How to connect a power amplifier to passive loudspeakers

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  • čas přidán 17. 06. 2024
  • In this video I discuss how to match and connect a power amplifier to passive loudspeakers in the context of live sound reinforcement. Although active speakers are all the rage these days there is nothing wrong with good old passive speakers, and they have the advantage of only needing a single connection, as opposed to the signal and power connections needed on an active cabinet.
    Bookmarks for video:
    00:00 Intro
    01:08 The difference between active and passive loudspeakers.
    02:45 Overview of a typical modern power amplifier.
    10:25 Overview of a typical passive loudspeaker connector panel.
    11:08 Step 1: Ensure amplifier and loudspeakers are correctly matched.
    11:35 Step 1A: Determine power handling capacity of your loudspeakers
    12:52 Step 1B: Determine loudspeaker impedance.
    13:32 Step 1C: Calculate power delivery of amplifier into loudspeaker, based on impedance.
    14:37 How to calculate the combined impedance of multiple loudspeaker cabinets.
    17:17 Step 2: Connect mixer to power amplifier
    17:47 Power amplifier modes: stereo, parallel, bridge mono.
    20:51 Daisy-chaining power amplifiers
    22:25 Step 3: Connect amplifier to loudspeakers.
    25:58 Setting amplifier gain and level controls.
    For a comprehensive discussion on the topic of matching power amplifiers to passive loudspeakers, check out this video: • How to correctly match...
    Do please get in touch with questions or comments!
    Support GLB Productions: / glbproductions
    My Amazon Store: astore.amazon.com/glbpro-20
    Ways to get in touch - I love hearing from my viewers!
    Website: glbproductions.com/
    Facebook: / glbproductions
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Komentáře • 1,5K

  • @GLBProductions
    @GLBProductions  Před 3 lety +18

    Bookmarks for video:
    00:00​ Intro
    01:08​ The difference between active and passive loudspeakers.
    02:45​ Overview of a typical modern power amplifier.
    10:25​ Overview of a typical passive loudspeaker connector panel.
    11:08​ Step 1: Ensure amplifier and loudspeakers are correctly matched.
    11:35​ Step 1A: Determine power handling capacity of your loudspeakers
    12:52​ Step 1B: Determine loudspeaker impedance.
    13:32​ Step 1C: Calculate power delivery of amplifier into loudspeaker, based on impedance.
    14:37​ How to calculate the combined impedance of multiple loudspeaker cabinets.
    17:17​ Step 2: Connect mixer to power amplifier
    17:47​ Power amplifier modes: stereo, parallel, bridge mono.
    20:51​ Daisy-chaining power amplifiers
    22:25​ Step 3: Connect amplifier to loudspeakers.
    25:58​ Setting amplifier gain and level controls.

    • @junealmuete6184
      @junealmuete6184 Před 2 lety

      Good day sir..I have question bout my set up at home..I have a P7000s Yamaha amp and a pair of Yamaha s112 loudspeaker rating 300 RMS and 600 peak 8 ohms..I jst connect an iPhone to test the sound but I'm not getting much loudness sound of it..volume are more than halfway on the amp and the iPhone is almost full..what seems to be lacking wit my connection or set up?..do I need more speakers to add to bang my ears for the loudness I'm looking?..the two Yamaha speakers should be enough to bring much loudness but not getting it..

  • @denttech2515
    @denttech2515 Před 6 lety +43

    I've seen many of your videos. You don't miss a step. You explain everything as though everyone is a beginner. Every word you use has a purpose. No wasted info. Very knowledgeable. Awesome job!!!

  • @marcusv985
    @marcusv985 Před 9 lety +26

    Best video I've seen on P.A system setups I've ever seen on CZcams by far! Thanks for the ED man.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 9 lety

      Marcus Villagran You're welcome, thanks for watching!

  • @sciii3380
    @sciii3380 Před 6 lety +2

    Incredibly thorough. I appreciate very much the service you represent to folks everywhere by sharing your knowledge!

  • @SargentRay
    @SargentRay Před 5 lety +8

    Wow finally a cristal clear explanation of the subject. Thank's for making it and sharing it as well.

