Who Wrote the Torah? (Pentateuch)
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- čas přidán 13. 05. 2021
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Complete series in one video:
• Introduction to the Bi...
Individual episodes:
1. Torah - • Who Wrote the Torah? (...
2. Prophets - • Who Wrote the Nevi'im?...
3. Writings - • Who Wrote the Ketuvim?...
4. Apocrypha - • Who Wrote the Apocryph...
5. Gospels & Acts - • Who Wrote the Gospels?
6. Epistles - • Who Wrote the Epistles?
7. Daniel & Revelation - • Who Wrote the Book of ...
8: Summary Chart - • When Was the Bible Wri...
Recommended Reading:
* Alter, Robert (2011). The Art of Biblical Narrative. Basic Books.
* Baden, Joel (2012). The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis. Yale University Press.
* Coogan, Michael (2001) The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press
* Finkelstein, Israel & Neil Asher Silberman (2001). The Bible Unearthed. Free Press.
* Kugel, James (2007). How to Read the Bible. Free Press.
* Stein, Robert H. (2001). Studying the Synoptic Gospels: Origin and Interpretation. Baker Academic.
Credits:
Charts & Narration by Matt Baker, PhD
Animation by Syawish Rehman
Audio by Jack Rackam
Intro music "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. Available from incompetech.com
UPDATE: A summary chart is now available: usefulcharts.com/collections/religion/products/timeline-of-the-bible
Complete Series:
1. Torah - czcams.com/video/NY-l0X7yGY0/video.html
2. Prophets - czcams.com/video/IAIiLSMOg3Q/video.html
3. Writings - czcams.com/video/Oto0UvG6aVs/video.html
4. Apocrypha - czcams.com/video/HYlZk4Hv-E8/video.html
5. Gospels & Acts - czcams.com/video/Z6PrrnhAKFQ/video.html
6. Epistles - czcams.com/video/2UMlUmlmMlo/video.html
7. Daniel & Revelation - czcams.com/video/fTURdV0c9J0/video.html
8: Summary Chart - czcams.com/video/9uIXzUEwrOg/video.html
Hi can I use your video into translating into my language and credit and description shall be added to you?
The Bible is One, Single, Solitary book,
and that is the total extent of your evidence to prove your god???
The Bible is Fiction:
This 'Bable' book is backed up by absolutely no facts and no evidence for gods!
It is not proof for any god(s)
The fables are intertwined within historical places and people...
eg Egypt and the Pharaohs existed,
whereas Moses did NOT exist,
and the Exodus did not happen.. !
A 'global' flood never occurred in Geologic history !
@@choward5430 is so wonder-fully nonsense...
@@briendoyle4680 found the evangelical zealot terrorist
Sir sorry to bother but jew is a term for the people that was descendants of judah? And hebrew are descendants of abraham? So there are alot of tribes? So how come it's only jews are scattered and well known around the world?.
To emphasize where source based analysis ends and personal opinion begins characterizes a true scientist. Keep up the great work, Matt.
And emphasizing that one knows only that one knows nothing is what characterizes a true philosopher.
He's a historian, not a scientist,
@@HamsterPants522 Karl Popper compared that as a socratic ideal vs a platonic ideal. It's one of the most important requirements in the search for truth.
The title should be "who change Gospel"?
I prefer to be an Empiricist. You lot keep getting opinion in my data
Several people have commented on the strangeness of the Northern Kingdom seeming to have more connections with Egypt and the Southern Kingdom seeming to have more connections to Mesopotamia (considering that Egypt is to South and Mesopotamia is to the North). Well, keep in mind that one must consider time as well as geography. It is likely that the Northern Kingdom was older and originated in the days when Egypt was more dominant, whereas the Southern Kingdom lasted longer and reached its peak when Assyria (followed by Babylon) was dominant.
I can state categorically that I know exactly nothing about this topic, but it seems to me to make sense that a smallish northern tribe that feels threatened by a Mesopotamian empire would cultivate a relationship with a southern power in an attempt to play them off one another. Obviously, if that makes any sense, then the opposite would work in the other direction as well. Of course, the timing of the existence of the four civilizations at play might blow huge holes in this idea, but it sure seems a pretty tidy explanation absent of any other information.
