the ones at the frontier, and the other ones. A particle is either one, but not both.
A point on a cirlce is either on the edge or not.
If those particles evolve in an infinite space (wich it is...?) then the frontier of that thing is getting exponentiallly bigger.
The particle on the frontier are going to the place where there is no other particle like itself, making more "free space" for non-edge particles to go on the edge and then become one of the edge particles. Also making the distance beetwen the particles at the center greater (hence the expansion), and also making the speed at wich these particles are spreading increase, that translates to acceleration.
That's why the universe is expanding, and why it is expanding faster and faster. Then at some point will it stop when all the non-edge particles have become "edgy" (lol) ?
So, is gravity wrong? Well, is gravity wrong because of what is going on in the quantum fields and the way particles behave? No (I mean I guess not)
In the same way, we don't treat quantum as macro, we shouldn't treat very big with just big. (And those 3 scales, don't really impact each other? does the quantum impact the macro? I dunno) Your eye can only see something so small, to see very small we need tools (microscopes) to see very big, we might "just" need new tools. It would seem kind of presemptious of us to say that we are the "biggest layer of reality", with respect to quantum particles beeing the "smallest layer of reality"
Gravity prevails over Dark energy, at least in our near "reality". The pioneer 10 and 11 may be the proof, everything goes according to calculation in the "sun's gravity field",
and then it deccelarate more than expected. It finds itself emprisonned in mostly DM space. And so to move something throught a field of magnet all opposed to every other magnet is harder. Moving is only relative to some "fixed" point, in DM the fixed points are spreading, rather than gathering like with gravity.
It is harder to move throught DM than throught gravity governed places. Some places have more UM than DM (due to gravity binding UM together and DE(dark energy) spliting DM appart) and some places where the opposite is true (inifintly big universe).
In the first case gravity prevails in the second DE prevails.
Also, why is light not interacting with this. Here to, weird though. UM agreagates because of gravity. Gravity is cause by magnetic fields, themselves related to the electron within the matter. And light is also related to the electron within the matter. So it's not very surprising that something without electrons wouldn't interact with light, or with any other known matter, except itslef. When I say, it only intercat with itself, the same thing can be said about UM, it doesn't interact with DM. See what I mean?
If what I said so far is true, then DM is just another matter, just one without electron, one not based on atoms like every matter we know.
What do you think? If someone finds the time to critize everything I just said, that would be awesome ! I'd really like to know what is wrong in this way of seeing thing. :)
Kind of would make sense but isn't this theory already debunked?
Man I love him.
Oh no.. im falling fown this rabbit hole again.
Illakel Sin same here.
same
There is a lot of time left to sort that final apocalyptic problem lol ;)
Filmed at IKEA..😁
It's the only way we're allowed to get their meatballs on the company credit card.
I ki ya
how did they assemble the furniture so fast ?
Good one
Great Courses: Please do an objective video on the Electric Universe. Thank you.
Dears. As reference, the paper where is described a solution of the rotational velocities observed in spiral galaxies, without using dark matter (but adding the Coriolis force in the rotating system, from the General Theory of Relativity), is the following (from 2020):
article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.astronomy.20200902.01.html
Has any research been done on dark matter being normal matter in a higher dimension? Gravity traverses dimensions so this is a feasible theory. An exotic partical seems more far fetched than it just being normal matter in a different dimension.
I was thinking dark matter/ dark energy
I think you're on to something, if only someone with the connections will listen and figure out how to prove it. Your theory makes too much sense. Thx for sharing Terrence Kohl.
If it is normal matter in a higher dimension - how did it get there? That makes it abnormal already, no? Gravitational leakage from parallel universes (you could call that another dimension) is more logical in that case, as suggested by Neil DeGrass Tyson.
youre saying youd be less shocked at the discovery of a new dimension than a new particle?
In other words, 14:35 ?
Preach it brother Neil. Flutter and perch around your random cage set, sing your songs! I laugh sooo hard.
How does the time differential, across a Galaxy, affect our perception of its rotational speed? =]
cool, Neil should come to the UK. I liked his impersonation of colliding galaxies..lol. I thought our sun would still be burning by the time we collide with Andromeda..but if not would should have become a Type 2 civilisation by then?? and can harness the power of our sun and move earth.
Hexsella our sun will die by then.
I remember reading some time ago that the Pioneer anomaly was caused by some sort of thermal radiation leaking from the craft
Yeah this video is close to 10 years old now and it was after this was produced that they discovered the reason for the Pioneer anomaly.
So... about that flashlight... ahem. It was placed interestingly.
The Universe expands
The effect is from space time outside are sun, the centric force of spining through time and space?
28:38 The current thinking is the first contact will be a glancing blow.