  • @larsondavis8155
    @larsondavis8155 Před 8 lety +6

    I have been looking for a fair explanation on connecting my passive speakers to a power amp for sometime, and ended up just putting it on hold, until now. I crazy appreciate this video and your thorough explanation of everything.
    Snap, when you right down things for reference when watching a youtube video, that's a good video =]
    THANK YOUUUUU

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety

      +Larson Davis You're most welcome, very glad that the video was useful. Feel free to contact me directly if you have further questions.

  • @morakamailula499
    @morakamailula499 Před 5 lety +5

    Thanks a lot for unpacking this to the lowest level. I have gained something today.

  • @willadkins4074
    @willadkins4074 Před 4 lety +1

    I must agree this is one the best instructional videos on this subject!

  • @luciferrin2349
    @luciferrin2349 Před 6 lety +8

    This was a great video and just what i needed to make my mind up on a large purchase. It’s been awhile since I’ve had to run down the specs on a system and you answered all of my rusty questions! Thanks a bunch!

  • @chensun6156
    @chensun6156 Před 8 lety +40

    Thank you so much! I deeply appreciate such a professionally made, well-explained video.Had purchased several audio gear sitting around doing nothing for several months, because instructions manuals were, certainly not for laymen reading. Your video made all the difference for me.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety +2

      +Chen Sun You're welcome, very glad the video was helpful. Hope you can put the gear to good use!

  • @jaspue1068
    @jaspue1068 Před 7 lety +7

    This was a very thorough video I'm so glad I found it thank you!!

  • @mattmao47
    @mattmao47 Před 8 lety +3

    I've learned so much from you in 30 minutes, thank you for the very informative video.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety

      +qwertyuiop You're welcome, very glad the video was helpful!

  • @lukehayes2150
    @lukehayes2150 Před 6 lety +10

    Love all of your videos. I've never seen someone so effectively explain concepts like you do. These are life savers for an aspiring sound guy like myself.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 6 lety

      Glad to hear that! Let me know if you have any other questions :)

  • @Wolfie66
    @Wolfie66 Před 5 lety +8

    Very informative! Well done sir!

  • @hyouzanren1846
    @hyouzanren1846 Před 7 lety +18

    soo informative and simple to understand!

  • @phalanx66Satan
    @phalanx66Satan Před 6 lety +2

    So many pass over impedance matching and it's necessity, good job on video.

  • @mariocastro706
    @mariocastro706 Před 5 lety +2

    Very clear and informative, exactly as I wanted to learn

  • @bobby524
    @bobby524 Před 2 lety +4

    Why, oh why I didn’t find this video in 2015, had so much trouble back in the day!
    Thank you for a content!

  • @earlbest1634
    @earlbest1634 Před 8 lety +3

    A thorough presentation on How to connect a power amplifier to passive loudspeakers. Well done.

  • @TheGloveny
    @TheGloveny Před 6 lety +2

    Haven't finished the video yet but I've been looking for something like this for ages. Thank you

  • @BanibrataDutta
    @BanibrataDutta Před 8 lety +2

    Not only are these video highly informative, but also very clear and precise. Excellent presentation. Thanks for producing these.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety +1

      +Banibrata Dutta You're welcome, thanks for watching!

  • @souloftheage
    @souloftheage Před 8 lety +86

    Very impressive presentation skills. Excellent speaker!

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety +2

      Thanks for watching!

    • @knuppsli
      @knuppsli Před 7 lety +9

      I agree! Excellent speaker!

    • @zhulbergado9937
      @zhulbergado9937 Před 7 lety +1

      very true,. i tried watching his videos over and over and over again.. good presentation and good speaker.. very detailed..

    • @rohitb1869
      @rohitb1869 Před 6 lety +1

      speaker ...

    • @souloftheage
      @souloftheage Před 3 lety +2

      Excellent speaker on speakers. Haha.

  • @simonpong1689
    @simonpong1689 Před 6 lety +3

    You master deserve a Nobel medal !! it's very impressive!! your speak just gives a comprehensive knowledge to me.

