What the Heck Are MSAA, FXAA, SMAA, and TXAA?!

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  • čas přidán 5. 09. 2024

Komentáře • 710

  • @matthewe0218
    @matthewe0218 Před 7 lety +610

    Petition to have a bottle of Minute Maid juice on his desk in every minute science video, breathe to sign

  • @bunnybag
    @bunnybag Před 7 lety +603

    All these comments about 360p n stuff...
    Comm'on guys its 2017.
    Its all about 480p now.

    • @charlesweber9247
      @charlesweber9247 Před 7 lety +31

      Nah man, it's all about that 144p 12 fps

    • @astrotechstudios228
      @astrotechstudios228 Před 7 lety +12

      No guys, it's 4K 144Hz HDR now.

    • @justinwong939
      @justinwong939 Před 7 lety +9

      Nah...

    • @Puremindgames
      @Puremindgames Před 7 lety +22

      480? go home with your fancy future tech

    • @PrimeVirtualReality
      @PrimeVirtualReality Před 7 lety +49

      480p will never go mainsteam, 360p will still reign as the most used resolution ever, 480p is a gimmick. The human eye can't even see above 360p

  • @andydecoy1138
    @andydecoy1138 Před 5 lety +282

    Here's a bit of a recap of the techniques with some of my own opinions. Listed from cheapest to most demanding.
    *FXAA* : cheap but arguably lowest quality
    *SMAA 1x* : better than FXAA but does leave quite a bit of aliasing to the image.
    *SMAA T2x* : this temporal variation applies SMAA 1x to current frame and blends it with previous frame (using velocity weighting). Good candidate for the best quality / performance ratio.
    *MSAA* : Very nice edges (better than above techniques) thanks to the larger depth buffer. But, costs more memory and computation. Also, does nothing about shading aliasing.
    *TXAA* : MSAA with temporal filtering (MSAA + remedy to shading aliasing). Achieves very calm image but at high cost. Can also be too blurry for some tastes.
    *SSAA* : super sampling. Highest cost, highest quality. Not really sensible for latest games that push hardware limits, but good candidate for older games.
    If you can't choose: my recommendation is SMAA (T2x preferably).
    Finally, something that was not described in the video:
    *TSSAA* : temporal super sampling. The motivation is same as in SSAA - use fully shaded samples within pixel and average them. But, unlike in SSAA, the samples are not computed during a single frame. Instead, the main camera is constantly being jittered in the desired sampling pattern, and the AA samples are "stolen" from previous frames with exponential history weighting (older frames contribute less). For this to work, a velocity buffer must be generated in order to know where each pixel was located in the last frame. The beauty: this is same as super sampling when the image is static! The ugly: Lots of tricky stuff when camera/objects start moving... ghosting issues, balancing between blur and aliasing... All in all, surprisingly cheap technique, but comes with caveats. But when implemented well, can give a very nice filmic look (Uncharted 4).

    • @sonumistry8577
      @sonumistry8577 Před 4 lety +3

      And what's taa

    • @unoreversecard1224
      @unoreversecard1224 Před 4 lety +3

      @@sonumistry8577 its should be Temporal Anti Aliasing

    • @towsif_8_128
      @towsif_8_128 Před 4 lety +2

      TAA: Almost no cost, gives a slight blur but nice look.

    • @steelixion
      @steelixion Před 4 lety +3

      What if i turn on everything?

    • @andydecoy1138
      @andydecoy1138 Před 4 lety +3

      @@steelixion
      Short answer: I highly recommend you stick with a single solution. In my opinion games should not allow for AA mix and matching to avoid confusion.
      More detailed answer:
      - SSAA doesn't need anything else to support it.
      - MSAA does not really benefit from additional post-process AAs like FXAA and SMAA. It might benefit from temporal filtering, but that is essentially the TXAA option.
      - SMAA does not need FXAA. But it can be combined with TAA/TSSAA. Indeed, idTech offered AA solution called SMAA 1TX that kind of does this (In Crysis 3 and Doom 2016 I think?)

  • @junilog
    @junilog Před 7 lety +380

    I still can't accept the fact that AAA games aren't games with Anti-Anti-Aliasing

  • @hassanjamil1099
    @hassanjamil1099 Před 7 lety +211

    Wow I love watching 4 minutes 50 second science

  • @evansyoung
    @evansyoung Před 7 lety +2

    Hey Salazer, I must say you are the best in this business, you're a champion in explaining, teaching and delineating technology. And yes, you always sit in your chair when making videos...keep sitting in your chair for you are the King!