3
Love your vids man very Informative. God Bless you.
could you make a legendary norse king or cambodian chart?
When you introduced the new hypothesis, my mind immediately went the opposite way of what you said afterward.
In my understanding scholars usually associated the usage of YHWH to the Southern-Judean people, while the (more Canaanite-sounding) name Elohim was associated with the North.
(If I remember correctly, northern kings or figures seems to tend to use the name ending in -el of -il (reflect the highest God : El, hence Elohim) while the southern names are usually ended with -jah or -iah (from the YHWH))
So what I think immediately was the Moses legend (where he spoke with YHWH) is the southern legend. While Abraham and the patriarchs (where it seem the name Elohim is associated with them) is the northern narrative.
Or is this “supposed” associations are already outdated by the consensus of the scholars?
I'm an Orthodox rabbi and still found this very intriguing. Especially the part about the name Jacob being associated with the Southern Kingdom.
@sassy pethel And what's the problem with that?
you might want to do something useful with your life lol.
@@noyourewrong599 Something useful like trolling three-month-old comments?
@@RabbiJoeInJerusalem I'm not trolling, being religious in 2022 is pretty pathetic
@@noyourewrong599 Well, you've convinced me.
I love these charts. Thank you for your work, visual representations like this are extremely useful for understanding the timelines, bloodlines, and general history. So, thanks!
This is very well done. Kudos!
Thanks Andrew!
This just need History From a Jew guy and we are set.
The two of you should collab!
OMG it's Andrew, we need a Collab!
@@usergiodmsilva1983PT
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I don’t really have much in the way of prior interest or knowledge about this subject, but something about the way you speak and present the material makes it very engaging.
yep
I had a great government teacher in junior high and high school like that.
His name was Tim King.
I would be careful of that if I were you. Don't confuse charisma with truth. This video is indeed well presented and narrated, but this alone should not make you believe something. Confirm claims with further research before believing them.
me too, as an atheist its interesting.
One can conclude that someone with a high amount of interest and devotion to a topic can share and transfer his feelings and knowledge when also being charismatic, but it is naturally still necessary to provide sources and evidence for it as a creator of such a video and to question and check it as an interesting viewer.
I've tried to research this on my own, but was unable to find this much information. Very unbiased and educational. Thank you for your help!
This is terrific.
Thanks Mr. Beat!
Giv me money mister beast,.
@@SirDerpofCamelot n o
Hey Mr Beat. Your video on president's religions was great!
@@UsefulCharts thank you for this. I grew up in a mostly non religious Jewish household and have been interested about more details. Would you mind me asking what denomination you follow? I'm trying to find something I can reconcile with
The real history is so much more fascinating than the literal myths/legends. Understanding how groups were able to synthesis a single narrative to unify and come together is dope
I so agree!
And you see that adopting parts of different religions helps transitions of power all through history and still happens today
@@UsefulCharts Can you do the same thing on Quran? I loved this video a lot.
Maybe, maybe not.
@@erkinalp We have almost 0 info about the quran in this vein. Most of the arab tribes didn't write and the ones that did didn't have a strong culture of documentation. All our sources come from centuries later.
Sending much love to Jews and Christians. As a Muslim, I am always interested in the similarities among the three faiths.
may love reach you back brother, our governments may be different but we all live and breath the same
May Allah continue to bless you and your family ❤️☪️✝️✡️
Both Christinity and islam are copied from judiasm
This is an amazing comment
Yet there are too many differences to ignore in regards to Islam.
I love how objectively you explain the topics, there is so much research behind it. Thank you so much for your work
People in the future will ask, "Who wrote Wikipedia?"
Various professional and armature academics who's entries are edited by various corporate, financial & intelligence agencies with their particular views of how "sensitive" information ought to be presented would be my guess.
Aren't the wise men in the holy basements?
@@joecaner What is an armature academic? Is it something like an armchair academic? Whose, not who's, which means "who is."
@@timotheelegrincheux2204 My guess would be an armchair academic, a hobbyist or someone who does operate in the field, but has no formal education in it.
Potentially people who are in the process of getting their formal education.
@@OzixiThrill The writing of that "armature" person was definitely not divinely inspired.
