Human Expansion Timeline Map in 1 minute
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- čas přidán 15. 01. 2024
- Human Expansion Timeline Map from start to finish.
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Music:
- • Desert Caravan
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Map is made by Nations Online Project, video is made by me.
This video is for educational purposes.
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Our story as sapiens began much before -250 000 and were many more than 10k
L athiest@@ommsterlitz1805
DO YOU KNOW MUSTAFA IM HIS LIL BRO
Thank you for making so when *America* “God bless it” entered, the music climaxed
@@PhreashContent But according to this the first Americans came from South Asia by India or North Asia by Russia. The ones going through Europe have barely found the British Isles yet. It seems the ones out of Africa found Vancouver Island BEFORE finding the British Isles.
Humanity gameplay: paying taxes
Humanity lore:
Dominate all continents for more taxes lol.
American lore: rebel and create a country because of British taxes only to have heavier taxes by the government later
@@hashira9223Also fight over black people
@@hashira9223 I mean to be fair, the colonies wanted representation while discussing said taxes, not necessarily not having them in the first place. Plus, by percentage basis, there were times where the taxes on goods were on EVERYTHING imported at a much higher percentage during that period until obviously a few protests which reduced them up until only having a few taxes like tea.
@@hashira9223Time for another rebellion
It's funny to think how Madagascar is so close to the place where the first humans emerged and was one of the last places discovered by humans, excluding Antarctica and other extreme places
Are you didn't read the book of history, huh?
@@leaderofmine6293 you're didn't read the book of the English school in, Huh?
@@leaderofmine6293Nigga I just had a stroke trying to read what you just said
That's because humans didn't start in Africa.
@@a330flyguy2…
I'm loving that our ancestors decided that walking/rafting to Australia and North America was a more viable option than moving another 20 feet to go live in France.
France is "hidden" on 2 sides by mountain ranges.
Sure yes if you approach it from the north, its way easier, but those pastures where already quite great, living on fertile riverbeds in germany and the netherlands.
@@greentitan0262 France is also on the same continent, and shares coastlines on the North and South that was inhabited by other people. Also walking to Australia and circumnavigating it is no easy feat, let alone crossing ice bridges, going over the Rocky mountains, and going down to Florida. Let's face it, Humanity did a LOT in 40k years, basically anything to avoid Fr*nce, and who can blame them
They arrived in north america on land through russia.
@@michael9433 im just explaining what could be the most logical reasoning for what we see happening.
Just like that the entire coastline of australia was inhabited quite quickly, they didnt go inland for a long time because there was no real reason to. They had great food availabillity, and there where no islands they could see to travel to.
This in france happened aswell, just on a much smaller scale.
Ice ages as well
Imagine being one of the first people to cross Egypt and seeing the Mediterranean
That’s what I was thinking or the first to enter Asia through the Sinai
definitely thought that shit was a giant mirage lol
*@Connor-Colyer* This never happened. Τhe opposite happened. The people from the north crossed Africa to the south.
@@PlanetIscandar womp womp
@@PlanetIscandargo cry about it
i love how they got into europe but refused to enter france for thousands of years
Unga bunga = Ew… it’s France
Btw this false, they are arrived around like - 60 000 if my memory is good
Because of Asterix
Our ancestors had bad feeling about that place
Also spain
From 2 billion people, it only took 0.1 seconds to reach 8 billion. That's insane
More people produce more people
Simple, but fact
It’s because of medicine and new better farming methods
thanks capitalism
People need to develop
exponential growth in action, baby!
Fun fact: it is in discussion if the human expansion to the Americas occured first from Asia to North America (+/- 30k years ago), or from Africa to South America (+/- 50k years ago). Stlements and other discoveries started the debate, and among them is the "Serra da Capivara National Park", a world heritage site declared by UNESCO.
Also, the people who expanded to Madagascar first weren't in Africa. They sailed from Indonesia through the favorable currents of the sea, and then some people in Africa went there. That's why the linguistic group of the indigenous people of Madagascar is the same as the ones in Indonesia, and the genetic pool resembles other african groups
the bering stretch
@@zetbalta1043 Not only that, "an ancient signal of shared ancestry with the Natives of Australia and Melanesia was detected among the Natives of the Amazon region"
🤓☝🏼
@@sonicwaveinfinitymiddwelle8555Braindead comment
Imagine being a small tribe of people, and in some areas it could be decades before you met another large group of people. And they likely didn't speak your language or know anything about you either. Fascinating to think about.
