Highlands - Montane Forests, Alpine Meadows, Tropical Moorlands - Biomes#10
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- čas přidán 4. 06. 2024
- What happens when you take one of the many sea-level biomes that we've looked at in this series, and climb into the mountains? How does cooling temperatures affect the type of plants that can grow. The answer varies depending upon whether you're in the tropics, or temperate regions, whether the conditions are wet or dry. Join me as I explore the most spectacular scenery on our planet - the Highlands of Earth.
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🕐TIMESTAMPS🕖
👉0:00 Opening Montage
👉1:01 Introduction and Titles
👉2:09 Altitude and Temperature
👉3:05 Effect of Altitude on Biomes
👉4:55 Polar Ice
👉6:36 Subarctic Highland Tundra
👉7:20 Wet Temperate Highland Biomes
👉8:49 Dry Highland Biomes
👉10:11 Tropical Montane Forest and Moorland
👉13:40 Mount Kilimanjaro - The World In Miniature
👉14:45 Outro
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As one rises in altitude, the air temperature drops. So when you take a sea-level biome, and climb into the mountains, this has the effect of pushing the biome toward the poles in equivalent latitude. For instance, broadleaf forest in temperate latitudes turns to coniferous forest like taiga.
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At the poles, the ice at sea-level is just more ice at altitude. But in the arctic tundra, only small rises in altitude lead us into ice glaciers. The subarctic boreal forest will turn to tundra and then ice over relatively small hills, as a tree-line develops. Above this tree-line, found in most biomes, the summer temperatures are insufficient to permit tree-growth.
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In temperate latitudes, wet biomes such as grassland and broadleaf or mixed forest turn to coniferous forests on mountain slopes, and above the tree line, alpine meadows, and then glaciers if the mountains are particularly high.
A similar pattern occurs in dry biomes such as scrub or semi-desert, in that slopes are forested as less evapotranspiration in the cooler temperatures permits the growth of trees over shrubs. Only very dry deserts such as the Atacama or the heart of the Sahara skip the forested layer as conditions are too dry even for trees to grow in the cooler upland areas.
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But it's in the tropics that we find the most interesting effects on biomes at altitude. For here there are low variations in seasonal temperatures, and this leads to unique species of trees, succulents, palms etc. to grow within and above the now very high treeline.
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FURTHER READING:
Additional charts, maps and images along with the narrative script - click here:
👉 geodiode.com/biomes/highlands
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📷📹🎥 VIDEO & PHOTO CREDITS ❤️❤️❤️
geodiode.com/biomes/highlands#...
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Research and Media Procurement Assistance: Richard Torres
Narrated, Written and Produced by
B.J.Ranson
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Or you can send an email via this CZcams Channel page 👉 / @geodiode
Welcome to the Highlands of Earth! Please share your experiences of your time in these places where the air is thinner and cooler, and where the plant life is... different. Especially love to hear if you live in one of these areas.
Thank you for this wonderful series. Truly great. Could you label locations in your footage as it's showing them?
@@kristenlydarees5985 glad you liked the series. Sadly one cannot change videos once they have been uploaded, but you can see the names of locations in my music video that goes with this series: czcams.com/video/1ymXyX2f11k/video.html
this channel was recomended by my homeschool progam called Guest hollow it is really an amazing channel keep up the good work!
This was such an interesting episode! Really shows our planet is more unique than we give it credit for!
In Mexico, thanks to the neotropical realm and the neartic realm you can find a mixture of all kinds of highland vegetation described here. In the border with Guatemala (Tacaná), there's vegetation like those described in Colombia (paramo) but not so rich nor so spread. In central Mexico, there is Jungle, Tropical Moist Forest, Pine and fir forests (like temperate climates, actually the highest pines and treeline in the world), then the grassy puna-like from neotropics and finally glaciers... if you go further north you may find mixed temperate forest, taiga like forests, and finally a miniature pine tundra... further north yet in Mexico, at same altitude, you will find a continental forest instead.