  • @jasondanner6630
    @jasondanner6630 Před 4 lety +1

    WONDERFUL and complete, simple breakdown. You took me to school today and I thank you good sir!

  • @mikesmusicden
    @mikesmusicden Před 3 lety

    Very clear, easy to understand, and well done. GLB's videos are always an excellent information source for me.

  • @robertominniti7168
    @robertominniti7168 Před 6 lety +3

    as i told in other video, you explain very very well, keep goin'!!

  • @djsinny5186
    @djsinny5186 Před 6 lety +5

    So professionally! Thank you

  • @josephreynolds1220
    @josephreynolds1220 Před 8 lety

    Mr Luse, Thank you so much for taking the time to make these videos. They are extremely helpful when i need a refresher course. I like the use of di boxes to decouple your camera's mic from the table!

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety

      You're welcome, thanks for watching! If you would like to support the channel please consider signing up to become a patron at www.patreon.com/glbproductions?ty=h Every little bit helps!

  • @DonianMgmt
    @DonianMgmt Před 5 lety +1

    I ALWAYS learn something from your videos. Keep it up.

  • @zayelectronicstrading5821

    We have been struggling with a corporate installation involving 115 speakers divided into 5 floors. We ran into all sorts of challenges with daisy chains and fire panel patching. The moment I found this video, i sent it out to all the techies, so that they can go back to the very basics. I am so glad that I found this channel - and thank you for the excellent presentation - both technical and verbal. its simply awesome. We will be back for more..... cheers

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety +2

      ZAY Electronics Trading Thanks for getting in touch! Those installation jobs are WAY more complicated in terms of speaker wiring than most of the stuff we do in live sound, especially when you throw in 70/100 volt lines and the fact that so much of your cabling is concealed. I did a little bit of it about 10 years ago and have much respect for companies like yours :)

  • @scorpio1600
    @scorpio1600 Před 8 lety +9

    Hello, I love your videos! You're very well spoken and informative :)

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety

      +scorpio1600 Thanks for watching, your support is much appreciated!

    • @obasimoses1948
      @obasimoses1948 Před 5 lety

      Pls I really want to know how to connect more than one power amp to a mixer and how to connect the feedback destroyer. Tanks

  • @kenpass
    @kenpass Před 3 lety +1

    Best ever. Very explicit, high-level professional standard. Thank you so much.

  • @MrPovedajr
    @MrPovedajr Před 6 lety +1

    You’re explanation is super effective. Thank you so much!

  • @lordvalo
    @lordvalo Před 4 lety +15

    You're the man!

  • @hanyamin095
    @hanyamin095 Před 7 lety +5

    I agree! Very Very Excellent speaker

  • @bladadidoblah
    @bladadidoblah Před 6 lety +2

    Awesome technical presentation. Keep it coming.

  • @paulawolade1663
    @paulawolade1663 Před 6 lety +1

    2018 and I'm so blessed... You're the best!!!

  • @FirebrandVOCALS
    @FirebrandVOCALS Před 5 lety +2

    love these videos .. another very informative nutshell!

  • @ceejaycjmusic
    @ceejaycjmusic Před 8 lety +7

    great video as an usual... peace

  • @amitezsonnets
    @amitezsonnets Před 7 lety +1

    Great presentation Bruno. Understanding made simple. Thanks for sharing your knowledge and experience.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 7 lety

      You're welcome, thanks for watching and supporting the channel!

  • @qui24able
    @qui24able Před 8 lety +2

    First class instructional video - thank you very much for taking the time to explain this and upload it. Very helpful!!

  • @DJSHaKa
    @DJSHaKa Před 4 lety +4

    Top Tip - I love using 12g cable for the speakers, it is the perfect gauge in my opinion, i will not use 14 or 16 gauge. Also, you need to open up those Neutrik connectors every once in awhile and tighten down the 2 screws that hold the wire, they DO loosen up over time and can drastically effect your speaker output. I was barely getting bass out of a subwoofer one time, and after the gig i opened up the cable and was able to do 3 full turns to tighten them down! Yikes! Great videos, keep em coming! Thank you!