Based on genetic evidence, we can infer that a lot of those rare encounters resulted in hot passionate sex.
@@own4801and by hot passionate sex we mean one tribe exterminates the other's males and has their way with the women
@@own4801based ancestors
@@heroninja1125if only we were still like that 😔
@SwagSwagSenate
Said passionate sex was also likely forced. So. Still messed up either way.
it's amazing how fast the last 2000 years was
I dont know, took about 2000 years
i think the population spiking was the most fascinating part for me
Yeah it's been like 2000 years
It’s called exponential growth
1 Big argument for me that civilization is Not older then 8000 years
damn this really puts population growth into perspective... only the last second we have over a billion
With the industrial revolution and the invention of capitalism, humanity grew exponentially and poverty was drastically reduced.
@@lizardi257 capitalism ?.....pls enlighten
@@Gitsmasher easy to access markets and the dissolution of feudalism.
@@lizardi257 But at what cost? we may have material wealth but we lost meaning and our spirits suffer because of that, Both Communism and Capitalism are anti-human ideologies, and they come from the same evil root: Illuminism.
@@Gitsmashercapitalism is a very great system to develop a economy. Look at china. After it become capitalist it's economy exploded. The same people,the same place,the same resources much better results than communism
Nepal's mountains are what surprised me the most. They were discovered pretty late in human history. It shows how difficult it is to even explore them.
even today, borders arent really enforced there
"This rocky areas suck it freeze my ass off!"
Makes sense, they only discovered it after the last ice age, I imagine the massive ice sheet there was a huge discouragement from any human migrations
The fact that humans were in Siberia as early as 30,000 BC is insane to me. That place is like...absolute hell to survive in at its worst.
The Sahara wasn't always desert, it was a green savannah with lakes 11,000 - 5,000 years ago.
and it is said the sahara will be no more a barren desert but a lush growing jungle in the future.
@@LordNightCrawlerAmazon becomes desert
@@pragyasilborgohain240 yeah, the amazon also losing it's green paradise in the future.
it's sad that we wouldn't be able to witness the change.
Wherever Islam thrives there shall be no grass that grows there!!
@@scazab6408 are you the only one who devolving here?
This is why I always send a single scout on horseback to the opposite end of the map in _Age of Empires._ Better to find out early what you're dealing with and where the opportunities might be.
Lmao this is literally how civilizan and age of empires/StarCraft works
Bro I do that as well
Gotta keep that scout scouting 😂
Some of my favorite games ever
😂 a must strategy! Also finds all the AI players before they build up
ants in my house be like:
Around 75,000 years ago the Toba eruption nearly wiped out humanity. Genetics for example show that humans went through a genetic bottleneck where only a few thousand people survived.
Minor correction: the Aboriginies have been in Australia a lot longer than shown here, they first reached the continent about 65000 years ago. Other than that, this video is great.
Maybe this map represents only distribution of Homo Sapiens
@@giorgioarmani8394 The Aboriginal People of Australia were, in fact, Homo Sapiens. And as mentioned above, have been present on the continent of at least 65000 years.
@@giorgioarmani8394...they are homo sapiens
@@giorgioarmani8394... You do know what the person is talking about when they say Aboriginal right
@@theirishviking9278
Sure he does. He's being racist and dehumanising the indigenous people of Australia.
I love how humans colectivelly decided that's definitely better to settle in Siberia than Fr*nce
This is when humanity dared to have the balls to enter France 1:18
I think it's because Neanderthals were in France and we had to kick their asses first.
Well, humans were already nesr siberia first, and they traveled through Siberia to get to north America. Vis the Russia -Alaska land bridge.
It is said that the humans that dared to enter France became some weird subhuman creatures that eat frogs and get obliterated by a country that they themselves made, Germany, land of Hitl-
funny racism
It's amazing to me that in this day and age we still have people who deny that this is how it happened.
Put two humans in one room and you will get at least three opinions
It's just crazy to see the population only at 1 Billion after hundreds of thousands of years. But after the 1900s (wars), it just literally took only 100 years more for that 1 billion to become 8 billion. Talk about comfort..