  • @Rockerezio1996
    @Rockerezio1996 Před 7 lety +80

    funny how now 720p is regarded as how 480p was regarded when 1080p's were a thing

    • @zvxcvxcz
      @zvxcvxcz Před 4 lety +9

      I know right, 720 is still "HD" guys :P

    • @infasis
      @infasis Před 4 lety +3

      @@zvxcvxcz Nowadays, 1080p is often being heralded as not good enough anymore

    • @darkwolf1739
      @darkwolf1739 Před 3 lety +1

      @@infasis 1440p is the new 1080p lol

  • @juliantaffa4089
    @juliantaffa4089 Před 7 lety +11

    Thank you so much for doing this, because you clearly read the comments and actually cared about what people wanted to see ;D

  • @jameo3606
    @jameo3606 Před 7 lety +2

    I already knew what MSAA and FXAA were but SMAA and TXAA were new ones that suddenly started appearing in my graphic settings in my newer games, great video, very well explained.

  • @Balomis
    @Balomis Před 7 lety +10

    I like how in the first diagram of aliasing with the circles, even the "smooth" ones have clear aliasing! Great video Greg! I'm happy to say I knew a lot of it already, but it did clear up some of the similarities and differences that I have trouble keeping track of between all the AA's :)

  • @astrotechstudios228
    @astrotechstudios228 Před 7 lety +562

    Watching this on a 4K display boys. No AA required

    • @coinsagE46m3
      @coinsagE46m3 Před 7 lety +81

      Totally. Love the fact you need zero AA at 4K. Hate it when I see people benchmarking at 4K with some form of AA enabled.

    • @David_Quinn_Photography
      @David_Quinn_Photography Před 7 lety +5

      for now

    • @01Gamemaster10
      @01Gamemaster10 Před 7 lety +81

      With all respect but that is bullshit and you know it ;)
      Oke, I agree that it also looks great without AA....BUT.....even in 4K (I have a 4K 27inch display) it is needed in my opinion.
      The very lowest AA settings is enough to do the job....but you can clearly see the difference :)

    • @Crittek
      @Crittek Před 7 lety +33

      More pixels is the best form of AA =)

    • @Kurkkulimu
      @Kurkkulimu Před 7 lety +4

      +CookieKingGaming Wtf are you talking about?

  • @Mkeefeus
    @Mkeefeus Před 7 lety +37

    Good video, Finally I understand how this all works

  • @gaolbreak1090
    @gaolbreak1090 Před 5 lety

    Been looking for anyone who can explain these things properly. After trying to read some long ass pages which I struggled to understand, I stumbled upon your video. It's perfect! Short, simple but elaborate. Very nice!

  • @muradali237
    @muradali237 Před 7 lety +42

    360p? Think we need some aa for this video

    • @GregSalazar
      @GregSalazar  Před 7 lety +18

      Refresh.

    • @muradali237
      @muradali237 Před 7 lety +17

      Salazar Studio Cheers it's at 1080p 60fps now

    • @lmaowuty
      @lmaowuty Před 7 lety +1

      Salazar Studio can u plz explain the difference between Anastropical Filtering Quality and High Perfomence

    • @Crittek
      @Crittek Před 7 lety +2

      Always have the highest Anisotropic Filtering quality that you can choose, it helps with texture quality at distance and at angles. The performance impact is nearly 0, and this has been the case for a decade or more.

    • @Admer456
      @Admer456 Před 7 lety

      BlazarK
      We will see about that on my almost-10-year-old laptop.

  • @aarondrew4076
    @aarondrew4076 Před 7 lety

    I don't think you hear this enough, Greg. Thank you. I appreciate you taking the time to research, analyze, format(make it easy to understand), and write an entire paper and put it in video form with great visual demonstrations. I love to learn, especially when the subject is something i'm genuinely interested in.
    I hope all your time and effort is being rewarded with success financially and mentally(knowledge and pride).
    Thanks again!
    -Student of Professor Salazar

  • @gordonfreeman5958
    @gordonfreeman5958 Před 4 lety +2

    If, like me, you can’t stand blur:
    - SSAA is best for dealing with all aliasing but is the most performance intensive
    - MSAA is second best, even just 2x makes a big difference in games
    - SMAA is less effective but still sharp
    I would avoid FXAA, TXAA, TAA like the plague unless you hate visual clarity.