El paramo no tiene casi vegetación tan soló tienen Frailejones y Musgos .
czcams.com/video/xVWxSm8zBZo/video.html
Thanks for sharing Mi Pais. Because of the complexity of Mexico's climate zones and biomes, I would like to spend more time on this in a future episode, but have been stymied due to the lack of available footage. For some reason there aren't that many active drone pilots willing to share their videos, otherwise I would have done this sooner :(
Another excellent addition to our homeschool lessons. Thanks for your always exemplary work.
দারুন ভালো লাগলো👍👍 অনেক ধন্যবাদ আপনাকে💞
I've been fascinated by the environmental changes with altitude ever since I found out that's how it works. It amazes me that you can go several thousand feet up and be in a place like the Arctic. I had my own experience with watching the changes with altitude. Less than 2 months before covid started I went to Palm springs in the desert of Southern California and took rode in a cable car from the Barren desert floor, up to about 8,000 ft in elevation. During the ride I quickly watch the desert morph in the shrubs and then into a pine Forest. From that point, I spent the day hiking another 2,500 feet up through this Forest of tall pine trees, and once I started to get towards the top it became subalpine and the trees were really short and scattered. The trees lower down were about 100 ft tall and right next to each other. Up towards the top they were only like 20 ft tall. When I was in the tram car there was a video talking about the mountain and said hiking the mountain is like going from California to Alaska. I've never been to Alaska but it certainly felt like that at the top, especially since it was cold and cloudy that day with some scattered rain. It was one of the best experiences in my entire life.
Thanks for sharing! Yup, CA has some of the most diverse biomes of any region in the world due to its topography. I think the arid climates have the most interesting changes through altitude, because you go from low biomass at sea level (too hot), to relatively higher biomass at mid-elevations, and then low again as you head above the treeline.
i am actually witnessing a fresh geodiode upload for the first time, so glad i found this channel
I think one the best examples of "little world" of the tropical highlands is the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia's Caribbean Coast. It towers close to 6000m right besides the Caribbean Sea, with a relatively narrow shallow sea belt before the deep sea plain, therefore you have the altitudinal gradients component. The different slopes of this seemingly pyramidal mountain system recieve different precipitations, therefore you have the precipitation variation component. All this factors join together to form a spectacular transition of biomes in tremendously short distances. The northeastern slope faces at sea level the semi-arid and arid desert climates of the Guajira peninsula, the southern slopes face at sea level tropical dry seasonal forests, the western slope faces the wetlands of the Magdalena River delta coupled with the human-generated savannahs, the northern slopes have varying communities of seasonal forests and tropical rainforests. Increasing in altitude, you find a mosaic of premontane, montane and cloud forests that give rise to the ecuatorial alpine tundra known in Spanish as páramo, this biome has vegetation that has had convergent evolution with those of the African alpine tundra, for example, the genres Espeletia (Neotropical) and Dendrosenecio (Afrotropical) while not being directly related, have a distinct rosette form as an adaptation to the extreme environmental conditions. The páramo gives way to the superpáramo, a place nearly devoid of plant life and no soil development, much like the furthest subpolar areas, finally the mountains are capped by the tropical glaciers that are visible from the sandy Caribbean beaches.
What an excellent description of such an interesting place. Santa Marta only recently came onto my radar. If there is sufficient footage of the area then i may do a video on it in future
Pico Duarte is the highest peak in the Caribbean, 3,087 meters above the sea level. I had the opportunity to reach its summit, the experience was amazing... as described in this video I witnessed the change in the vegetation, from the low land forests of the tropics, to the montane tropical forests and finally a forests of pines until the summit. In winter time temperature drop to near -2°, but there's not snow.
If only we had more photographers and drone pilots in the Dominican Republic, then I would feature a lot more from this, the most topographically rich of all Caribbean islands.
