Einstein's Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #32
Vložit
- čas přidán 6. 01. 2019
- There was physics before Einstein in the same way that there was biology before Darwin. Einstein didn’t just add some new ideas to physics. And he didn’t just add a unifying framework for doing physics, like Newton. Einstein took what people thought was physics, turned it upside down, then turned it inside out.
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at / crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - / youtubecrashcourse
Twitter - / thecrashcourse
Tumblr - / thecrashcourse
Support Crash Course on Patreon: / crashcourse
CC Kids: / crashcoursekids
Sorry to be nitpicky, but Einstein didn't study at the university of Zurich. He studied at the federal polytechnic school of Zurich, which is today known as ETH Zurich. The university of Zurich is a separate university. But they are next to each other... So close but not quite
meintte it’s not nitpicky, it’s accurate, and in the science community people like you are appreciated.
Thanks for this note. It's not nitpicky at all. I've pinned the comment!
"There where physics before Einstein, in the same way that there was biology before Darwin."
Pure poetry.
Einstein wasn't against quantum mechanics. His paper on the photoelectric effect is often called the first paper written on quantum mechanics. He just thought people were looking at it the wrong way. Unfortunately, he never figured out the "right" way, but his work on that came up with quantum tunneling.
And Schrodinger's Cat was also supposed to demonstrate the absurdity of quantum mechanics. We would be better off if people would just forget about the cat, but such is the appeal of a good thought experiment even if it's in error.
These are some very interesting claims. I'm going to bed instead of doing the research to see if they are facts, because I'm pretty sick right now
Ming Mongo i dont see your point. This 'wrong way' he was against is quantum mechanics
Sure, he wasnt against there existing a theory of quantum mechanics, but was against the theory that was being developed at the time, because it was probabilistic
Its like you telling me someone wasnt against relativity, just thought light speed couldnt be the same at every frame of reference
@@arnaldo8681 It's not my point. It's Einstein's. I think he was wrong about that.
You said he wasnt against quantum mechanics, but he was
Wait, you're not going to cover the gold foil experiment? That's even more fun than the double-slit experiment.
5:27 Nice Interstellar reference. 👍
6:30 So that means you're doing a History of Science, Season 2 eventually, right?
Not as of RIGHT now. But I think our point was more that it can't be condensed into one episode or even series.
- Nick J.
We all have our fingers crossed!
@@crashcourse Combine it with a season 2 of philosophy and make it philosophy of science. There are few subjects more misunderstood than the philosophy of science!
@@crashcourse @Metadigital has the right idea-- Philosophy of science could be an incredibly enlightening topic!
Newton was the Man who explained how Gravity makes things fall
And Einstein the Man who explained how it didn't!
Absolute Genius.
relatively absolute
IIRC Max Planck actually didn't predict quantum particles. Quantization was just a mathematical "trick" he used to derive the correct equations, but he didn't think it had any physical meaning.
A lot of discoveries happened that way
What a great way to start off the year. Thanks Hank, complexly, and everyone.
Hello there
Bold one.
General Relativity
I watched all of this course in like two days, its so interesting! Thank u and i can’t wait to see more xoxo
Wonderful! You inspire me to learn more.
I'm a simple man. I see Einstein, I press like 😂
fine...stein
@Dia Jasin Lmao dude
Hank: god didn't just make, I don't know, a howling void.
Me: Yes he did. it's called the internet
Was god a gay man?
I love your videos, keep up the good work!
Who can forget the famous follow-on: E = m(a² + b²) ;-).
2:50 I think it's wavelenghts BELOW a certain threshold. uv light produces electrons while infrared doesnt.
Sad face :( at 5:01. Special Relativity *doesn't* *prove* "nothing can move faster than light" and it doesn't retroactively explain the null results of the Michelson-Morley experiments. This is backwards, yet unfortunately what is often promulgated in popular explanations. The null results of the M-M experiments in conjunction with, I believe, the Maxwell equations suggest that the speed of light could be constant. Then, *assuming* that it *is* - effctively a priori - which is what Einstein did - one can deduce (i.e. prove via propositional logic and algebra) the *consequences* of that assumption: special relativistic time dilation and length contraction - physical and temporal effects which later empirical experiments have since supported being the case. But dangitall, supposing first that the speed of light is constant is what proves relativity; relativity doesn't prove the speed of light is constant (and that nothing can go faster than it)!