It took those slackers a surprisingly long time to find Madagascar.
😂
The map is wrong here. Madagascar was only settled around 500 AD, not 4000BC. Most of the islands in the Atlantic were only settled in the 15th century.
hunter gatherers didn't have boat to travel they were walking to mid east so it kinda make sense they discovered it late, the hunter gatherer evolved first because they thrive harder while the one that stays in zone 1 still eenacting traditional practices to live, that's why staying in traditional value without seeing other cultural perspectives is a circling dead end of society.
Madagascar wasn’t discovered by Africans. It was actually discovered by Polynesians from Indonesia who sailed west over the Indian Ocean
@@michaelweston409 im from indonesia and i know polynesians have similar language with indonesian
Thanks to the author of the channel for being able to be born in -250,000 and live until 2024 and retell to us the entire history of mankind. Respect
There is a study called "history"
@@hiyahiyakotet8927 history is a study of human society it doesn't account for prehistory (well hence the name)
@@youtubeadministration8037 there is history in prehistory
respect.
@@hiyahiyakotet8927there is something called a joke
It’s interesting to think that humanity originated around Lake Victoria and followed the Nile’s tributaries to what would become Egypt. This information was then lost, and the lake wouldn’t be rediscovered as the source of the Nile until the 19th century.
Forgot the almost extinction event of about 50,000 years ago. About that time frame, humanity was cut down to a little 5,000-10,000 people world wide.
250,000 years ago, one species emerged in the savannahs of Africa. A species that was aware of the world around them, was able to think, talk, and form ideas. Comprehend its own existence. Creating art and culture, and outsmarting any predator through ingenuity. A species that expanded throughout the world, driven by curiosity, and the quest for knowledge.
And the universe was never the same. This is the story of Homo Sapiens, and we're living it.
all those years leading up to skibidi toilet
@@looperinga wise words
False. We originated in the Middle East
@@FalangeRevolutionary986goofy ahh
@@FalangeRevolutionary986in the middle of Africa? sounds right
The oldest homo sapien skull was discovered in Morocco in northwest Africa from around 315,000 years ago.
Was looking for this
I kinda recall there being theories that there was an extinction level event if not multiple before the ice age. Homonids had it rough for a long time until our sapien population grew and spread from subsaharan africa.
@@laniakealocal1934 You should be more responsible! >:(
@@mattyice2099It wasn’t an extinction-level event since Sapiens are still extant. All other species of humans are extinct, but the find in Morocco was of “us” (Homo sapiens.)
Sapiens have not only been around for at least 315,000 years, but were already traversing the Sahara at that time. Pervious theories suggested that Sapiens are of eastern African origin, but that’s now held to be in some doubt. Sapiens are now said to have emerged in sub-Saharan Africa in general, since they were constantly moving across the whole of that part of the continent, making it impossible to pin-down any exact place of origin more specific than that.
@@PrawnAddictionStupid joke I love it
Let us all thank this guy for keeping accurate census data all this time.
If you want to learn more about our ancestors who lived 10,000 years ago and earlier, I recommend an excellent anthropologist named Stanislav Drobyshevsky. Unfortunately, he conducts lectures and records popular science videos only in Russian, and I do not know if this material has been translated into English. However, there is always a "subtitles" button, the main thing is to find a video where the sound quality is good. In addition to an interesting and understandable presentation, he also dilutes the lectures with jokes. I'll give you a couple of them:
- "More often a bear examines a person's coccyx than the other way around."
- "Turning legs into flippers and bodies into a fat skin does not contribute to the development of intelligence."
- "The Mesozoic was generally marked by some kind of rabies of devouring. It is clear that living creatures have been eating each other since the Precambrian, but in the Mesozoic everything went completely off the rails."
That last 10 second were remarkable and amazing! Well done!
From the year 1400 to 1700, almost everything unknown disappeared by Portuguese and Spanish explorers.🇵🇹🇪🇦
The Toba volcano eruption 74,000 years ago dropped human population to a few thousand. The timeline here shows a linear increase with no account for that catastrophe.
Also severals asteroids impacted the Americas in the 50,000-25,000 BC further reducing the population
That has only ever been a hypothesis, and there has been quite a bit of research since that has cast doubt on it.