He's wonderful--a successor to Carl Sagan
I, must admit that this dude is the astrophysic
Dr. Ernest Sternglass [book: BEFORE THE BIG BANG (1997, 2001)] explains what "dark matter" is in his book, and also in published papers. Best, Mark Creek-water Dorazio, amateur physics/astronomy enthusiast
The last like 10 mintues, wow
Neil mentioned the COMA Cluster. I tried to study it but it put me to sleep for days.
The pioneer 10 and 11 was measured to slow down when it gets farther from the sun but it's deacceleration was greater then what they measured: one theory is that the farther the rocket traveled from the sun and into space the more dark matter shows so the farther it gets the less matter is in space and the more dark matter is in space. matter helps the thrusters push the space ship and dark matter is just the space with in space and matter, so the more dark matter in space the less it's able to accelerate and when the dark matter hits the space ship it slows down more and more of black matter. Space could be like water and the farther you travel the more dense it gets, there could be layers or barriers and when ever you pass a barrier is there a force acting more and more every barrier you pass and what could be considered a barrier just like the atmosphere is a barrier when we pass that we are now in space so how do we not know if space it's self has barriers?
Retirement sounds boring I am going back to school to study astrophysics Thank you
Well, there is an obvious possibility that nobody seems to have considered: perhaps the speed of light (and radio signals) is slightly greater in the more "empty" regions out there beyond Neptune & Pluto ??
Hey guys, I have a question and hope someone can answer it
Because our Universe is flat there is Zero net energy, but I only know of positive energy like all the mass of haevenly bodies. Where does the negative energy come from, or did I misunderstand the whole thing?
If dark gravity has a large measurable effect on "light" matter, then how could it not have formed into "dark" matter or combo matter planets, solar systems and even galaxies?
I have a hypothesis for why they look like the move faster
What if there is no "Dark Matter", but there is only regular matter. And this regular matter would have a trait. The trait would be, that it will try to fill any space that does not have matter. That would explain the expanding of the universe, at least in my understanding. It would also explain why we could be moving towards the "anti-matter", but we just orbit around it because of the curvature of spacetime and we can't reach the anti matter because of an up-hill caused by the curvature of spacetime. We are down the hill, and antimatter is the uphill that doesn't curve spacetime
The Pioneer anomaly begs a few questions:
1. How is the speed of the probe being measured. If by its distance from the sun how is that measured? Is the speed actually slower than expected, or is the measurement wrong?
2. What effect does the solar wind have on the speed of the probe? Is there enough mass in the solar wind stream to pull the probe back towards its source (the sun)? Is the solar wind flowing out of the solar system faster than the probe is moving, pushing it along?
3. Is part of the solar wind travelling below its own escape velocity, so that once it gets a certain distance from the sun it stops, and is pulled back towards the sun, an undercurrent if you will, that is slowing the probe as it flows back to the sun?
The statement that our best calculations show that we cannot account for 96% of the mass and energy of the universe has as its most obvious answer: the equations are wrong. When we thought the stars and sun and planets orbited the Earth, calculations that assumed the orbits were circular were slightly off, because the planets orbit the sun, and the orbits are elliptical, not circular. Even so, the retrograde 'error' of the first assumption had no logical explanation. Those equations and tables could still predict the orbits of the planets and were only slightly off.
By comparison the stacked equations and models of our best understanding of the Universe are off by 96%. On the surface that sure sounds like they are just completely wrong
or there is another aspect of the laws of physics that we have not yet grasped. For example: mass affects space-time more than we think, or behaves stronger at a distance, or affects it in ways we dont understand. Or gravity at the distance of galaxy boundaries has other components that we have not accounted for.
The idea that 96% of the universe is invisible and untouchable and undetectable except by the motion of stars and galaxies sounds very much like we are talking about ghosts and spirits causing car accidents and making people come down with untreatable physical and mental illnesses...
From the earth, we have to learn a way to push signals very fast, and directed to where those satelites would be.
but aren't all galaxy clusters being pulled towards the largest galaxy cluster altogether? What force is stronger between this gravitational pull and the regular expanding of space? Will most galaxies eventually collide, or stray apart?
The Pioneer Spacecraft anomaly has been subsequently explained by an anisotropic radiation pressure caused by the spacecraft's heat loss.
If Einstein's equation predicted the expansion that we see in Dark Energy,What's the mystery?
Is it a finding thing?
The dark energy itself
Why the tiny shaking black line at the top of the screen? It hurts my head!!!
With the pioneer anomaly. Could it be that there is more interstellar mass coming into the solar system than what we have accounted for?
In the second part of the video he talks about "dark energy." Supposedly, the expansion-rate of our universe is INCREASING, which was supposed to have been discovered by Perlmutter & others in the 1990s. One can explain this mystery if the speed of light were slightly different in the past than it is now, which Perlmutter's team did not consider. And recently, other "experts" have cast doubt on Perlmutter's team's conclusion that the expansion-rate is increasing.