Wow, I never would have guessed a pine trees grow in the Caribbean. Just the transition that you saw makes it sound like it was a very beautiful hike and an amazing experience
Breathtaking. i live in the alps so i never thought about diffrent highland compositions
Hello Geodiode, what a wonderful explanation of highlands. I am from Cusco-Peru. I may say that I have seen many times authors misclassified Cusco as EtH, or as Cwb or Cwc or Csbi. It is quite confusing. In Cusco-Peru we have several types of "Inter-Andean" or "Quechua" classified territories by being above 3300 meters above sea level, but below 3800. We have a well marked dry season from May to September with absolute 0 rain in June. And a rainy season from October to April, (December and January the wettest). Still we have a predominant dry air and sunny days and blue skies even in the rainy season. While in the plateus, and the flatter valleys we have trees, grasses or agriculture, further up in the ravines and Mountain "Cracks" that may reach as high as 4000 Mts. we still have forests (if not vandalised) -- while on the flater tops, we only have olive type grass that turns yellow on dry season. In the other side, at the "High Jungle", at the altitudes comparing, that is, 3000 to 3600 overviewing the Rainforests, mostly it is warm from 18 to 25C, but suddenly, the moist wind will drop to 13C degrees will feel like 5C or less!! They call it "friajes" -- or cold fronts at any time in the afternoons. That occurs at the tops of the hills near Machu Picchu (located at 2400). I do not know why Koppen still believes Cusco Valley and Macchu Picchu, should have a Cwb, Csbi classification while they have totally different weathers?
This is fascinating. I had no idea (if you watch my Subtropical Highlands climate video, I'm afraid I put Cusco in the Cwb category). One thing is clear, if you have a whole empire that managed to feed millions of people by living in these mountains, then it has to be appreciated that an understanding of these complex climates and biomes was necessary. So many unique grains and other foods came out of these region and went global (just think of the humble potato!)
@@Geodiode It is true. Even Peruvian friends from other regions either central or north, living in Lima, New York or Paris, when they taste Cusco potatoes, prepared in temporary ovens of clods of dry earth, or conventional ones, they are willing to pay extra in overweight luggage when returning home. I am not a geographer -- but an observer. Even if the Koppen classification may have put Cusco and Machupicchu at the same classification -- Cusco in itself may have several classifications varying on microclimates and how people treat nature or manage their territory. In my hacienda, we can go to several classifications within walking distance either up or down or how animals begin to appear. We get amazon parrots on rainy season and well into dry season, and get grapes in some ravines! And when El Nino weather comes, temperatures may rise to 28C during a sunny day, it feels like a Cwa/Am weird mix.
@@waldoenriquemariscalpelaez3381 Fascinating to hear about the potatoes. One day I'll experience this city. It's been on my "bucket-list" for decades! Thanks again...
I'm so grateful for this series, it's a saving grace as my exam looms next week. Thank you!
I'm so glad! Good luck in your exams!
I’m originally from a tropical highland climate. It’s wonderful not needing heat or ac.
Yes, opposite of those in the MidWest, that need both winter heating and A/C in summer!
1:36 Haramiyata Peak and The Seven Rila Lakes in Bulgaria
Thank you Kalina! You must have loved it when you spotted it in the video!
Hey Geodiode! Amazing video! But there was one small mistake, the main reason why the scottish highlands rainforests don't regrow is mainly because there are way too many deers that eat the small saplings, due to the extinction of large predators like the wolf.
That's an excellent point. Thank you for adding that. And I'm glad you liked the video. More on Scotland in my next Nation States video series!
I’m here for my geography course, but I always look forward to a Geodiode video :) instead of just explaining, you explain while showing beautiful pictures and videos which makes these videos so much more interesting.
So great to hear, thanks!
40 hours of waiting finally worth it
Different mountain biomes are the main reason i love hiking. You sold me mt Kilimanjaro.
I love seeing the transition of vegetation when I travel to the mountains here in southeastern Brazil
I really like to see the transition of the vegetation when i travel by car. I live in Northeastern Brasil near the coast and when i travel to the countryside i can see the vegetation changing from atlantic forest to caatinga and where are tall mountains (like 800 meters or more) the atlantic forest apears again in the top.
@@DanielSouza-qu5we meus bisavós nasceram em garanhuns-PE, que está a uns 900 metros de altitude, esse fenômeno ocorre lá tbm, se vc sair de Recife pra lá vai perceber que o clima sai de tropical de monção (am) para semiárido (bsh) e depois que sobe a serra vira clima temperado (csb), uma das poucas regiões de PE que tem clima temperado, principalmente devido a alta altitude. Até vinícola tem la
I am so freaking glad my prof. showed some of your videos in class and introduced me to this channel
A prof with great taste! Glad you found us!