    • @MJ-uk6lu
      @MJ-uk6lu Před 3 lety

      SSAA is really taxing. Tired to run Colin McRae Rally 2005 with max settings and SSAA set to 8xEQ and my RX 580 was sometimes running it at less than 60 fps. At least it looked really good.

  • @OniMirage
    @OniMirage Před 5 lety +1

    Morphological AA methods originally came from ATI/AMD just as a note. Where available I will always choose SMAA vs TXAA. If I have the choice or the game allows the use I will choose MSAA at 4x + transparency AA.

  • @moosedawgatlantaproductions

    I’m currently setting up an epic VR setup for Assetto Corsa through an Alienware laptop and this explanation has improved my experience exponentially! Nice work!

  • @techtosterone9997
    @techtosterone9997 Před 7 lety +1

    very informative. now I know what aa,s to turn down/off

  • @Frisky_FTW
    @Frisky_FTW Před 7 lety +55

    Very clear explanation, sir. Something my kids could understand!

    • @GregSalazar
      @GregSalazar  Před 7 lety +13

      Thanks, Steve!

    • @Frisky_FTW
      @Frisky_FTW Před 7 lety +3

      Why so negative Fernan?

    • @Frisky_FTW
      @Frisky_FTW Před 7 lety +7

      Fernan Gomez no problems here. No worries!

    • @Eminentend
      @Eminentend Před 7 lety +5

      haha most civil comment thread

    • @kafir1337
      @kafir1337 Před 6 lety +5

      What have I just stumbled onto?

  • @ahubbard9692
    @ahubbard9692 Před 7 lety

    I've always wondered but have never actually cared enough to look it up and compare the differences. Thanks for doing that for me!

  • @luminesfire7551
    @luminesfire7551 Před 7 lety +1

    I used TXAA in Titanfall 2 and Battlefield 1 and I really liked their implementation. I noticed that TXAA smoothed out the edges well while being pretty resource friendly (playing these games on a 1070 settings cranked at 1440p). I can't say that it's perfect for every game but it did not negatively impact a fast shooter like Titanfall 2, so I'd say it's worth trying out

  • @hudsonmeek6728
    @hudsonmeek6728 Před 7 lety

    Thank you for making this video. These kind of things are probably the hardest part of getting into pc gaming and I will be sharing this video to my friends in the future who are new to pc gaming. I only wish you made this video earlier so I could have gained something. Great work as always.

  • @lehappy3087
    @lehappy3087 Před 7 lety +4

    hi Salazar can u plz doing video about overclocking ? i know that ther alot of resource out there. im look forward for this video on this channel. sorry for my english

  • @derbiochemiker
    @derbiochemiker Před 2 lety +1

    Thank you very much, this is exactly what I was searching for.
    I was well aware of what Antialiasing is and what it does, but I was confused about the various methods of AA and the differences between them.
    I personally prefer 4xMSAA, because I can't see a difference in visual quality between 8x and 4x, but there is usually a huge drop in performance. If the game supports it, I also like to mix it with TXAA as for me, using a 75Hz monitor, it makes movement much more smooth.
    FXAA I only use if the picture tends to be choppy due to great amounts of moving vegetation, as it makes the game look more steady by blurring out the movement a bit.

  • @luigiymario2xd
    @luigiymario2xd Před 7 lety +3

    Thank you for explaining these! I really didn't know what those meant!

  • @johnnyk3788
    @johnnyk3788 Před 7 lety

    Great VIDEO! I'll be checking my game settings tomorrow.... When you buy a game and have a decent setup you try to run the top tier's .... Not knowing what they are ppl assume it's the highest / last setting avail. Knowing what these do, in a quick video like this was great. Heck of a JOB! I've been subscribed for awhile now, but will be forwarding this video to friends, and colleagues who know little about graphic settings. THX!

  • @ZackAttack59
    @ZackAttack59 Před 7 lety +1

    Can you make a video on TAA? many games, especially current ubisoft games use taa in their ultra settings but TAA seems to make the image look worse. Battlefield 1 and Rainbow Six Siege for example

  • @jarrubber
    @jarrubber Před 7 lety +1

    What about TAA and MFAA (especially TAA since it's one of the most taxing out of all types of AA)?

