Biology Before Darwin: Crash Course History of Science #19
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- čas přidán 25. 06. 2024
- You’ve probably heard of Charles Darwin, but before we get to him, you really need to understand how different people, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, tried to answer the same question: “what is life?”
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it's weird to think about not knowing things. it's weird how much knowledge we take for granted.
what are you in for?
- studying plants
*backs away*
I think the most surprising thing about this whole series is which fields of study came first, and how studying one aspect of the world unexpectedly leads to paradigm shifts in seemingly distant, unrelated fields.
5:43 "Linnaeus was called the Second Adam"
Yeah, he... made up that title himself. He also called himself Princeps Botanicorum, the "Prince of Botany", and coined the adage "God created; Linnaeus classified". He was a fairly smug dude. :P
I want that kind of confidence
Please never stop educating me. I've discovered a thirst for knowledge and with your help I'm able to gather and learn so much faster than if I were on my own. Thank you.
God bless any biologist who happened to be an illustrator
Pretty much a prerequisite back in those days, but Merian was outstanding.
The irony of your statement is amazing.
I know a girl that is just that, well she didn't graduate yet but she's an ace illustrator.
I didn't expect Spanish inquisition to appear in this video.
Nobody did
Nobody does
You were providing the perfect setup for these 'nobody expects...' replies, weren't you?
This series is so captivating! I especially LOVE that y’all bring up influential female scientists and natural philosophers in every episode. So many amazing women that were left out of the history books I’ve read!
As an almost biologist I really enjoyed this video, really well explained and edited.
I would like to thank CrashCourse and everyone in it for these great videos. In a local Catholic school near me they often use this videos to make learning more fun.
It is good to see Catholic schools trying to be scientific.
Nothing against peasants, but Lamarck wasn't one. He was the eleventh child of a relatively poor but aristocratic family from Picardy. Toffs in pre-Revolutionary France had incredibly long names, and Lamarck's full name was in fact Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck.
Awesome! It's like plugging a USB into my brain and downloading useful data of everything.
Justin Grammer being the USB light, and the port your eyes?
Last time I was this early, biology was still natural history
Wow! I didn't expect this, but Crash Course really heard our suggestions:
Hank talks more slowly and his vocals are better! Thanks, CC!
Science always taught to us how we are absolutely ignorant.
Love the History Of Science CC! Your best production yet. Or is it Hank hosting.
the series is great. but hank makes it so much better:)
Hank is pleasant to hear😄😉
It's a shame it seems that newer series seem to be getting much less views, even when considering that the longer videos have been around for longer. The production quality just keeps getting more and more amazing!
It's not often I can say this seriously, but when I started watching this video, I did not expect the Spanish Inquisition.
puns aside, great video as always. Love these series.
That’s not a pun, you philistine!
Carl Linnaeus for the win. He knew changed biology forever, pushed it into the field of scientific inquiry.
Loving this series so far
I was distracted the entire video by wondering "Why is the little robot on the desk looking off to the left? Is there something over there? What is he looking at?"
Loving this course! Thank you Crash Course team!
By the way, do you realise that you haven't put episodes 11 and 12 into the playlist folder?
Most informative. Would have enjoyed a continuation. Thanks.
I love this, I truly love science, and I find your Crash Course episodes to be amazing, but can we please get a Crash Course in Archaeology? Why? Because Human History is awesome, and the study of it is even more awesome.
This is what I watch when my parents tell me to study. A nice good old hour of CC!
Thank you so much for this series of Crash Course. I am a huge fan :)
Khedive of Egypt, not "Pasha" of Egypt. Although the khedive was named Mehmet Ali Pasha, so I understand the confusion.
Imagine getting arrested for studying plants!!! :'D Time truly has changed. Thank you scientists of the past.
Bonus information:
Linnaeus tried to do binomial nomenclature because the English bible mentions living things as "kinds". So, he started by finding out where the lines lie separating kind from kind. He soon found out that life is far more complex than that and used more levels of classification to categorize it. If I remember correctly, he ended up with 6 levels, and more were added after his death. Of course even that is far too simplistic to classify all of life. Serious biologists now use cladistics.
I think five levels? Linnaeus included species, genera, classes, kingdoms and (I think) orders, while phylum and family were added after Linnaeus.
He also changed his mind somewhat about the immutability of species over the course of his life, having encountered things like plant species that were clearly hybrids of two existing species. He ended up deciding that *genera* were immutable and had been created as such, but new species could arise within a genus.
@@OlleLindestad I think you're right. 5 sounds right.