I find the mountain or highland climates to be the most fascinating. Glad to learn about more of the different biomes and how the different ranges have the variety of climates.
12:38 In a future video talk about the guianas shield in Brazil, Venezuela and guiana plss, in the top of mt. roraima in Brazil, Ven and guyana (2850m) the vegetation is unique, also in Pico da neblina (3000m) in Brazil. and all the tepuis in this mountain range.
very amazing. your best climate zone video i've seen.
Fantastic video as usual!
Such a nice video and very inspirational. Thank you
Glad you enjoyed it!
Has there been a video about the continentalized Mediterranean climate yet? I find this climate interesting as it seems so rare (only found in Central Spain/Turkey afaik)
What about in parts of Central Asia?
@@priyazu4000 Some bits of the Rocky Mountains too, iirc
@matthew - not yet. But the Dsa/Dsb climate could be a feature of a future episode. We'll see.
@@inari.28 not sure they strictly count as part of this climate - some areas in the Balkans maybe?
It is mentioned in the Continental climates episode
great and impressive and so
beautiful
Like every episode you create...It's Amazing ¡¡ I'll apreciate your hard work
Respect for your great work from India.
Great informative video
Thank you 💗
Brilliant.
How I came to know this chanel so late , GOD!!!
Such a wonderful chanel ❤️
Wonderful video 👏🏻
Wow phenomenal video!! I think this has to be my favorite video yet. Great breakdown and so informative!! I always wondered why there are alpine places where the tree-line is located lower in altitude than the 10 degrees Celsius summer temperature average line. Didn't realise that freezing winds were the reasoning, but it makes sense with the trees looking crooked. Ps Beautiful footage overall.. I see Meteora 😍
hello again Yiorgos! Glad you liked this one! Yes, I put some special care into making it one of the more beautiful videos, thanks to so much footage I had on the high places. And well done on spotting Meteora! One day I will go there, as it's on my bucket list!
@@Geodiode truly beautiful footage it is 😍 wonderful work, it's truly amazing! You should be so proud of every you've put together. Thank you for all your hard work. Same here, I'll be visiting Meteora when I next visit family in Greece. I think I'd love to see it in winter while dusted in snow 🙈 hopefully I get lucky enough 😁
It's damn near beautiful enough to bring tears to my eyes. This is sure to help me continue worldbuilding, as I can only learn so much looking at climate maps and guessing why certain areas are where they are, a large part of that being mountains. And the footage, I feel my paints and canvases call for me. Amazing job as always!
Thanks very much, and I'm glad this helps beyond staring at sterile climate maps. This and the Temperate Forests are probably my favourite videos in terms of beauty.
@@Geodiode Oh I completely agree! I'm biased towards the colder climates like the taiga but the temperate forests are by far the most beautiful, they look different every season. The traffic jam to get into the autumn leaved maple city here is ridiculous, but luckily I live near a whole line of trees that turn golden every year.
Such a great video!
I recently discovered your channel and I am loving all the videos so far. Watched the entire Biomes series and can't wait to watch Climate series and other videos. Very well researched and well presented videos.
Thanks so much sumaiya! Glad you found the channel and I hope you enjoy the other series!
In fact I love this channel because it very amazing and attractive
Thanks!
I met a guy who has lived part of his life in a Subtropical highland climate I think in Bolivia. He explained to me that in his area there are "seasons" but they're really mild, like 18°C in the winter as 21°C in the summer, and they also don't occur as regularly as in temperate zones, they're sort of random, so you can experience anywhere between 0 and 30°C (absolute extremes) at any point of the year
If it was Bolivia then you'd be spot on. They get drafts of cold air in "winter" that can blow up from Argentina on occasion, but otherwise very mild.
@@Geodiode how much colder are those Argentina winds compared to the tropical air of Bolivia?
Very well-explained
Glad you think so! Appreciated!
thanks for another inspiring video
You're welcome!
Great Vid as usual Diode. Appreciate the effort put into all of these.
Also was wondering, what tools do you use to create/display the maps in your videos?
Thanks v much! The maps are all done in Photoshop. The biomes map was adapted from a very poor quality version in an academic paper, and took me a whole day to produce!