I have studied these theories 10 years ago, too difficult without an illustration though. I am amazed at how you present these things. We need more content like this. Keep it up.
I have your first chart up in my office. Love it
Like a vintage 2012 Timeline of world history? Sweet. Also, hello fellow CZcamsr!
Yes, I am.
@@UsefulCharts yep It's great
@@DomainofKnowlegdia obviously you don’t believe that that’s fine but he’s just putting information out there you don’t have to listen everyone is entitled to discussion
Interesting video, thanks for summarizing some research and asking some questions!
It would be so much funnier if the acronym was JEDI
JEhuDI? 😋💛
@@nealjroberts4050 interesting connection, wonder if they made JEDI from JEhuDI.
@@arta.xshaca Lucas would probably say yes because he wants all his Star Wars names to have deeper meanings than they actually possess.
Last time i was this early Jacob and Israel were two different people
They both are same
Which one was the grandson of Brahma, by the way?
@@108asf Brahma's only grandson was Zoroaster for FFS. Who has been telling you those lies? Zues or that cousin of his Conficus, damn liars.
@@108asf You are mixing up Indian and Jewish religious beliefs.
@@dogeofgreatness2222 Zeus? I thought it was Jove, maybe even Amun-Ra. Those bastards.
I was originally looking for something random to watch but this is honestly the best thing I could have watch during my free time.
For reals: you are my outright favorite channel now. Full-on zero-to-hero. This was amazing and soooo fucking baffling to just 🤯 I’ve been sitting & thinking about this third-theory for like 10 minutes just in awe over “what we thought” vs “what is prevalent now/future” is soooo fun. Thank you so much for doing what you do!
Reminds me of the duality in Egyptian mythology which came from the period Egypt was divided into a lower kingdom and an upper kingdom, which were then unified.
That's how the feline deity became bast in one kingdom and Sekhmet in the other. With the Reunification causing them to share their role where one was a domestic cat feline goddess: bast and the other a lioness feline goddess: Sekhmet.
I am still not over the fact that Lower Egypt is in the north and Upper Egypt is in the south. (Yeah, I know, the Nile flows from south to north into the Mediterranean, blah blah. Still a mind-screw. [lol])
Is that also the reason why Amon and Ra were combined into one god?
@@arte0021 Yes, They fused Amun and Ra into Amun-Ra or Amun-Re
@@simplystreeptacular Become an Australian
How long before future historians ask similar questions about the North and South in the United States?
i realy like your videos about religion, they are very neutral and fact based and dont offend anyone :) a perfect example how to talk about religion
@Gary Allen yeah I was just about to say that.
offending anyone nowadays can sentence you to a 500 year imprisonment
Talking can be biased, however teaching should not.
@Gary Allen As a Muslim, I agree with that theory as well. Authentic accurate facts that can be clearly verified and traced it's original divine sources through reliable unbroken seal chain of narrations.
@@seekfactsnotfiction9056 'divine sources' have nothing to do with facts
Thank you for your excellent video and channel. I'll probably say this in other comments in other videos but your background in education has enabled you to truly unlock a style of learning that many of us are coming to these comments to let you know about. There is something very game changing about learning through your videos. I appreciate everything you do. Thanks!
~ A picture is worth a thousand words.
I really like your video. I’m a very secular person myself and I don’t really believe much in any religious teachings so your secular take on how the Bible was written really taught me some stuff
Many Jews and Christians of the un-fundamentalist type accept the academic methods used in modern Biblical scholarship while rejecting an avowed atheist of agnostic viewpoint. Like accepting science and the validity of the scientific method but rejecting materialism and scientism.
Just read Quran and you will be Muslim
@@user-dh6pz5eo2r no. No I wouldn’t be 😂
@@pen1sman because you afraid from the truth 🙂
Just I do this for myself so if you care or not it's my problem ❤
@@pen1sman because you afraid from the truth 🙂
Just I do this for myself so if you care or not it's your problem ❤
I’m as atheist as it gets but I still find your religious videos very interesting Matt! So much history in them
me too
I'm an atheist too. Subjects like this is interesting as an atheist because it gives me more explanation to different religions, their essence, and their history.
as an atheist myself, the writing of the bible fascinates me, once you can disassociate from "unchanging divine text" and start really looking into how and why this stuff was written, its some amazing history.