Ehhh... I wish I could listen to you as a kid. I hope some teachers include your lessons.
There is a point in minute 31 I believe needs further clarification. Neil deGrasse Tyson seems to indicate that during the collision of our galaxies the potential of stars interacting is much greater. I don't believe that is necessarily true. We already have a very high rate of star interaction. He should cite data on the star density issues in this collision in relation to current star densities in our area of the Milky Way galaxy. He was not aware of this but in the latest Gaia data it appears in a million years we will have a star come through our environs. as he mentions our star will be in a different format anyway. Most likely some version of Red Dwarf.
What if their deceleration is relative to the expansion of the universe?
Here's a What If: The Schroedinger's cat experiment proved that measurements create the reality. The scientist's thought process tells the quarks or particles what they should be, limiting what the results could be. What if dark matter is nothing more than the particles that haven't been told what to be yet?
Are the two Voyager's having the same effect as the leave the solar system?
The Pioneer Anomaly? Unfortunately the design makes it impossible to tell. Pioneer was stabilised by spinning, like an arrow, so had a consistent speed without much need for course correction.
The Voyager craft are both kept on trajectory with attitude rockets, and as those fire automatically and sometimes erratically there's no way of telling if a speed change was made by those thrusters or the anomaly.
I have an answer for every one of this questions. 1. The energy of sun has a certain mass not measured until now, that can curve the space time and slow the craft
2. Dark matter is at the interior of black holes. In a galaxy are there much more black holes and its mass is much bigger than we think because of dilation of space time that allows on the inside the existence of massive particles that normally disappear in fractions of a second.
3. The expanding of universe is a misunderstood of the observations about the turning to red in spectrum of radiation from distant galaxies. That is not the Doppler effect but the accumulative effect of curved space time in the wave length of that radiation.
4. The universe is flat and is not expanding itself. There is not such a thing like dark energy. The space time only is curved and expanded in nearby of matter. Then the mismatch is only a wrong interpretation of Hubble's observations.
5. The difference between matter and antimatter depends on the rotation of black holes, galaxies, stars, planets and satellites. When that rotation ends, all barionic matter will disappear absorbed by the black holes. What we call "big bang" is the result of the frontal collide of the last two black holes in a given observable universe.
Umm no
Wasn’t the Pioneer anomaly found to be due to anisotropic radiation?
Yes, but not at the time of this video...
There's an obvious 2nd possibility to explain the Pioneer Anomaly. Perhaps the speed of the radio-signals in the deep space beyond Neptuns & Pluto is slightly greater. Dr. Menahem Simhony has developed a model based on the idea that the space in our universe is a crystal-like solid, and that in the more "empty" regions of deep space the binding energy of the crystal is slightly greater, so that the speed of light is also slightly greater. www.EPOLA.org www.EPOLA.co.uk
Could the dark matter mass be stored inside black holes and thus be invisible to current probes?
New Horizons can't double check those data?
Space friction.
I would like to propose a hypothesis with the the pioneer anomaly that Dark matter could potentially slow the hardware (satalities) you launched outside of the solar system.
You think of a ship sailing through the ocean, water provides a natrual resistance to the ship as it power through the ocean, which can use natural power sources such as sails etc to keep going.
Maybe the gravity slingshot is the natural power used for the "power" as you mentioned and that extra force puttting resistance is the dark matter as you stated it binds galaxies together, making it an extra force within the universe.
if i had a better understanding of mathematics and astrophysiscs i would broaden this into more working hypothosis
If there is something certain from this video...it is the necktie that NDT was appropriately wearing.
They forgot the electrical plasma Birkland filaments connecting everything ... The Equation not included in the old theory ... /-:
regarding the dark matter problem: what if einstein was wrong? maybe spacetime is not flat, which starts bending when mass is on it. the same results can have different solutions so maybe it's a coincidence, that many of his theorys seem to describe the visible result, but the explaination might be wrong, although it leads to the expected result?
OK, let's see the math...
What if the anomaly is just an error in the simulation?! 🤣🧐
Let me try this again…
This dude is the astrophysicist for the hood…
On B.D.
What if there was dust or tiny rocks and ice in the trajectory of each pioneer craft.. surely that would slow it down.
Pioneer's and voyager's decelerations are due to the solar system's CM effect.
I still think black holes are the equivalent of antimatter starts as our matter stars since the net energy is zero doesn't that mean that antimatter and matter have to be epual
Thermal radiation effects are slowing the pioneers down
john sangers didn’t they actually solve this?
Is it not possible that the escalating speed of expansion means that the universe is still expressing it's original energy from the Big Bang?