A lot more than just phylum and family have been added though. There was an entire structure of subgroups that began taking prominence before cladistics finally won.
He was also one of the first to classify human races, one saddening fact many seem to forget
Looking foward for the darwing episode!
That was awesome. Thank you!
These are so exciting i cant wait to see what happens neeexxxttt!!!
Velhelmot may have thought it was from water but most of the trees mass comes from the air. I thought that's information that should have been pointed out in the video.
Other than that it was great content, I love this series
Thank you so much 🌹
0:22
that can be taken in one of many ways
Thanks for putting all of this info in a simple way. I'm studying evolution and you made it easier for me, although you forgot to say that Cuvier founded the science of Paleontology.
Someone on Facebook was trying to tell me that Darwin was wrong and Lamarck was right, backing up his argument by pointing out that natural selection was favored by the aristocrats. It was basically a political argument. I remembered that Huxley was a commoner.
"Plants had a vegetative soul...." I feel like you could make a good joke out of that.
Jared Diamond has a great bit on the interdependence of military conquest, financially driven colonialism, and European scientific development from 1492 onwards. It's definitely one of my favourite historical eras as it is so interdisciplinary to fully understand
Great crash course once again! So, breeding new crops and animal races was already a thing since long ago. Whuch is also species that change over time. How did that fit into pre-darwin theories?
You should do a video on the short story, “I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream”, by Harlan Ellison
Sad to see Alexander Von Humboldt wasn't mentioned, you guys should do a biographic about him!
Nice. What are your sources/books ?
I love Crash Course
excelente
Is that table wobbling? Can we fix it? And, can you please top of the green liquid on the left? Thanks.
great video
I am sensing talks of tonguestones actually being shark teeth in the future!
I was missing blumenbach but other than that the video was great!
Alright! This is my major that I graduated in, BIOLOGY! Now historical facts about it! Let's start with the one man who had it wrong, Aristotle
Camilo Iribarren
OK
let's.
what's your point?
Dan Conrad no point, just saying. Everything starts with a theory until proven otherwise
Nothing is proven in science
Kevin Hsiung we get closer to the truth. Theories get disproven
Burner Fire hypotheses are ideas before experiments and observations, theories are after done after all of that is conducted
Lamarck was wrong. Except, since we've learned more about epigenetics, he was also correct-adjacent, in a limited way. I love science.
Lamarke is coming back now in the form of epigenetics. It’s much less influential than classic Mendelian genetics but there’s research today that suggests that “genetic switches” can be turned on and off outside of the genome. Lamarke is comin back
fangirlfortheages that is lack of information about both lamarc and epigenetics. They have no mutual points anywhere.
murat dogusan well the video literally contradicts you....so.....
I don't mean to nitpick, but it should be "genetic sequence" instead of "genetic code" (genetic code is the manner in which nucleic acid sequence is translated into a protein sequence and it is for the most part universal -- with a a few exceptions). Otherwise a great video.
Absolutely loving this series. Can tell you are too hank 😁
Whoa, huuuge jump from starfish to human there ^^
I hope this would be provided with Arabic subtitles!
Great video!
@Eazy 070 racism isn't welcome. science is for everyone.
There is an arabic crashcourse
@easy deism Algebra is Arabic. You racist idiot
When you say "post-Revolution Republic", does it refer to the Directory, post-Thermidor coup?
hank im in grad school, in a history of science course. I don't know science. I'm an arts man. In addition to my own ineptitude, my professor is worse, so you are saving me in my darkest hour. Thank you.
Very nice ❤
The birth of geology, eh? I'll be looking forward to that.
Beautiful
6:16 there’s something awfully familiar about all this.
You are perfect timing😅
Now, I understand the origins of the beautiful gardens of the world! This simply descended from the garden of the Empire!. What a way to study plants without exerting much effort to see the plants in its natural. original habitat! Good move for learning to grow!
I can fully understand how our World's works by their difference's. Yes it so amazed that Joannes Baptista Van Helmont discover and expirement about living organism and non living organism. It is such a wonderful things to discover and to know how the animals, plants and other species created and moving uniquely. For me my own perspectives about this video it gives me privelege to learn new thing about the history of science and also to meet the differents sciencetist , a scientist who discoverd and proved to us. According to Linnaues individual use certain body parts more than others , changing them ever so slightly , and then pass those changed part down to their kids. Although this idea has been proven wrong since Lamarcks time. Lamaecks thought , creatures would become more complex. Cuvier believed each species wa perfectly adapted to its environment , and that you can reconstruct an organism from only one or two bones, if you undestand how anatomical system function. I appreciated so much this video and also the sciencetist who given more inspiring to me.