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 4 lety +2

      Thanks for the comment! Heavier is definitely better as far as speaker cables go, although there comes a point where the weight begins to be an issue.

  • @alexbormanbou
    @alexbormanbou Před 7 lety +13

    very well explained!

  • @ArielTamasi
    @ArielTamasi Před 6 lety

    Just purchased our first power amp for our band, had no idea how to use it. This helped A LOT. Thanks!

  • @reggiesanasy8539
    @reggiesanasy8539 Před 6 lety +2

    lovely topic always learning something new on your programme.

  • @adakhochalai
    @adakhochalai Před 6 lety +14

    Wow great information!!

  • @electronicshelpcare
    @electronicshelpcare Před 6 lety +3

    excelent

  • @charlestrupia9916
    @charlestrupia9916 Před 9 měsíci +1

    Mr. Bruno, sir, I have been viewing your videos for some time now. Anything Audio I've ever needed to hook up. I've always referenced your how to videos, your open honest and direct manner the way you present your videos, is spot-on. Thank you for taking the time and sharing your knowledge with others make our lives easier in the realm of audio. Thank you Charles from Mims Florida

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 9 měsíci

      That's wonderful Charles, all the best with your music and live sound! Feel free to get in touch any time you need help 😀

  • @bacontrees
    @bacontrees Před 7 lety

    Very thorough and clear explanation of amps and speakers!! Excellent video.

  • @zuchamotungoe6817
    @zuchamotungoe6817 Před 2 lety +5

    Bro ..Peavey power amplifier model: CS 3000 ... for parallel mode will press the switch in position from the back panel of the amplifier and if we feed only one input (channel A) will this work both the o/p channel or use patch cable (Y cable) ?

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 2 lety

      Looks correct to me, but consult your owner's manual to be sure. Some amps use only input A in parallel mode, others can use either input.

  • @jpntky264
    @jpntky264 Před 7 lety

    This is such a thoroughly explained video!! If only every product in life was well explained like this.... Thank you very much for this video Sir!! Please keep them coming!!

  • @carialam8394
    @carialam8394 Před rokem

    I’ve watched this video multiple times and learn something new each time! Brilliant , thank you!

  • @aakashzalte3049
    @aakashzalte3049 Před 6 lety +2

    Very thankful about this valuable information

  • @djfingersflores
    @djfingersflores Před 6 lety +1

    i love watching these GLB videos..bruno does a excellent job in explaining everything.. bravo bravo ! He really knows his stuff

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 6 lety

      Great to hear that! If you would like to support the channel please consider signing up to become a patron at www.patreon.com/glbproductions?ty=h Every little bit helps!

  • @gregghill3229
    @gregghill3229 Před 6 lety

    in a word awesome this guy really knows his stuff and explains it with such clarity very much needed in every aspect thank you

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 6 lety

      You're welcome Gregg, thanks for supporting the channel.

  • @howgreatisourgodgreatminds3032

    Even after many years I grateful for all the videos you made available for people like us who know nothing about sound, l am learning a lot from your tutorials Sir. God bless you

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 4 lety

      Thanks David, feel free to ask any questions you might have 😄

  • @srikanthsharath8108
    @srikanthsharath8108 Před 4 lety +2

    That's what I call an information, thank you sir !

  • @Dannyrh2
    @Dannyrh2 Před 4 lety +1

    Simply outstanding tutorial ! !
    Thank you for sharing.

  • @fendertone57
    @fendertone57 Před 7 lety

    Excellent presentation and very informative. Extremely helpful for this PA/amp/mixer newbie.

  • @DJ-STRIC
    @DJ-STRIC Před 8 lety +1

    This video is great and very helpful. I will be messaging you about my system and to help me correct the hook ups with my PA System, Mixer.

  • @myhobbyguitar4117
    @myhobbyguitar4117 Před 6 lety +1

    Thank you so much. I've learned a lot from your presentation.