@@michaelweston409 those reductions do show up in the population counter
This is a vague representation, not a point for point recap of the worlds population history bud.
there was an ice age 20k years ago, too. population should have fallen significantly during that period.
I like how the entire history we know is in the last few seconds
As I watched this time lapse, it occurred to me that to even *begin* considering just how many cultures coalesced, thrived, declined, then fell or were late absorbed or dispersed by another group throughout Mankind's nearly 300,000-year long history would be an exercise in futility and a path to madness.
Imagine: Just think of how many ethnicities, cultures, languages, religions, and so much more have been lost to the course of time, with little evidence of their existence left for future peoples to discover - if any would-be evidence survived in the first place?
Can't wait until part 2 comes out with discovering space!!!!
yeah that would happen in 4024
It would probably just be mostly nothing then everything but it would get less and less blurry.
That gonna take thousands or even millions of years 💀
"discovering" and "inhabiting" are vastly different things, especially when it comes to space. I would love a timelapse of various stars and planets being discovered, starting with most of the night sky being visible immediately of course. It would be quite difficult to make though, so I'm not sure if anyone will any time soon.
@@kraken_dash no it wont lmao compare the technology we had 100 years ago to what we have today, i wouldn't be surprised if we see interplanetary space travel in our lifetimes
It's like exploring the area to clear the Fog of War
Yep
Rise and fall?
Were still playing fog of war though, the Universe is so big we only reach solar system yet
@@HeHe-br9gx true
Found a fellow RtS player lol
newfoundland: you finally found me!
madagascar: bruh
ocean currents: 🤭
This is well made. I enjoyed it and learnt from it.
Weird to think how Antarctica, an entire continent, was only discovered in 1820 for the first time considering how far humanity had evolved already back then. Although there are also theories that Antarctica was already discovered several centuries earlier by polynesian seafarers.
Yeah probably. They didnt record the discovery and that led to ppl not realising anatarctica existed
Ur anus was discovered before Antarctica
I'm sure several places, technologies, ideas were discovered/ developed several times. Like the Americas, for example.
Maybe much earlier, but it is a very difficult place to survive without heavy equipment.
Any early civilization would likely die before they reach mainland Antarctica
I feel like there needs to be more contexts for this video with the additional information of major world events such as the ice age and the supervolcano eruption to make it easier for everyone to understand why things happen
Was about to point out that growth wasnt that constant. We all know that, but yeah, demographics are relevant enough and to have in mind. Toba, from what it's thought, got us very close to extinction.
funny was thinking the same. There some definite "pulses" of expansion that if I remember my geography, coincided with certain ice ages when land bridges appeared between continents as sea levels fell.
it's "mapsinanutshell". The short condensed format is the point
Shout out to the ancestors who unlocked the whole map so we could fast travel
Must have been amazing to explore something no man had ever seen
When you play Plague Inc in reverse.
It’s crazy how for 3/4 of our existence, we’ve been chilling in Africa
Watching the map expand in Civilization holds the same kind of fascination for me.
If only they never discovered the united states
This sort of video gains a lot from on-screen notes of significant events and periods such as ice ages, sea level changes, great migrations, die-offs, and such.
It also helps to have things like the population counter not be on top of relevant parts of the map when there are vast swaths of empty ocean for such things.
The population counter is see through also this video is about the discovery of the world not sea levels and ice ages
the only thing is that it is full of errors. In some parts instead of facts it includes assumptions(showing much earlier dates - Estonia, Fenno-Scandia), while in others parts (Australia), it doesn't include facts and shows dates much later. at least these are errors what I saw the first time I saw the video. Somehow I think that the more I dive in, the more errors can be found.
Man shoutout to the 10k people which spawned in 🙏😮💨
THis is very interesting and well done, I like to see things like this.
Este vídeo fue asombroso y con esa música hipnotica 👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻
Would be more interesting if the revealed map showed the changing sea levels and exposed terrain.
ice needs to be shown as well. GB + Ireland wasn't permanently populated until relatively recently because of Ice ages.
And deserts and forests and rivers have changed a lot too
Oh yeah absolutely, the earth changed so much. The modern map is completely different to how it was walked hundreds of thousands of years ago.
yea like scandinavia mostly was underwater and under thick ice with temp around -40C, there is no way humans explore this region 30k age ago, finland started forming around 10k age ago
It’s crazy how when agriculture was invented, the population just went off
I'm not sure but at the beginning of the Bronze Age there were wars that ended some empires.