If i take the relativistic movement equations and show that they can never produce a particle moving faster than light wouldnt it be considered a proof that nothing can move faster than light?
@@arnaldo8681 Yes, but what he is saying is that to even use the relativistic equations you need to assume that the speed of light is constant, which is the thing you are trying to prove.
Didn't he use maths to do it, which can have proof?
Yes, one of special relativity's postulates is that the speed of light is constant, but nothing moving faster than light is not one of the assumptions of relativity. That comes from the Lorentz transformations, which are derived from the constant speed of light. Even without the Lorentz transformations, you can deduce that nothing can move faster than light from light's constant speed - imagine the common thought experiment of the light clock inside a moving train. If this train moves faster than the speed of light relative to an observer on the platform, then from their reference frame the light cannot move from its source and hit the mirror, despite an observer on the train seeing exactly that. This would give contradictory results to an experiment involving measuring the light hitting the mirror which is contradictory to the other postulate of special relativity. This implies this is an impossible situation, which implies that the train is not allowed to travel faster than light, which can then be confirmed with the Lorentz transformations.
Kevin is correct that a postulate does not prove itself. But this postulate led to some very distinctive and even bizarre predictions that have aligned with later experimental evidence. So we can have high confidence that the postulate must be correct. You never know for sure in physics though.
"Newtonian Ideas Overthrown" -- throwback to when alarmist headlines about scientific discoveries were actually true.
I love you videos so much! I’ve been watching them for a very long time. You inspired me to create a science channel actually. 😊 but i am just starting, creating some compilations, its poor sofar. Hopefully one day i will have at least a fraction of an impact on effort to get educated as you do. Please, keep it up!
Stay strong, my friend. I'll join your ranks in a few years 😂
been binge watching the videos
They finished :'( .
I was like WTF!
Then saw the time stamp.
Oh last video just 2 weeks ago.
Now waiting for the new videos.
Great work keep it up!
I admire very very few people throughout the whole human history, but Albert Einstein is one of them.
How about James Clerk Maxwell?
Surely you don't begrudge Mother Teresa ???
@cloudpoint She was a bit of a controversial person. I don't think anyone non-Christian admires her to be honest. Yes she has done good things, but she has also done bad things.
Sir thanks for this fantastic lecture 👌👌👌
Howling Void, my new bands name! 😎
Your pronounciation of "Schrödinger" cracked me up :'D Anglophones are notorious for not even trying but we do kind of love you for it too :)
10:53 Sound straight out of HxH Chimera Ants
this was fantastic
I'm so ready!!!
Cool video!
You're very wrong about the part with the famous "God does not play dice" quote. Einstein was objecting to the idea that the position of a particle is truly random, and not governed by some deterministic process. The problem is that "uncertainty" sounds like "randomness," but that's really a misnomer. Uncertainty would be better called "spread-out-ness." Einstein was not objecting to this spread-out-ness; that kind of uncertainty is a property of waves and is present in classical theories like GR. The idea that Einstein is objecting to is the idea that the waves in question aren't "real" in themselves but instead represent probabilities of truly random (non-deterministic) outcomes, and in particular, the way of interpreting this randomness that became known as "the Copenhagen interpretation."
7:12 Could someone please explain to me the specific difference in the definition of "force" vs the definition of "effect"?
A force is a direct interaction between two objects. In classical mechanics, all matter is directly attracted to other matter. There is no middle-man.
In general relativity, matter does not directly attract other matter. Matter curves space-time and curved space time changes the path of matter. Gravity is an indirect effect of how matter interacts with space-time.
Hope that helps.