Biology before Darwin video talks about the origins of the world especially the living and non-living organisms. During the scientific revolution and enlighten there was no biology the term was first used in 1799 instead they used Natural History where it is the observation based study on living things based on Aristotle.
I was really shock with what Aristotle made that living things are all one kind but animated by different types of souls. I know that humans have soul but I was amazed when I know that plants and animals have souls also, where plants is vigitated souls so they can grow, for animals sensitive souls so they can move and for humans rational souls capable for reason.
Another is that Joannes Baptista Van Helmont was the crime of studying plants. He really study how plants grow. They are all great scientists that can help to the world.
However, all of the scientist have big contributions in the field of science.
Studying everything that involves life is the most important thing to be learned. Basically, everything started with life. So this Study of life that we now know as biology doesn’t really called biology, before they called it Natural History, which basically the study of any living things as well. This was based on Aristotle’s work. The idea of how plants having a so-called vegetative soul jus because they grew and an animals having sensitive souls because they move, and us humans having a rational souls because we are capable of giving reasons was a quite amazing idea for explaining that everything has soul. Despite the differences everything has life giving its own beauty that’s needed to be known.
This video is full of excitement because its talk about how the accient time on how they able to discover how does life work, on the pants, trees, animals. and you will able to know the discoveries of other people before Darwin .
Even before Charles Darwin many scientist are trying to discover how does living things change and how do evolve. They even concluded that plants has souls, animals has souls, and human has souls, in other words living things has souls. But before they have discovered how living things change, they made a classification to make their work easier. But i was shocked when they said that there is one scientist who was trying to study the life of plants and how they evolve get into jail. Really? He was just trying to discover new knowledge and then they put him to jail.
That desk is a bit flimsy. It keeps moving around as Hank gesticulates. Is it going to survive till the end of the series or will Hank have to hammer a few nails into it?
I'm confused as to why the Inquisition arrested a guy for studying plants. What about that seemed heretical to them? I mean, the Inquisition was hardly known for being reasonable or rational, but why would that in particular have set them off?
Linne deserve his own movie
Good
thank you,i used thought darwin invented evolution from no where
Good.
John, where is the next part?
NOBODY EXPECTS THE SPANISH INQUISITION!
i find it kinda funny that the whole Linnaen thing is the one thing that made the whole 'birds = dinosaurs' thing seem so far fetched.
Basically there is pre Darwin biology and post Darwin biology. Anything pre is probably misguided.
Sounds like Hutton and Lyell next time!
5:50 The Apostles of Linnaeus. Says a lot about the man that he was essentially being compared to Christ.
I believe Linnaeus towards the end started accepting that organisms changed, at least to a degree.
I’m going to study biology soon
This is 999th episode of Crash Course series....!
So Helmont descovered plants feed on water. Lool I wonder who descovered light improves vision.
I love your baguette accent
#11 and #12 are still not in the playlist.
Hope my boy Humboldt shows up next episode, considering he leads to Darwin.
Sending people out to collect specimens from around to the world for the sake of knowledge, perhaps to get them all. Sounds like a certain professor
B.C.: Before CharlesA.D.: After Darwin
_What Doth Life?_
these names are great 😂
Who's voice was that?
Fascinating dialectical materialist critique of pre-Darwin biology rather highlighting the importance of Darwins revolutionary analysis of evolution of species over the millenia... shared to fb, g+ & twitter
Science is the best.
Who coined the term “biology”?
Before watching... Linnaeus!
Catastrophism sounds a lot like punctuated equilibrium.
And now Lamarck's theory has actually been proven right with epigenetics!
i'm afraid that you forgot to do a segment on lucretius, pliny, stenno, and other early thinkers about evolution in the west.
A central axis
So what did those spineless sea worms morph into?
So, did we once think plants ate or absorbed soil?
Principia pronunciation?
But plants grow from C02, not water! I'm surprised you didn't mention that
Wood is (at least partially) C6H10O5, CO2 is missing hydrogen, which mostly comes from water.
This refers to a specific experiment, though we may dispute its conclusions. The subject may come up again.
Ross, Yes we know. The point is that wrong conclusions shouldn't be left without a caveat.
That's true! But carbon is about 12 times heaver than water, so *most* of the mass is from carbon
Most of the mass of trees is water, not cellulose. "a living tree is made up of 15-18% carbon, 9-10% hydrogen, and 65-75% oxygen by mass." - Illinois extension
Also Carbon has atomic weight of 12 while Water has a molecular weight of 18.
i would be disappointed if they don't mention arthur russel wallace