What about coniferous areas in Mexico with no frost? My grandma lives near that biome as it is common in Michoacán and other states. Some of it is known as the transvolcanic pine-oak ecoregion.
Thanks. I wanted to include more of this exotic region, but it is very hard to find video footage of it that I can use.
@@Geodiode You’re welcome
@@Geodiode I suggest looking for footage of the forests around Mexico City, Puebla, Toluca, and Morelia. But if that is hard to find then try looking for footage of Monarch butterflies in Michoacan, since they go to that ecosystem.
Also, unrelated, but there are coniferous forest in Belize in the tropical lowlands which could be an interesting topic too.
Please help me understand climates at 21°N, 950m above sea level, 21°N, 300m both in Indian Subcontinent.
Subtropical Highland. Probably Koppen code Cwb, being in the Monsoon with a dry season.
@@Geodiode Now that I have the average temperature ranges for summer, Monsoon and winter (All temperatures in °C).
For 950m:
22 to 38, 19 to 26, 6 to 22.
For 300m:
26 to 45, 23 to 31, 12 to 27.
Does this additional information help?
Great video!
Thanks!
I love your content buddy. It has really educated me in geography field. I'm training to be a teacher of geography, your videos are well explained, clearly captured in high resolution. Being from Kenya I've liked it mentioning Mount Kenya. I come from this region. It very captivating especially in sunrise and sunset. Perhaps you should tour Kenya one day and hike the mountain and see the captivating equatorial snow on its glaciers. Your content of Brazil, Chile and New Zealand was perfect . would you make video on USA.
Wow
could someone explain why temperature drops with increasing altitude.
since heat is correlated to the amount of matter present, and air and the atmosphere as a whole get thinner and less dense as you go upwards, the air is capable of holding less heat
Heat is just molecules vibrating and transferring the vibration to each others, if the air is less dense there is less vibration going on, because the molecules will be further apart from one another.
Yay, another Geodiode video!
Hello, i am intersted in climate and biome stuff and this is the only channel i could find making high quality videos about the subject. I have a question tho: I live in a BSh climate zone and in a dry steppe biome. Sometimes the mountains go up to 3000 meters but theres little to no vegetation change. Its only grassland and then tundra. Is it maybe because of some deforestration happened centruies ago, or its just too dry to have forests or shurblands?
Glad you liked the vids. As mentioned in the first part of the series, biomes are much more complex than climates, and so you get regional variations where certain plants have been more successful than others in the same climate type. The usual "fight" is between trees and grasses. Take the Pampas in Uruguay/Argentina. In N America you find forests in this climate type, but here you only find grasses.
Good
Thanks
Excellent video
Thank you
Subscribed!
grassy highlands reminds me of the old windows wallpaper.
I LOVE YOU
Great
0:32 what is that black thing beneath
Just a lake that didn't catch any reflected light.
does anyone know the name of the opening song? its really good lol
It's called "Inspiring Landscape Journey" by Oleg Semenov.
7:43 Where's the castle and its name?😮
Mount Kilimanjaro
I love your voice
Thank you!
Basically lower altitude but higher latitude biomes are the same as lower latitude but high altitude biomes
In a simplistic way, yes, but as mentioned there is complexity, especially in the tropics.
U put in a Picture of a castle near by where I live Burg Hohenzollern
are highland ecosystems currently shrinking?
There are some that are growing, and some that are shrinking. It depends on the mountain's maximum elevation.
I don’t understand why plants don’t grow larger in thin air tropical highlands??? What’s the science here?
Most likely due to a thinner atmosphere, and less CO2 to absorb?
@@Geodiode is the science settled here? If we set up a green house at 3900 meters on Kilimanjaro (which I can see from my house in Arusha), and we provided soil and heat to Pine Tree seedlings we bring there, would the thin air keep them in a stunted state?
Elevation, not altitude.
There you go again with evolution. Please provide scientific proof of evolution and where the dirt and empty space came from for the big bang.
Lmao, nice bait you got there.
Are you a creationist?
@@MadMunchkin Probably not lol, chances are it's disingenuous and they wrote this to get an argument and a big reaction out of you. Best just chuckle and move along, no need to indulge.
@@ethanotoroculus1060 Okay
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