  • @wantan6182
    @wantan6182 Před 6 lety

    Very comprehensive information, thank you.

  • @dustintrombly
    @dustintrombly Před 3 lety

    Having only dealt with consumer powered speakers, I was mostly just curious what kind of cables passive PA loudspeakers use. Got that information and so much more, yet this video is still very clear and concise!

  • @velvetronmusic
    @velvetronmusic Před 2 lety

    Great video. Tons of helpful information here. Cleared up a couple of concepts I was having trouble understanding. Thanks for educating us!

  • @carlosbarreto7729
    @carlosbarreto7729 Před 8 lety

    Thanks God for you Brother, every video that I have seen from you are so well explain that it've been such a great blessing for my church. I will say that besides knowing what you're doing you also have the give of teaching. I'm a musician in my church and it's been over two years we lost our sound guy and we were so bend out of shape for a while until I decided to go on youtube and do some research to try to help our situation. Every video i so were somewhat confusing until I discover you. Thank you so much.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety +1

      +Carlos Barreto Thank you for the message Carlos, I am very glad that the videos have been a help to your church. We praise God for his gifts and enabling and how one part of the body of Christ can edify another part despite being separated by such a great distance. Please let me know if you have any specific questions I can help you with.

  • @DrNoahBoddy004
    @DrNoahBoddy004 Před 4 měsíci

    Thank you, Mr Bruno. Your expertise keeps us from making VERY expensive, potential accidents. I eagerly anticipate more of your excellent presentations.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 4 měsíci

      You're welcome Scott, it is much better to learn from the mistakes of others than to make the mistakes yourself 😄

  • @kolvornkao5641
    @kolvornkao5641 Před 5 lety

    Your video is highly appreciated.

  • @ocean457
    @ocean457 Před 3 lety

    Watching this in 2020. Great thorough explanation my friend. Thank you.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 3 lety +1

      Still responding to comments on this in 2020 😎 Thanks for watching Diego, glad the video was helpful 😊

  • @BayhouseStudio
    @BayhouseStudio Před 2 lety

    Best tutorial I've run across. Excellent! Thank You

  • @Manisjustice
    @Manisjustice Před 5 lety +1

    Very informative, well explained

  • @solexcore
    @solexcore Před 4 lety

    Most professional tutorial I ever see on YT so far. Thanks

  • @coheed987
    @coheed987 Před 8 lety

    This is one of the best instructional videos (of any topic) i have ever seen. Thanks!

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety

      You're welcome, thanks for watching! If you would like to support the channel please consider signing up to become a patron at www.patreon.com/glbproductions?ty=h Every little bit helps!

  • @sexxxcblac
    @sexxxcblac Před 3 lety

    I've been on youtube for 2 solid days looking at countless videos and this one video answered all my questions. WOW ! GLB productions .....Creme Dla creme !

  • @ellicopter1
    @ellicopter1 Před 8 lety +1

    This set of videos are amazingly well explained, Thank you or the upload!

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety

      +Aaron Elliott You're welcome, thanks for watching. If you would like to support the channel please consider signing up to become a patron at www.patreon.com/glbproductions?ty=h Every little bit helps!

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 8 lety

      Chuck Elkins My initials rearranged ;)

  • @IsmailTuncel
    @IsmailTuncel Před 7 lety

    You are great at telling the whole process. Thanks a lot.

  • @lservis
    @lservis Před 3 lety +1

    I wanted to thank you. I've just bought a Yamaha MG12 and a Crown power amp. I'm brand new to this side of the gigs and after watching all the videos on both the setups I'm feeling pretty comfortable.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 3 lety +1

      That's great Larry, all the best for your gigs!

  • @sphegmail
    @sphegmail Před 2 lety

    Great and distinct video... So informative and your patience is key! Thank you so much. God bless you 💯♥️

  • @Gstation9
    @Gstation9 Před 6 lety

    Thanks Bruno . Great lesson on using amplifiers for Live Sound.

  • @Ryan-ok2xr
    @Ryan-ok2xr Před 2 lety

    wow, very practical instruction. thank you for not getting too technical or on tangents

  • @anelectrician
    @anelectrician Před 5 lety +1

    This is how to explain !
    Excellent.!