Same here. Just followed the first one and might become addicted if the others are as good.
I'm not an atheist and believe in God. And I'm not one to push my faith on anyone. But I'm curious from an atheists' point-of-view on their thoughts to faiths, in general. Does an atheist not believe in anything because of so many religions in the world, or is it because of scientific proof that's needed for one to believe in something? Or do atheist don't believe in something because of rules and guidelines a person must follow of that faith? Even though I believe in Christianity, even I fall short of not being perfect and following everything I should follow on. And I don't judge others' when many people have. I'm just curious about atheists' way of life. Even agnosticism.
This clarifies so many things, even for a layperson like myself. Channels like yours help me to overcome my deconversion anger and to give focus to the fascination I still have for (parts of) the bible.
whats a deconversion anger?
@@nopurposeposting1548 while I am not him, I would assume he talks of the anger that would follow discovering that you were lied to about about history and such throughout your life in the name of the bible or any other religious text and the changing of view or "deconversion" that comes with searching for a more sourced and academic truth
ok God is God He might temporarily "hide" but He Always Smiles. jews are put in a tough spot. their allies have to stand with you. that's what you feel. ps don't fret: indians are also Chosen: and they have been screwed just as good, and Rock just as good hare krishna : )
@@mericanraccoon no it's the painintheaxx of actually being a chosen people.
@@jorgegonzalez-larramendi5491 ?
Both the quality & neutrality of the information as well as the top notch presentation style and editing/graphics made this a very interesting and captivating watch, thanks!
This was fascinating!
UsefulCharts dropping the “we Jews” to let us all know he’s Jewish makes me happy as another jew
To be honest I pretty much just assumed he was Jewish and was right
Oh, this is going to be good.
Edit: And it was!
Yep
Zdecydowanie
Hats off to your hardwork & thoroughness, simply Superb Matt
I find all of this absolutely mind-bending.
People who try to understand this kind of matters have to cross and weigh data from different eras, different disciplines (archeology, historiography, exegesis and what may be chronicles as well as pure legend), all with a lot of stratification.
And the output can be just as messy and intertwined with the classification (hence the validity) of the input!
So crazy, so cool.
Remember there is still a small group of people practising the religion of the North: The Samaritans. Their bible and the differences in it could be a very important clue in how those from the North joined the religion of the South.
I wouldn't say it's the religion of the North that is practised by the Samaritants: their Torah is nearly a copy to the Jewish Torah (but instead of Jerusalem Gerizim is the cult center), and the Jewish Torah was developed also in the Babylonian exile. It's more likely that the people living in the area of the old Northern kingdom adopted the Torah after the Babylonian exile had ended. Later, the Hasmoneans conquered Samaria and destroyed their cult center at Gerizim.
@@Achill101 It is more likely that the Torah was composed right after the Babylonian Exile, not during it. This would have included the religion of the Northern Kingdom.
@@revcrussell - of course, the Torah included much of the religion of the Northern kingdom: the exodus of educated refugees from the North to Judah during and after the destruction of the Northern kingdom in 722BC led to a threefold increase of Jerusalem and to an influx of their scriptures, like the narratives of the Exodus, of Saul, of the ark, and of Jacob. Those narratives had been integrated into Juda's religion by the time of Josiah. The question is if anything from the Northern kingdom was included in the Torah after the destruction of Jerusalem. You seem to think Yes, I tend to think No.
A question that is independent of that: where do you think the Torah was composed after the Babylonian exile? The first answer would probably be Jerusalem, but Jerusalem and its surrounding was sparsely populated during the Persian times, archeology shows. Probably not enough populated to feed a large number of priests and writers. Jerusalem grows again during Hasmonean times - but that's already late for composing the Torah, too late? An alternative would be Babylon, among the exiles and later among those exiles who stayed in Babylon.
@@Achill101 This is spot on. It's tempting to see them as the shunned origin story, but their version is really just a copy rendered in their script (a version of the old phoenician script) with some spelling variations, and a few big narrative changes.
So either both Jews and Samaritans have a very old, almost 3000 thousand year old, pre-Persian version almost completely unchanged to this day, or the Samaritan one actually branches of from the Judahite one, then only left unchanged, or rather slightly deviating from this canonized version, from around 2000-2500 years ago.