I like to imagine we were created to be game for the tigers to hunt and to help with fruit propagation, but then we went and broke the game so hard it caused even the weather to lag
@@samwallaceart288 The human is so OP that they found a bug in the weather.
@@samwallaceart288 i think there was a KAREN on a space ship and aliens just dropped us on this planet. And they dropped karen on the moon. used to be life there, but everything died because of karen ..uhmm?
i love how the exploration of australia is characterized by this elderitch horror crescendo in 1:15
imagine how exciting walking around an undiscovered land is
This transition does not reflect the Toba Catastrophe Theory: 70,000 years ago, the Toba eruption killed off all but 5,000 of the human population that lived in and around South Africa.
well it is a theory
Its just a *_Theory_* since it still does not have any conclusive proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
Interesting theory. Very very likely to be possible. But it is still just a theory, and not a fact, yet, until we find evidence that supports the theory beyond a reasonable doubt.
I checked and the number drops from the mongol invasions and the native American genocide for just a bit
@@nicklibby3784 Everything in this video up to the past couple hundred years is conjecture based on theories and limited information. The evidence for the Toba Catastrophe is stronger than the rest of the first 2/3 of this video.
@@hybbfr727 a human theory
1:07 the oldest intelligent human settlement ever discovered in Europe was in grotte Chauvet in France 35 000 years ago yet it's still in the dark
It sucks,fake video
Also, the first evidence of humans in Australia dates to 50,000 to 65,000 years ago yet the map doesn't show it until around that same time stamp
Also, the first Homo sapien skull ever found (in 2017) is in Morocco in north-west Africa 315 000 y ago (Djebel Irhoud homosapian). You can google it, and it's not 250 000 in East Africa as mentioned on the video. There are a lot of mistakes in the video, unfortunately.
Humans have been in australia for WAY longer than what this vid shows
If you slow it down,you can see colombus’ voyage. That’s sick!
My biggest surprise in this video: 28,000 years ago, there were already humans in Chicago but not Paris.
It’s interesting that this map blocks out the Sahara desert when we now know that it fluctuates between green oasis and desert gradually on a roughly 20,000 year cycle so it seems likely there would be a lot of human expansion done in that area since it’s so close to the origin of humans.
The population spike at the end is terrifying
This makes me realise the madness of how short these past 3000 years of conflict and border changes are
You are so underratted, you need more subs. Love the videos!
this is like trying to uncover all of the map in an open world game
crazy how in 1000 years people are gonna be looking at human expansion timeline maps for galaxies
we went from one billion to 8 billion in less then a second, considering this vid is 2 mins long that is FAST
It's overpopulation
In the span of the entire history of our planet, existence of Homo Sapiens happened in just blink of an eye
@@user85937is not overpopulation the earth can sustain 3 trillion humans is simply that we are really not that effective at making the planet clean
Yeah, think about time before we spawned, and it's even crazier
@@user85937whats considered overpopulation?
Ah yes, France and Spain territories were full of dragons and giants, that's why humanity in Swizerland territory took 40,000 years to go there while the other part of humanity went to Australia and America first by walking
The oldest human remains found in Spain are over 1 million years old.
We've come a long way, Baby.
I freakin' knew you were going to start in Mesopotamia!!
crazy how much the population went up at the end. Also the vikings discovered iceland and greenland very long ago
Not that long ago. Iceland wasn't settled until the 800s.
@@taoliu3949
That's 1200 years
Which isnt long when we are are talking about a context of hundreds of thousands of years@@BigBrotherTheWatcher1984
@@BigBrotherTheWatcher1984 which is not that long ago when compared to other land masses
Yup, thats one thing they don't seem to tesch well in schools. Just a simple population graph would blow our minds at how all throughout human history the population was relatively stable and climbed very very slowly and mostly remaining the same. Then, it wasn't until the 1,500s we saw some decent population growth - but it took 100 to 200 years for it to actually grow a bit, then between 1750 - 1900 the world finally saw some good growth from just under 1 billion people in the world to around 1.5 billion people in the world! So .5 times more people or a growth of 50% in 200 years - a new record!
Then starting in the year 1900 to 2023, the world saw the largest population incease AND fastest rate of increase in the entire worlds history.