  • @billbendick8362
    @billbendick8362 Před 7 lety

    I just have to say you have answered my questions many times you are blessed with a real gift of communication...keep up the good work...GOD bless I am praying for you Pastor Bill

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 7 lety

      You're welcome, glad the videos have been helpful! Let me know if you have questions anytime.

  • @emmanuelmeyermeyer1083

    Thank you so much for posting your videos. They have helped me gain so much knowledge on the proper use and hook up of sound equipment. God bless.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před rokem

      That's wonderful to hear, very glad the videos have been helpful :)

  • @shurmanjarrettssongs4314

    You are a very very good teacher. I learned a lot, all my amplifiers and preamplifiers are vintage, thanks again teacher.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 2 lety

      You're welcome Shurman, all the best with your music. Power amplifiers that are well cared for can last decades 👍

  • @nelsonpaul72
    @nelsonpaul72 Před 7 lety

    Extremely helpful and informative. Thank you.

  • @overthetopent1
    @overthetopent1 Před 11 měsíci

    My first time using a power amplifier. I have used a powered mixer for 20 years and it finally gave out on me. This video was very helpful in how to hook up an "external" amplifier to my passive speakers. Thank you, I have subscribed to your page

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 11 měsíci

      Wow, what make and model was that powered mixer? Whoever built it certainly knew what they were doing 😄 Thanks for subscribing!

  • @FroBassProductions
    @FroBassProductions Před 3 lety

    THIS. IS. IT.
    Thank for your concise and thorough explanation. Subscriber for life!

  • @billdavis-ro3mk
    @billdavis-ro3mk Před rokem

    This is an excellent video concerning basic audio sound reinforcement systems.

  • @typhoontim125
    @typhoontim125 Před 4 lety

    Excellent video....you explain things at a good pace & very clearly. Thank you.

  • @DhanjitMr
    @DhanjitMr Před 5 lety

    Thanks a lot Sir You mean a lot to us. Very Informative.

  • @LandmanEDC
    @LandmanEDC Před 4 lety

    Extremely helpful. Thanks so much!

  • @djabthrash
    @djabthrash Před 5 lety +2

    Super helpful ! Thank you GLB !

  • @sheldonnorton9035
    @sheldonnorton9035 Před rokem

    Thanks for solving my issue and educating me.

  • @patrickmcguire5270
    @patrickmcguire5270 Před rokem

    I found this to be an excellent demonstration. Thank you so much.

  • @charlespitman2954
    @charlespitman2954 Před 4 lety

    out of all the video i look at this was the most helpful thank you

  • @jouebien
    @jouebien Před 9 lety

    Thanks for explaining this, they sort of skimped on this during the Cert3 I was doing. That and the amp systems that we used were always part of the building (installed permanently) so there was no need to set them up with speakers.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 9 lety

      ***** You're welcome, glad the knowledge was useful :)

  • @HectorZLopez
    @HectorZLopez Před rokem

    Very instructional and useful. Thank you so much, from the Philippines.

  • @terryfennell3331
    @terryfennell3331 Před 6 lety +1

    Thanks so much for all your info. I am new to this and the only one now at our church to take on this task. I have learned more from your videos than any thing else or one that I have talked with. Thanks again

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 6 lety +1

      You're welcome Terry, let me know if you have any other questions!

  • @sorrytopart
    @sorrytopart Před 3 lety

    Thank You for the time to do this video. It was a great help to me and much appreciated.

    • @GLBProductions
      @GLBProductions  Před 3 lety

      You're most welcome, thanks very much for watching and supporting the channel.

  • @kevinsalter1163
    @kevinsalter1163 Před 7 měsíci

    Good job on the vid. Very helpful. Going to check out more.

  • @JameyAston
    @JameyAston Před 2 lety +2

    Ha ha. Took 25 minutes to get to the information I needed, but when it did, it was EXACTLY what I needed. Very clearly explained. Well done. The rest was good too, but I already understood those parts.