  • @estebankid10
    @estebankid10 Před 7 lety +8

    this channel is dope, its like PC Master Race for beginners

  • @holdenford7786
    @holdenford7786 Před 7 lety +10

    the amount of times he said aa almost made me an alcoholic

  • @debarshimullick1184
    @debarshimullick1184 Před 7 lety

    shalzar studio is the best it teaches many things

  • @reinbeers5322
    @reinbeers5322 Před 7 lety

    Finally, someone explained this! I just left everything to default or off, but now is a different story!

  • @anishkapatel8393
    @anishkapatel8393 Před 7 lety +1

    Well this was something I didn't realize that I didn't know. Now, I atleast have some idea.
    Keep making videos like these, it helps a lot.

  • @zorindvoid2265
    @zorindvoid2265 Před 7 lety

    i appreciate things like this. Although its known to many its always a good reminder and a good way to be sure of stuff you already know.

  • @BlockyChunk6174
    @BlockyChunk6174 Před 2 lety +1

    So, which one should I go for MSAA 8x or TXAA 4x or TXAA 2x

  • @hpcarlos2255
    @hpcarlos2255 Před 4 lety +1

    My goto Video for A.A. 🤔 when my Gameplay was with my i5-2400 + 16gb + 1050 ti the choice was Simple : Fxaa 🕹 Now with my Ryzen 5 3600 + 32gb + Rtx 2060 8gb Super = 🤯 = at times ......... Thanx for Posting 🇵🇹

  • @thibni_
    @thibni_ Před rokem

    Damn son! Okay, you made this 5 years ago, but the depth of details and information considering how compared you made it, was completely worth my time.
    I was trying to figure out why MSAA and stuff werre affecting FPS and data transfer, but it's mostly in the eyes as well. Interesting! I'll certainly try playing the game in more intensive situations and give it a shot! Thank you!

  • @angelfury16
    @angelfury16 Před 7 lety +1

    This is why I liked your channel! Please continue teaching us things like this. I hope to see more videos like this in your channel very informative! 👍 Do you have a video now about strange science? I love to hear something like the pyramids and deep ocean creatures. 😂

  • @rudyossanchez
    @rudyossanchez Před 7 lety

    Thank you , finally some useful information from a tech channel, thank you for taking the time to explain this.I can not tell you how much I enjoy this kind of content.

  • @MrRubberduck645
    @MrRubberduck645 Před 7 lety +1

    I've been wondering this for ages. Thank you!

  • @virusesloading....3129

    What is the the difference between TXAA and TAA? Also what about Arma's FSAA?

  • @misterinfinity4076
    @misterinfinity4076 Před 7 lety

    Yes! Finally after 5 years of Pc gaming I finally found a video explaining all of them! (too bad I can't use them)

  • @doctorboot7191
    @doctorboot7191 Před 4 lety

    just got a 5700 amd sapphire pulse...can you do a video based on the difference in settings for Nvidia vs. AMD...basically which handles what better

  • @damiancherubini
    @damiancherubini Před 7 lety

    I thought that MSAA was one of the less expensive methods! I learned something new today...

  • @TheAwesonymous
    @TheAwesonymous Před 7 lety

    i suggested you make more of these videos about this stuff and you did! Thanks!

  • @Aries0098
    @Aries0098 Před 7 lety

    Suggestions: Downsampling, OGSSAA, SSAA, NVIDIA DSR for next videos. Great vid btw.

  • @Xx4MuZ3xDaBoSsxX
    @Xx4MuZ3xDaBoSsxX Před 7 lety

    You're the Omarisuf of PCs. No bullshit, just the facts. Keep it up Greg!

  • @nuruddinpeters9491
    @nuruddinpeters9491 Před 7 lety +1

    SMAA certainly is my preferred in Rise of the Tomb Raider, best look / performance.

  • @Sluggy_96
    @Sluggy_96 Před 7 lety +1

    i never liked AA in general. Sadly, the grass rendering on Squad kinda requires it in fullHD, otherwise it is weird

  • @SzajKornik
    @SzajKornik Před 3 lety

    Finally someone who tells us to thumbs down if we disliked something, i respect that, it oddly enough makes me want to like the video more than just usual begging for likes

  • @Kabutomar
    @Kabutomar Před 2 lety

    I started seeing this on games like Crysis 1, lot of years ago. I never understood what the heck was it. With your video, many years before I finally understood.