@@davidtrak2679 - I share this view: "the Samaritan one actually branches of from the Judahite one, then only left unchanged, or rather slightly deviating from this canonized version, from around 2000-2500 years ago".
. . . One small caveat: some copying errors might have entered the bible, before the Masoretes finalized their version. The Samaritan version and the Septuagint allows us in a few cases to peek beyond the Masoretic version. But these cases don't include big changes of meaning and theology IIRC.
This topic seems so huge, I hope to see even more detailed videos
You're videos are excellent quality and very informative. Keep up the great work!
I read 'Who wrote the Bible?' by R. E. Friedman recently. He is a proponent of Documentary hypothesis, and after reading the book I must say he is rather convicing. But whatever hypostesis you prefer the book itself is rather fun read :)
This series helped me do some deconstructing of the "biblical literalism" that I was raised with. The actual history is a lot more interesting anyways.
Right? I was raised Orthodox Presbyterian and got excommunicated at 13. I'm now 40 and still figuring my way away from the insanity I was raised with and this channel helps SO much with it.
@@blueashke I was a mormon, really orthodox Utah type. The materials they provide are a complete mockery of actual history. Semtetic, Egyptian, and mesoamerican/great lakes native peoples (depending on the apologist) history were all discarded for a sick narrative that in the end amounted to little more than "obey the mega-corporation even if it costs you everything". This series is revealing a more real, more meaningful Bible that presents itself now more like a philosophical debate among scribes through story telling. That speaks to me more than any "infallible book" ever could.
@@fordan_gamsy3521 Right? I think those of us who find our way out are much more able to consider the possibility of science and history proving the existence of Something greater than ourselves rather than merely using it to disprove. I am fascinated as I continue to learn things all these years later. I graduated in 1999 believing the Earth to be only 5000 years old and let me tell you, they churned girls out of my school and threw them to the wolves. On average, we married rather than graduate college. Or in my case, wasn't allowed to go because I had been in psychiatric care so wasn't acceptable at any Biblical school and they didn't help you apply to non-Christian colleges.
@@blueashke - excommunicated at THIRTEEN? That sounds weird to me. I wish you a good journey figuring out your way.
@@Achill101 Oh yeah. Heck, my sister was only 11, but because we were both communicant members, when our parents decided it was a cult and wrote a letter expressing their intention to leave the church (due to them demanding that they give up my mother's unborn child because she was not my father's child), we signed as well. The elders rejected the letter and excommunicated all four of us. I'd only been a communicant member for 8 days (sister did her confession of faith earlier than I did).
This is extremely well done. I'm never one to comment on CZcams but i am impressed. And I've never heard of your third theory before. Looks like I've got some reading to do. Thank you!
Congratulations, bruv! here starts your comment history
I love this channel, definitely the best explanation of the origin of bible. Great use of charts. Great work
So what have you learned about the origins of the Bible ?
First video of yours that I have watched. Blown away! No other words🤗🙏
Love the topic! Slight typo: Mesop**o**tamia, near the end (15:08). I wouldn't normally be this pedantic, but these get printed as posters, so I thought I would point that one out so it can be fixed in the printed versions.
I’m glad you mentioned it: ‘meso’ in the middle of/between + ‘potamus’ river. The word _hippopotamus_ has the same ‘potamus’ root: ‘hippo’ horse + ‘potamus’ river so it’s not hard to get the spelling right.
It’s been a long time coming. Been waiting for something like this.
when "student" is ready, "Master" appears 🌞
Mee too
Thank you so much for this serie!!
Well this was absolutely fascinating! This is the first of your videos that I've seen, and I'm subscribing right now.
Myself, I was taught the Documentary Hypothesis in Bible College, but have leaned more towards the Supplementary Hypothesis over the last 25 years or so, though I tend to think more of it was composed/compiled during the captivity than is commonly assumed. This was my first exposure to the third hypothesis, and, boy, that's just causing my brain to run a million miles an hour. Thank you very much! Looking forward to more of your stuff!
This is an academic paper in video form. Super cool work; I didn't realize you have a PhD in this!
Hell yeah, I finally arrived on one of Useful Charts videos within the first 5 hours of its existence. Love the video, excellent work Matt
This is a fantastic summary thank you very much and very helpful for my studies.