28:52 "... we got a blackhole, they got a blackhole, EVERYBODY GETS A BLACKHOLE!!
Gravity, if a planet, or body, does not rotate and just sit in space, does it have gravity? Does atmosphere react to gravity? Is atmosphere have gravitational forces of its own? If that galaxies are moving through the University, expanding, does that mean a body would have gravity from that motion? Sorry that Siri is not a good stenographer and my mishmash of questions. If time travel were possible, would you have to know where your destination point is as opposed to where it was or will be according to where it was into the universe? One more, does space itself move?
Energy & Matter
Energy
To quote the first paragraph from Mike Flynne’s book “Infinity In Your Pocket” page 68 “The Nature Of Energy”.
Energy is a controversial topic among scientists. Everyone knows what energy does but no one seems to be certain what it is. Essentially there are two models used to describe the nature and behaviour of energy; the transformation model and the transference model.
However, rather than rely upon these two models, we will be relying upon knowledge which is commonly available, and a step by step approach to understanding the nature and behaviour of energy.
Oxford English Dictionary (Abrv, OED)
Law of Physics
Gravitation: A force of attraction between any particle of matter in the universe and any other”.
Rational
Fact: Particles of matter exist both at the lower invisible level of the quantum microcosmic universe, and higher visible level of the macrocosmic universe.
Law of Physics
There must be an input of energy for there to be an output of energy (Equally, without an input of energy, there cannot be an output of energy).
Fact: The use of the two words input and output denotes that, particles of matter are *intermediary vehicles* between an energy input and an energy output.
Fact: Particles of matter both at the invisible quantum level and the macro-cosmic level of the universe, serve as the input and output vehicles for the transition of energy between any particle of energy in the universe and any other.
OED: Energy: The capacity of matter or radiation to do work: The means of doing work by utilising matter or radiation.
Rational
Fact: It is the input of energy into particles/vehicles of matter both at the invisible quantum level, and the macro-cosmic level of the universe, that causes particles of matter to move and to do work throughout the universe.
Fact: Energy is the fundamental fuel of the motions (work) of all particles of matter, in the universe and their outputs of radiant energy..
Fact: It is the outputs of radiant energy between all particles of matter in the invisible universe and the visible universe, that causes them to be attracted toward and interact with each other..
Fact: It is the size and the density of the particles/vehicles of matter that determines the quantity of energy needed, to fuel their motions and their outputs of radiant energy.
Fact: Particles of quantum and macro-cosmic matter exist within all fluids, gases, plasmas and solids of the universe, regardless as to where these states of matter may exist in the universe.
Fact: Energy is the fundamental substance that serves to fuel all particles of quantum and macro-cosmic matter, regardless as to where these states of matter may exist in the universe.
Fact: Particles of matter require an instantaneous and constant input of energy, in order to fuel their instant and constant speeds of motion, and their constant outputs of radiant energy, regardless as to where these states of matter may exist in the universe.
Fact: All sizes of the particles of matter of the quantum and the macrocosmic universe require invisible energy, in order to make them interact to combine and to grow.
Fact: All small and large fish of our macro-cosmic oceans of water require the same invisible quantum energy of the microcosmic universe to make them interact combine and to grow.
Fact: All creatures great and small of our macro-cosmic ocean of air require the same invisible quantum energy of the microcosmic universe to make them interact combine and to grow.
OED: Matter, a *physical substance* in general as distinct from *mind and spirit*.
Fact: All things bright and beautiful and all creatures great and small, from the quantum metaphysical universe of our Cosmic Mother Nature do grow.
www.fromthecircletothesphere.net
sir u are very cool dude....we will definitely reveal fred n meena.....my thinking is gravity might have n extra property....so its gravity for u n acceleration for einstein n the dogmatic view for me.....my math n physics arent so strong enough i have no hold of it but my instinct are strong enough to try to boil down ....n i m imagining nature every free time.....she might be very cunning.....
So if the universe is forever expanding that would mean we are pulling towards Andromeda at a faster speed then that expansion?
Or are these contradicting theories?
I have a big theory. It's also surprisingly simple. I think I know what dark matter is. I don't know how great it would go in the CZcams comment section. I wish I knew who to talk to
What does gas do in the vacuum of space? Any type of gas whether it be oxygen, methane or whatever. If it came near a body of some sort, a rock, would it claim to it?
Gas simply sits and spreads. if it comes up against another object it would be affected by it in different ways depending on the object. Space already has a highly diluted amount of gas in it, even oxygen.
Tell me something I don't know Neil!!!
assuming if the universe has zero energy and everything started from a big bang, we will eventually find out what was before the singularity. but if the universe has zero energy and nothing can make something, then we will reach the point where nothing created the singularity. so what is nothing?
Bet you could see it all if you could see in 4D