5:18 If only that could have been real Hank, all your nerd dreams would have come true. If only...
i felt very cold during this video but then I realized I was just having INTENSE GOOSEBUMPS
NEWTONIAN IDEAS OVERTHROWN 🤯🤯🤯🤯
I love this series, this show, this channel, the hosts, and all there crazy people learning about stuff
Einstein's role to the development of Quantum Mechanics was crucial!! More than any other and certainly more than Plank and Bohr. 1. In 1905, Einstein proposed the existence of the photon, an elementary particle associated with electromagnetic radiation (light), which was the foundation of quantum theory. 2. In 1907 and again in 1911, Einstein developed the first quantum theory of specific heats by generalizing Planck's law. 3. In 1918, Einstein developed a general theory of the process by which atoms emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation (his A and B coefficients), which is the basis of lasers (stimulated emission) and shaped the development of modern quantum electrodynamics, the best-validated physical theory at present. 4. In 1924, together with Satyendra Nath Bose, Einstein developed the theory of Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein condensates, which form the basis for superfluidity, superconductivity, and other phenomena. 5. Even His criticism on Quantum Mechanics was beneficial for us since he pointed out things about QM that others couldn't see, like quantum entanglement (spooky action at a disctance). In 1935, together with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, Einstein put forward what is now known as the EPR paradox, and argued that the quantum-mechanical wave function must be an incomplete description of the physical world. For those who are interested in this, I suggest this article: Einstein’s Contributions to Quantum Theory∗
Norbert Straumann
Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Zurich, Switzerland ¨
February 2, 2008
Is there any way to come visit yall's studio in Montana? I'm a huge fan who lives in Mount vernon, WA.
2:20 I'm watching this pretending i'm understanding something. Great explanation tho.
Nice work, Einstein.
thx i have a test on it
Eddington's observations during the eclipse didn't address gravitational lensing but the distortion of space by the Sun's mass. Einstein himself thought that gravitational lensing, although supported by the maths, would be so slight as to be unobservable.
Do Space Pirates make you walk the "Max Plank"? 😅
very good criticism
The last decimal point
I have an unrelated question. What is the story behind those two blue monster looking things on the shelf behind you? My curiosity never ends :)
It's actually kinda crazy how John green is the author of the fault in our stars
10:15 So.... when is "next time"?
YAY.HANK AND JOHN ARE EVERYWHERE 🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞
Einstein didn't actually prove that the speed of light is constant, he postulated it, and developed relativity from there, and the assumption that the physical laws of the universe are the same no matter your referencial.
I know the purpose of the video isn't teaching relativistic physics, but as a future physics teacher I couldn't let this mistake go unnoticed.
Since you are going to be a physics teacher, can you promise to NEVER tell your students that there is no such thing as the centrifugal force and what "really" is happening is happening is there is a centripetal force?
For more information watch the nat geo series " genius" season 1.
Well, Einstein's view about QM my ultimately turn out to be right, but only with the cost that the speed of light may not be a limit for all types of happenings after all.
"Science can create all means but it depends on the nature of the goals for which they are used for .... The fate of humanity is entirely dependent on its moral devellopment." - Albert Einstein
Is this guy in scishow?😂
Yes. Hank and John both started Crash Course and Scishow at the same time. Hank still is a host on both. :)
- Nick J.
@@crashcourse oh... I just assumed he was shrodinhers Hank or something like that.
Hank the homework helper!!!!!
When you said Einstein "took up a professorship at Princeton", I think you meant - took up a professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
"It's not that I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with problems longer." - Albert Einstein
Technically Einstein was a professor at the Institute of Advanced Study, not Princeton University per se, although he did teach lectures there.
How did he figure all of this out, and how did it change everything so fast? Wasn't he pretty much a nobody in Europe when he published his thesises?
I like that quote about our tech advances being comparable to an axe in the hands of a psychopath. Very true.
Einstein foi FODA!
How about you do an episode on computers, like introducing Turing or Shannon? No mathematician got any love :( I think computers are more affecting our knowledge :D
I remember watching history on this channel like 5 years ago
Yes!!! back when it was a good channel
@@nafrost2787 Why isn't it good anymore?
I admit occasionally they do good shows, but most of the time they do shows that either bearly have anything to do with history or just revolve around the US which is the world's sole super power but com on the world is so much bigger than just the US.
For example in the show they did on climate change 99.9% of the show they looked soley on the USA.