  • @joebones1
    @joebones1 Před 7 lety

    Yasssss...more of these so I know what to turn on and off for my graphical performance benefits!

  • @alihsas
    @alihsas Před 7 lety +1

    Thank you so much for this valuable information.

  • @TourmalineFilms
    @TourmalineFilms Před 2 lety

    Sick video bro! By the way has anyone ever told you, your voice sounds a bit like Lester from GTA 5?

  • @Avedis1999
    @Avedis1999 Před 3 lety

    Thanx to you I’m playing my fav simulators in 4K and still staying under 70 c :)) thank you!!!!

  • @sonsoffishes1
    @sonsoffishes1 Před 4 lety

    Thanks! Just got Red Dead 2 for PC and this explained these settings for me!!!

  • @jdm3gee14
    @jdm3gee14 Před 7 lety

    Played this at 1080p full screen. Jesus your camera is clear.

  • @faezlimpbizkit
    @faezlimpbizkit Před 7 lety

    You always had the best content among other youtubers, keep it up :)

  • @silvestrocalta8977
    @silvestrocalta8977 Před 7 lety

    Yeah.. So happy you've made this video.. Thanks Greg 👍

  • @rockspringswoodturner4502

    Hey Greg love your short videos on different subjects. An idea for a video I would be interested in would be an explanation of different monitor connections. DVI display port and so forth. I haven't seen these explained with benefits, pros and cons.

  • @Jaybux87
    @Jaybux87 Před 7 lety

    Great video, finally someone can and is explaining all these graphic options!!!

  • @megafloss2012
    @megafloss2012 Před 7 lety

    Some people will call BS but higher resolutions are a substitute for anti aliasing. the question is which option is less taxing on your GPU. you also have to factor in monitor cost. in my experience, getting a 1070 to be able to run MSAA at 1080p is cheaper than going up to 1440p. Because you need a 1070 to run 1440p comfortably at more than medium detail anyways, so that's $300 for the screen and another $300-$400 for the GPU.

    • @waititstuesdaygod
      @waititstuesdaygod Před 7 lety

      Stinson Gaming the 1070 is perfectly capable of running most games at 1440p ultra. my Rx 480 even does a few games at 1440p, from my experience I'd much rather use the higher resolution instead of anti aliasing because 1440p looks wayyyyyyyyyyy better than 1080p.

  • @Trev0010
    @Trev0010 Před 7 lety +10

    but MFAA?

    • @justint.6618
      @justint.6618 Před 5 lety +1

      I know I'm late but it basically gives AA identical to Msaa* 2x with no cost on performance

  • @sploit777
    @sploit777 Před 7 lety +1

    I don't mind No AA. Most of the time I rock that unless I notice a lot of jaggies. I got a gtx 1080 so it's not that I'm forced to resort to that setting either. Can't wait till 4K monitors with high refresh rates are cheap

  • @brandonbennett7865
    @brandonbennett7865 Před 3 lety

    My big question is, what does anisotropic filtering do?

  • @TheCrackFox
    @TheCrackFox Před 7 lety

    Some prefer regular AA x12. Some need it. Very informative.

  • @PlayRiteProductions
    @PlayRiteProductions Před 7 lety

    Thanks man! Was waiting on a video like this from you on this topic!

  • @Malidictus
    @Malidictus Před 4 lety

    Old video, but still very good. There seems to be very limited information on SMAA out there, and Google constantly redirects me to MSAA articles, instead. Why? Thank you for making this.

  • @Cat-gt5fl
    @Cat-gt5fl Před 3 lety +1

    Me: *Watches video* *Nods head to everything*
    Brain: What the hell is he talking about

  • @knelson3145
    @knelson3145 Před 7 lety

    So am I right in just leaving AA off with uhd?

  • @JR-zw2vb
    @JR-zw2vb Před 2 lety

    So fast shooters FPS disable AA, and slow ones (MMO)RPG, enable AA. Correct?

  • @joeklose8581
    @joeklose8581 Před 7 lety

    more stuff like this. Been gaming for 15 years, building for 8, and even worked at a few tech places and still haven't gotten a explanation as good as this for subtle nuances like this. Tho I suppose this knowledge will be less required as time goes on with hdr 4k devices coming to market... it's still good stuff to know.