Thank you for a wonderful lecture. This is such a difficult subject. Charts are a brilliant device.
You sound like the "lock picking lawyer" to me - both in tone and cadence. I love your presentation of this information.
I was thinking the exact same thing. I had to look to see if they were the same. But this guy said he has a degree in religion and this is his full-time job - creating charts. The LPL is a lawyer whose full-time job is now CZcams. But damn, they sound like the same guy.
"This is the Nitpicking Historian, and today I have historical context from the Torah that I will be unlocking."
@@aarondriscoll287 That's a new channel you've got right there! LOL
@@aarondriscoll287 "While it looked pretty convincing at first glance, a closer inspection revealed several major design oversights..."
"Leviticus is binding"
I dig all your content but this episode was incredibly fascinating. That new theory makes a lot of sense, but I’m just a casual history fan.
Can’t wait for the rest of the series!
This is a fantastic refresher. Thank you.
Thanks, Brilliant job. I really love your way of thinking. And I'm certainly on board with 3th option
I’m about to start teaching an Old Testament course and this video has got me to change my starting points. Thanks for sharing
Wait u teach fairy tales?
@@MrLP3xp3rt yes
@@MrLP3xp3rt Reddit Moment
@Ibrahim Alloush fairy tales are products of human culture, it's part that made us human and teach us a lot about humanity.
@Ibrahim Alloush and what if it's fairy tales?
If there's ever a new book of the Bible, it'll be called Duderonomy, written by some guy called Chad.
My favourite passage would be the one where God asks through the sound of thunder from the sky: "Dude, where is my car?"
There's already a Book of Duderonomy, put out by the Church of the Latter-day Dude, a religion based on the Big Lebowski.
@@igor-yp1xv Unrealistic. Jesus said he would not speak of his own Accord.
The virgin gospel vs the chad apocrypha.
@@ariedmiston4485 I was also making a joke. An accord is a type of car.
This is brilliant. It's nice meeting a brother that doesn't accept all text as 100%. Use of logic in this realm is lacking sadly. I loved this video and makes a lot of sense
You’re looking for things you won’t find. You’ll eventually learn that god loves you
great videos.
The matter of factly presentation is exactly the right tone for what could otherwise be seen as a competition of ideas.
I like how you start with your credentials off the bat
OOOOH this new third theory is pretty interesting!! I'm going to have to dive deeper into that. It sounds really promising. We only learned the first two theories when I was in university (or at least I think that's what we learned. My professor didn't teach it very clearly, at least not to me at the time. Either that or, as I had never studied Tanakh outside of Hebrew school before, that I struggled to reconcile historical analysis with religious analysis because that wasn't a thing at my childhood Hebrew school).
The P source really feels like a retcon just looking at the graph at 5:30, almost as if they inserted a book and then had to modify the texts before and after to make the new part fit. Or that happened later on to make it flow better.
@HappyBeezerStudios - by Lord_Mogul Qemant people in Ethiopia use the P source in Leviticus as a stand alone work, so it being added to the Torah as an independent source is very probable to me.
you are doing a great job
Wow, thanks for a thoughtful and thorough analysis. Much appreciated…
Thank you for this series! I love that you’re able to break it up into understandable parts.
A the foundation of the problem is the fact that, going way back, many people did not think about the possibility of something we call history--that someone in the future might want to understand the past.
Or maybe they did NOT want us or even their own children to understand what really happened. If there was a unification of two older kingdoms, the new king would be interested to downplay the older differences. After a few generations, it would not be common knowledge anymore. Only a few older texts, laying half forgotten on a shelv somewhere.
I would argue that there were *some* people who did consider this and did write records, but many did not survive to this day.
The middle east area has been, as a crossroads of multiple sub continents, stricken by many wars, so we've lost a lot of that informarion.
Some people who lived many, many thousands of years ago did care about history and that's why we have such a marvelous spectacle at the Giza Plateau. Look it up; it's essentially a bookmark on our timeline pointing back to about 12,500 years ago where, likely, the great flood of legend probably occurred.
What motivated the extent to which writing was invented and developed? Certainly an oral tradition suggests that contemporaries were deeply concerned with subsequent generations.