@@nafrost2787 True, it is pretty US-centric. I think that this is because most of their audience is American, and the video's they make are used in American schools. It makes sense for them to cater to that demographic, but that does lead to less attention for things outside of the US.
This makes sense, but I am not an american, and for me this ultra focus on the US is a red line. what do you think?
Please keep going until the building of LHC
If i am not mistaken, Newton did think of light in form of absolute particles, he did a great deal of research in light with this assumption, so i am not sure when you said that the older world view of light was of wave nature only. Also if i remember correctly, people firmly believed in newton"s work on light(that is particulate nature) until Young's Interference experiment in 1801, which changed the view and shifted it towards wave nature.
PS- i like your content, but i am a huge Newton fan so..
This is true. Hank should probably be more specific. To be clear, what Einstein stated is that light is quantized and acts as a particle in certain situations. Einstein does not dispute the wave nature of light either
Hank probably means by "the older world view of light was of wave nature only" that it was the only or prevailing view when Einstein looked into it more deeply.
2:40 "the heat emited by dark objects when they absorve light"
Is this correct?
I might be wrong but isn't this description misleading? Since the heat emited itself is light, they are not necessarly dark and because the're other ways to get hot without absorving light?
Like the Sun, it's aproxmatly a "black-body", emiting heat trough mostly visible light, being not dark at all and having most of it's energy coming from nuclear reactions.
As Wikipédia defines:
"Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body)...."
Significant digit
"in the home of technological innovation and fat sandwiches, New Jersey" ...you're goddamn right it is!!
Part of the Mcihelson Morley Experiment was to answer the question regarding the existence of an ether. JJ Thomson, Marie Curie, Ernest Rutherford independently made discoveries regarding the particles from the atom and from the nucleus that made them the stars of the season in the field of Physics. Later the names of Becquerel, Hertz, Planck joined the list and soon after, Albert Einstein shook the world with his new theory regarding relativity.
Albert Einstein reinterpreted the inner workings of nature, the very essence of light, time, energy and gravity. His insights fundamentally changed the way we look at the universe and made him the most famous scientist of the 20th century.
He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, “for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”. Einstein spent the next few years traveling extensively, giving lectures around the world.
Consequently, he is the one who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. Through that his work is known for its influence on the philosophy of science.
Thus, his theory of special relativity says that time slows down or speeds up depending on how fast you move relative to something else. Approaching the speed of light, a person inside a spaceship would age much slower than his twin at home. Also, under Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity can bend time.
Albert Einstein being known for his famous theory about relativity, and that is the development of atomic power or the atomic bomb. Though there are also scientist who studied involved with atoms., Albert Einstein made his own name. It is great that in this video it states about Albert Einstein’s contributions.
Einstein's revolutionary works were commendable but I don't think it invalidates all the contributing scientist who worked so hard to prove their own theories. Perhaps, by the presence of these geniuses, Thomson, Bohr, Schrodinger, Rutherford, Heisnenberg and everyone trying to produced the very controversial, uncuttable particle, the atom. Research and knowledge making wouldn't be this exciting, it gives them thrill to learn more, to discover more, to create new ideas and share how did they come up with them. With Albert Einstein's most iconic and revolutionary Energy-Mass theorem which basically shrugged off all the existing ideas of previous scientist, another revolution happened which brought a major change in the history of science, Physics, Math and Chemistry in particular. I am deeply fascinated on his casuality, like a normal person who dreamt of bringing his idea came to life that even his nature, like being a jewish didn't stopped him from pushing through. Very awesome and he sounds like a hero in a way. I loved thia episode since I can relate to the topic being discussed but it made me open my eyes to the deeper reasons how does Einstein's Theory of Relativity worth to be named 'iconic'. In the last part, it was mentioned that Einstein also wanted to create science which people can make use of it in a moral way but it doesn't seem to happen that way, how ironic.