  • @modernator
    @modernator Před 6 lety

    Awesome video. It's essential for game developers. Thanks!

  • @gfawkes9568
    @gfawkes9568 Před 7 lety

    Holy shit this channel is animator heaven
    THIS IS SO COOL

  • @dookieyo706
    @dookieyo706 Před 7 lety

    Thanks for the explanation

  • @brendinventer6407
    @brendinventer6407 Před 7 lety

    This format of video is amazing! Love learning with you haha

  • @jordanrigdon5729
    @jordanrigdon5729 Před 4 lety

    Great clear explanation...thank you very much!!

  • @Wonky2
    @Wonky2 Před 6 lety

    I like TXAA the most because of the lack of temporal aliasing, makes a big difference in image quality. If it's too blurry, I suggest using Reshade or something to sharpen the image a bit.

  • @wingman99ful
    @wingman99ful Před 7 lety

    Salazar thanks for doing the AA sampling video.

  • @LGSucksAtLife
    @LGSucksAtLife Před 4 měsíci

    Thank you! This video really helped me out though my computer is only good enough to handle MSAAx2 and not MSAAx8 as you suggested but that's on me.
    You really helped me improve my GTA V experience, thanks!

  • @eikewiddau8986
    @eikewiddau8986 Před 7 lety

    a thing I find way more important than any kind of AA is anisotropic filtering, because it makes much more of a difference in visuals if you don't have clear textures at shallow angles than when you have some (often hard to notice) jagged edges on an object.

  • @01Gamemaster10
    @01Gamemaster10 Před 7 lety

    Great video....now I understand all these different AA types :)

  • @TheShadowang1s
    @TheShadowang1s Před 7 lety

    Just watched an ad for the 2k17 prelude. Why is that ad still playing?

  • @dustinjames1268
    @dustinjames1268 Před 7 lety

    Would you be able to make a video on the topic of 60fps+ gaming?
    For some reason above 60fps the motion feels weird to me, and even creates nausea depending on the FOV

  • @BeastGamersKill
    @BeastGamersKill Před 7 lety

    You should do a video on downscaling, like playing 4K on a 1080p monitor

  • @witchdoctorteepo
    @witchdoctorteepo Před 7 lety

    Another helpful, rad video! Thanks big dog!

  • @legitscoper3259
    @legitscoper3259 Před 4 lety +3

    _"Lower resolutions like 1080p"_
    - - Bomb has been planted - -
    > Adding Salt
    > Adding r/PCMasterrace
    -> _Fight!_

  • @CharcharoExplorer
    @CharcharoExplorer Před 7 lety +1

    Analytical Anti-Aliasing like in metro is best :P
    And A-Tested AA as well as SSAA for the OVERKILL.

  • @TopiasSalakka
    @TopiasSalakka Před 7 lety

    So what's the best one and why is it SMAA?

  • @dkf2711
    @dkf2711 Před 7 lety

    This video is gold! Thank you, Sir!

  • @twoalphasix4332
    @twoalphasix4332 Před 7 lety

    Love these videos. Keep em coming

  • @yoshimusmaximus3473
    @yoshimusmaximus3473 Před 6 lety

    Short and informative.
    Thank you

  • @navvl
    @navvl Před 3 lety

    soooooo which one should i use for competitive fps?

  • @Spfinator
    @Spfinator Před 7 lety

    Woot! Now I understand this a lot better. Thank you

  • @fowad8721
    @fowad8721 Před 7 lety

    Why did you change the name of his channel to Salazar Studio instead of Science Studio?

  • @georgesfredericgubert3236

    Should of have talked about TAA since it's more and more a thing even on pc (nfs 2015,resident evil 7,for honnor...). It gives this filmic look that i didn't like at first but that finally i really enjoy

  • @CoolJoe330
    @CoolJoe330 Před 7 lety

    I would like to see how these compare to Extended Resolution Scaling. Both in visual quality and performance.

  • @Marshal6000
    @Marshal6000 Před 7 lety

    Thank you for posting this! I knew what Anti-Aliasing was but not all of it's "flavors." :P

  • @jamesthomson7634
    @jamesthomson7634 Před 7 lety

    Very helpful video, cheers