Yes, the root of higher criticism says, 'assume everything is wrong unless you can specifically verify each element, then busy yourself hypothesizing alternative explanations.' Meanwhile, they never subject the hypothesis to the same extreme criticism the original claim is subjected too. In the end they end up with infinitely complex theories to describe a rather simple account.
marvellous presentation = graphics, sequence of terms, names, sources, concepts, ideas, QUESTIONS
Thank you, very helpful and interesting
much appreciated
i agree, that third theory is super interesting, and i like the extra observations you made regarding it. thanks for the informative video!
This is great! This is the first time I'm hearing of the 3rd theory. I really like it, I think it explains a lot. I'm looking forward to the rest of this series!
This is so brilliant. I just finished reading the Old Testament for the first time cover to cover (but have studied it piece by piece my whole life) - when you mentioned the Third theory and started giving commentary my heart starting beating rapidly, and I had small and brief tears come to my eyes, it made so much sense to me and so many connections were being made inside my head. I have always wondered and been amazed at how Abraham blesses the twelve tribes, and then Moses also blesses the twelve tribes (a little differently). Understanding that the Torah is full of doublets does explain why this could be, but the hypothesis of the dual origin gives further insight into the reason behind this double blessing (as well as an excellent understanding in a plethora of other instances). Thank you so much, this was an amazing, transparent, open-minded, informative, and intriguing presentation! I'm looking forward to the next part!
The two genesis creation myths are very much distinctive of this duality. One emphasizes water as sth that needs to be separated from the land during creation. (Genesis 1,6 and following) In the other, water is something that gives life to the earth and causes the plants to grow (Genesis 2,5 and following).
This sort of thing is likely deliberate and descriptive of a common belief on the nature of water, depending on the different aspects of the nature of water as a giver of life, but also as a destructive force that needs protecting from.
Most of the Old Testament is ripped off from other religions, which is why it doesn’t make sense
@@cptrelentless80085 yup, like Noah's flood comes from the story of gilgamesh
@@kathleenrobertpogue6818 The story of a "Great Flood" exists in every religion. All to do with the fact that humans tend to live close to their water sources, which as you know tend to swell and flood.
@@trizvanov It's (flood myths) more likely to do with the drastic rise in sea levels at the end of the last ice age and all of the recent focus on the era 12,500 years ago.
Mas respect, good work, and for free. Thanks for existing.
thank you for clarifying a very confusing topic. the charts are very helpful.
I've always liked Freidman's earlier book "Who Wrote the Bible", so I'll have to check out the newer one you listed in the references, Matt! Thanks for always thought- provoking videos!
Agree
I learned this from Prof Christine Hayes Yale videos & bought Friedman's Bible where he highlights the sources in an English translated Tanakh
That's the first book I read on this subject as well, and even if the info is dated I still think it's interesting to see the process of how they put the clues together
Jacob as two persons looks great, we have two nations, and when they unite, theytook two heroes and make them one.
Wouldn’t be the first time. Composite characters are common especially when combining stories and reducing them Dow to their basic parts.
@@robertt9342 - They do it in modern historically based movies and TV series all the time.
I love the way you explain thinks. Well done!! Thank you.
Your channel is fantastic man!
The new hypothesis puts a very interesting interpretive spin on the exhortations to treat the foreigner as one's own! Especially since (I'm going off of memory, so I may be way wrong) the verses containing said exhortations come from the more Levitical and Moses oriented material.
Loved this video! I look forward to seeing the rest of the series.
I'm loving all these videos that go way beyond the charts!
Fascinating. #3 Makes sense to me.
Clear, interesting and thought provoking. Thanks. Would it be possible to add dates for the events, i.e. Babylonian exile, destruction by Assyrians etc?
Agreed ... good overview.
The entire time I was watcing this, I wanted DATES because WHEN is as important as WHO.
Assyria conquered Israel around 720 BCE (and it was brutal, Sargon II is said to depot almost 30k people and kill many others) Assyria fell in 609 BCE to Babylon and Medes. Babylon conquered Judah in 587 BCE (in turn Cyrus the Great conquered them in 539 BCE bringing stability, religious freedom and new government system to the Near East).