Einstein is i think the most popular scientist on this planet. Practically everyone know who he is. A brilliant, genius, amazing, extraordinary individual who contributed a lot to science. There are even songs about him. But only a few really know what his contributions are all about, and this video is a really good thing to introduce Einstein's work. I liked how Mr. Hank described his work: "he took what people thought was physics, turned it upside down, then turned it inside out." Einstein basically corrected the idea of time and space. Even when some people doubted his ideas, he never wavered and still held on to what he believed was correct which was really awesome and admirable. I actually aspire to have that kind of confidence.
Albert Einstein, I think he is the great scientist of all time, many peole knows him. He reinterpreted the inner workings of nature, the very essence of light, time, energy and gravity. His insights fundamentally changed the way we look at the universe and made him the most famous scientist of the 20th century. He has a lot of contributions that we could not deny, with him we know further more about things, but of course not only einstein there are also some scientist that push theirselves to discover more, through it their curiousity was dig up to drive in more discoveries.
Aahhh Interstellar, and thanks for the video
-Love Einstein
another nice one.
BTW it'd be nice if you can show a basic timeline of the events Hank is summarizing, maybe at the bottom of the screen, for us visual learners.
I love the efficiency of all your content though, because I can Rewind the teacher.
*_...Einstein was a crowd-pleaser: he made Special Relativity satisfactory for all kinds of physicists, those that wanted co-relativity at-or-despite the speed of light, those that wanted it dependent on emission, those that wanted it dependent on space itself-by introducing his special brand of 'assume-they-also-want-light-mustard with their spacetime'-except for those who wanted the mathematical-A truth..._*
I've my own episode and still my hero had to share with Leibniz? NO FAIR!!
Not that it changes anything, but Schrödinger was Austrian (which is German speaking).
It wasn't overnight in 1905 but a bit later after work by Minkowski that we got the beginning of 4-D ... spacetime.
Yeeeees I waited so long for this 😭😭😭😍❤️
Hey, where are the BROWN eye glasses? I like those better.
Watching this after Oppenheimer 😮
Einstein is the cloest person to a hero for me!!! Loved this episode
Why has Hank got camouflaged wrists in this episode ?
What wrists?
@@EvelynDayless His shirt has camouflaged cuffs
9:18 I don’t get this
You can either know a particles position or velocity. Where it's at or where it's moving. But not both. Because once a particle starts moving you can no longer definitely know it's exact position. What path did it take to travel? If it's stationary, well we can determine it's position in space, but not know it's momentum. Velocity of non moving objects is zero. Does that help?
@@MimiTachiwkawa Very wrong, sorry. Knowing position exactly does not mean "stationary", we measure position at a moment in time, it will change later. And stationary relative to what? There is no absolute reference frame in quantum mechanics. I don't know a good explanation of QM, but one example is firing a particle through a slit. The narrower, the more constrained the particle's position, but the more spread out is the momentum because of stronger diffraction.
I also want to thank the Patreons for making all of this possible. Thumbs up!
pretty much the only two good things about NJ, only one of which is still a thing :)
Aether
This guy is seriously well known. He will take over Einstein's popularity in 2025😆
I've begun to make animated history videos on my channel
I dont understand how this one guy knows so many topics.
Writers.
You do know that they make scripts for this, right? If not, then Now You Know...
💚 *quality content* 💚
"The economic anarchy of capitalism is the root of all evil." - Albert Einstein
HEY!!! new glasses!!!
Okay, I've been reluctant to ask this because I'm partially color blind, and so I know I don't see colors the way a normal person would. But I finally asked someone else to confirm it, and the portraits of 'Ernest Rutherford' and 'Niels Bohr' are seriously wrong. You've been doing this throughout the series, and I have to ask. WHY DO YOU DO THIS???
Tag yourself:
I'm the howling void.
Hank, where are your forearms? I can't see them.
Heisenberg gets pulled over by a policeman. The policeman says, “Sir, are you aware you were going 100 in an 80 zone?” Heisenberg replies, “Great! Now I don’t know where I am!”
In the heart of the singularity - The very laws of physics break down.
The just came
Go for maths course
Hank is the guvnor'
stephen hawking the greatest scientist after Einstein
Hi...
4:34 Einstein had a anus mirror bliss? I'd I had that, I'd never leave the house!
gregor mendel would have made a better reference point than charles darwin