We went from around 1.5 billion people to 8 billion people in a matter of about 100 years. Whoch os like an increase of almost 800% in ONLY 100 years !!!! Which is a staggering increase compared to the previous record of 50% increase between 1750 & 1900.
I don't think people realize just how insane that population increase is - and they especially dont comprehend the rate of increase in population and just how fast and recent it was.
This is why its so difficult to compare modern behaviors and social norms to the historical norms. The world and society is just fundamentally different based off the population size and rate of increase inherently. Humans throughout history have never had soany choices for mates, or opportunities for jobs or such big & close social connections that cities offer. Sure there was big cities like london back in the day, but it was nothing like how it is now.
This is why modern societies have soooo many problems that just simply did not exist in the past - because there just wasn't as many people back then, so societies & economies worked completely differently.
Amazing how much the deserts and mountain areas slowed exploration down. You can see how mankind went up the Nile to find the mediterranean.
It’s insane that we had discovered Indonesia before finding Spain, literally 12 miles away from Morocco
An impressive perspective.
That's really awesome, dude! 👏👏👏
Great work as always! Well done @mapsinanutshell
the new age of empires map looking sick
You see the black dot over China slowly disappear. Something tells me people were already there.
We from Africa, and then we created racism against africans.
woah. somehow i thought this video was made and uploaded in 2020, but this is actually very cool! good job!
Those were good times. I'm remembering it now. That's how it was.
The population really explodes at the end there.
According to this New Zealand was the last major piece of real estate to be discovered.
Cool medieval music 🎉🎵🎶🎉
Do you now which type of music
@@FrenchFries-mo5vlAncient Egypt
+1
What did I miss when the population shrunk in the early years from just over a million then to under a million around the time of the discovery of America? Too early for the plague I think? Great video!! Thank you.
I really liked the music adaptation, it kinda tells the story by evolving.
Yall remember this? I remember myself killing a mammoth
While you were killing mammoths in Africa
I was in the Holy Land, building Jerusalem :P
@khandamiDEUS VULT
@@khandamix Mammoths in Africa lol
@@squidtard9629 I think you didn't get it
this sarcasm
@@khandamixstrange sarcasm but ok
After a year of not watching your video, these videos are still are still a great masterpiece…. 🗿🗿🗿🔥🔥
Nice lapse, though recent discoveries and archeologie reveal a very different history. Changing everytime a new discoverie is made
like what?
Cool!
you know the time when the human population dropped to 1000, damn that was 70k years ago!
Toba Eruption?
@@jaredjosephsongheng372 yupz the video wasn't accurate, 75k years ago toba volcano got eruption in Indonesia and almost killed all human population. Only 10k peoples has survived
So we're all inbred
@@BigBrotherTheWatcher1984 well kinda? there is posibility u can share some pieces of DNA with someone
Crazy to think that the population boom at the end just meant more people made it to old age, hard to imagine the shear number of people who had absolutely brutal horrible deaths caused by the natural world.
it means more that less kids died and more people could afford to have all the kids they want
would love to see one that evolves the geological aswell
We’ve come along way huh
there are traces of homo-sapiens in Brittany and Aquitania that date back from 70 000 BCE.. In South Wales and Cornwall in 40 000 BCE (although no presence found between 34 000 BCE and 11 000 BCE)
and no presence before 8 000 BCE in Soctland
it's not the most accurate of course. the expansion across the pacific islands was a bit too late in the timeline of the video as well
hey that was TWO minutes :D I want my minute back!
Weird to think we’re one of the first generations to know that Antarctica exists
I love how North America was discovered slightly earlier than France and UK
So technically , We are all ethiopians
Yes,but we evolve into civilized humans
@@scarymonster5541yeah we're basically an African species while neanderthal are native to Europe and Denisovan native to asia
@@squidtard9629 later on the neanderthal were massacred by the homo sapiens but for the denisovans scientists and historians doesn't know what happened to them
@@scarymonster5541💀
@@scarymonster5541 Your people teach lgbt ideology for Kids in the school and you call yourself civilized?
Humans were in Australia as far back as 60,000 years according to some sources
so with the last ice age ( younger dryas) and the extinction events following it there was no decline in human population?
You forgot the toba catastrophy around 70000 years ago where human population dropped to as low as around 1000-10000 people.