I will definitely look into this idea of monolatry. I don't see it as a big deal. Either YHWH is the most important God and other gods are just lesser beings or YHWH is the only God and all other beliefs are false teachings.
@@MichaelJohnson-vi6eh there is no monolatry in the Torah but monothiesm, i think. The only possible way it got conflated with monolatry is possibly due to the thought process of the northern israelites who were polythiests for some time period.
There has been incidents where transition from polythiesm has been to monolatry not monothiesm. for example Pharaoh Akhenetan(i just messed up the spelling i guess)
I can't wait for the rest of this series!
5:24 - thought that was gonna spell 'Jedi' then I got very excited haha
Jesus used the force to turn water into wine
Ancient Hebrew: (stands on the shores of the Dead Sea)
Everyone else on the planet: "It's over, I have the high ground"
Every oral tradition or stories passed down from one generation to the next always gets added to every step of the way
Good job impactful and more informative than many pastors and preachers
It would be super interesting to see more detail about the stories and myths from each branch and their origins from the regions.
That was super interesting, can't wait for the next one.
me too
this was very interesting, thanks for making all this accessible
Brilliant! So thankful that you are up to date with modern scholarship. Scholarship is advancing so rapidly.
An Indonesian here. I only heard the first theory before watching the video. I didn't know there was the other two competing theories. Thank you for updating our knowledge.
This is absolutely marvellous for me. Thank you so much for your outstanding work.
This is really a very interesting video. Thanks for sharing. I particularly like the 3rd theory ...
Small tidbit: the two mentions of Abraham lying about Sarah actually take place in different locations and with different character. The first (chapter 12) is in Egypt and the person who takes Sarah is Pharaoh, and the second (chapter 20) is in a place called Gerar and the person who takes Sarah is Avimelech (Abimelech).
One has to wonder how a guy with a PhD. made that kind of mistake. They are two different stories.
I think the idea is that despite having different locations and characters, they have the same core premise, so it might've been that they were two different versions of the same story that changed up where and with whom it happened.
I love learning about stuff like this, it really helps me understand the world and its people
yep
Very good to learning English! Thank you for having Subtitles!
You have definitely found your niche in this world…. Thank u for all the hard research, for sticking your neck out and for stretching my knowledge as well 👍
Brilliant work!
Great Work! Looking forward to the next episode!
I don't know why CZcams recommended this but I'm sure glad they did!
praise be the algorythm !
@dev null all hail youtube algorithm
WOW.
This makes total sense.
Thank you.
Great explanation going further my expectations , making a lot of sense to me
"Jacob fled to the country of Aram; Israel served to get a wife, and to pay for her he tended sheep.
The Lord used a prophet to bring Israel up from Egypt, by a prophet he cared for him." (Hos 12:12-13, NIV)
Hosea is one of the earliest biblical books that can be securably dated (c. 760-720 BCE) and is of Northern provenance. This quote demonstrates that both the Jacob=Israel going to Aram and the Prophet-led exodus from Egypt stories were current in Northern Israel in the Assyrian period. This alone is a great difficulty for Schmid's theory (#3 in the video). There are other difficulties as well with positing such a late date for redaction, but I think this suffices.
Might not Hosea have had a later redactor as well?
@@randyrentner2314 I see no literary basis for such a claim.
Certainly always something to consider (although these claims of redaction tend to be unfalsifiable and can therefore be used by scholars in bad faith to deal with difficult evidence)
I say no literary basis because the lines are integral to the prophecy in Hosea and not similar linguistically or in content to texts which are accepted as "later."
As a believer myself, u would assert that even if #3 was true, the 2 traditions would still be coming from a common source
@@randyrentner2314 typically you can tell from the structure of the writing.
Ohh, that dual origins theory makes so much sense and makes for such a satisfying narrative, I'm onboard. Great video, as usual!
That's the danger, though. People tend to believe in narratives, which often blinds us to more grounded approaches.
THE 3RD THEORY sounds very interesting and academically valid. You present some interesting facts and theories and you make some convincing arguments. Let's see if it is supported and accepted by 'peer' academics. I've been out of uni for 15yrs, so I was still teaching my students the 1st and 2nd theories. The 3rd theory will lead to some valuable conversations. Thanks.
An exceptional exposition. Bravo!