PAPI LIGHTS How to use them? Explained by CAPTAIN JOE
Vložit
- čas přidán 1. 08. 2024
- ✈️WANT TO BECOME A PILOT?✈️ bit.ly/474j06T
📗📗📗GET MY NEW BOOK amzn.to/32TH4x7 📗📗📗
📸 INSTAGRAM FLYWITHCAPTAINJOE: goo.gl/TToDlg 📸
🌐MY WEBSITE: goo.gl/KGTSWK 🌐
🛒👕---► T-SHIRT SHOP goo.gl/Svrqmx ◄ --👕-🛒
📖👨 NEW FACEBOOK PAGE: goo.gl/heUKGb 👨📖
▼▼My FLIGHT-KIT I highly recommend for you guys▼▼
MY HEADSET: amzn.to/2CrTrzz
MY SUNGLASSES: amzn.to/2VY6FNo
MY PILOT BAG: amzn.to/2DiWKux
Company iPad: amzn.to/2W1zM2n
▼▼The VIDEO EQUIPMENT I use in my studio and outdoors▼▼
MY CAMERA: amzn.to/2T1VK3g
LIGHTING: amzn.to/2szSRv4
IN-FLIGHT RECORDINGS: amzn.to/2VY7A0g
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends and followers, welcome back to my channel and to a great video about visual aids for pilots. We´ll be looking at the PAPI lights, how they work, and especially how to use them whilst you´re on approach.
The PAPI is a light array positioned beside the runway. It normally consists of four equi-spaced light units color-coded to provide a visual indication of an aircraft's position relative to the designated glideslope for the runway. An abbreviated system consisting of two light units can be used for some categories of aircraft operations. The international standard for PAPI is published by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) in Aerodromes, Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Volume 1, Chapter 5. National regulations generally adopt the standards and recommended practices published by ICAO. An earlier glideslope indicator system, the visual approach slope indicator (VASI) is now obsolete and was deleted from Annex 14 in 1995. The VASI only provided guidance down to heights of 60 metres (200 ft) whereas PAPI provides guidance down to flare initiation (typically 15 metres, or 50 ft).
The PAPI is usually located on the left-hand side of the runway at right angles to the runway center line. The units are spaced 9 meters apart with the nearest unit 15 meters from the runway edge. A PAPI can, if required, be located on the right-hand side of the runway. At some locations PAPIs are installed on both sides of the runway but this level of provision is beyond the requirements of ICAO. The light characteristics of all light units are identical. In good visibility conditions the guidance information can be used at ranges up to 5 miles (8.0 km) by day and night. At night the light bars can be seen at ranges of at least 20 miles (32 km).
Each light unit consists of one or more light sources, red filters and lenses. Each light unit emits a high-intensity beam. The lower segment of the beam is red, and the upper part is white. The transition between the two colours must take place over an angle not greater than three minutes of arc. This characteristic makes the color change very conspicuous, a key feature of the PAPI signal. To form the PAPI guidance signal, the color transition boundaries of the four units are fixed at different angles. The lowest angle is used for the unit furthest from the runway, the highest for the unit nearest to the runway. The designated glideslope is midway between the second and third light unit settings. Depending on the position of the aircraft relative to the specified angle of approach, the lights will appear either red or white to the pilot. The pilot will have reached the normal glidepath (usually 3 degrees) when there is an equal number of red and white lights. If an aircraft is beneath the glidepath, red lights will outnumber white; if an aircraft is above the glidepath, more white lights are visible.
PAPI systems are readily available from airfield lighting manufacturers worldwide. PAPI is normally operated by air traffic control (ATC). If ATC services are not normally provided at an aerodrome, PAPI along with other airport lights may be activated by the pilot by keying the aircraft microphone with the aircraft's communication radio tuned to the CTAF or dedicated pilot controlled lighting (PCL) frequency.
Thank you very much for your time! I hope you enjoy this basic introduction video about the PAPI!
Wishing you all the best!
Your "Captain" Joe
Into Song:
Lounge • Ehrling - Lounge
Outro Song:
Joakim Karud & Dyalla - Wish you were here goo.gl/kJ9pef
ALL COPYRIGHTS TO THIS VIDEO ARE OWNED BY FLYWITHCAPTAINJOE.COM ANY COPYING OR ILLEGALLY DOWNLOADING AND PUBLISHING ON OTHER PLATFORMS WILL FOLLOW LEGAL CONSEQUENCES - Věda a technologie
![airport lighting - you must know [atc for you]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/-xM-Y245kUo/mqdefault.jpg)
“Red on red il be dead!” Just imagine reading that out loud and your ATC being like”whhhaat”
Even worse, with the crew/cabin microphone open!
Thank6 to captain Joe for providing valuable information and his sincere efforts r highly appreciable. Regards Engr Kamran j
Captain Joe really demonstrate in a very excellent way
What happens if suddenly the 'papi lughts don't work, and goes in dark?
3:15 - whenever in doubt use slew mode.
ToggleAviation lol
Lol
You mean in microsoft flight simulator
Literally just wanna be a pilot to press the PCL and light up the whole airport now.
Haha lol me too!
Me
It’s pretty sweet lighting up literally thousands of lights across over a mile of runway from 5000’. Get your pilot cert!
@@spencergeorge4941 Haha yes someday. Just got my part 107 drone cert so I got a little crash course in reading sectionals and weather haha
@@ablasttv Congrats on the 107! It's totally worth it, even if it's expensive.
i always was wondering why the ATC screamed at me when i was landing on simulators: "you're past the guidance limit, make a visual landing". Papi was the answer.
My home airport (CYNJ) has PAPI on one runway (01/19), but not the other (07/25). So we fly TLAR (That Looks About Right) approaches on runway 07/25.
Laura Halliday becuase some runways dont need them cuz it can be...
Laura Halliday : My home airport, Ottawa, On YOW, has ILS on Rwy 7 and 32, VASI on 25 and 14. When we have IfR, the wind is usually from the East or North
I lol'd at TLAR
Bram Moerman same here. Ottawa is typically very windy during these harsh winters aswell
Laura Halliday does the runway without the Papi have the ILS?
red on red
ill be dead
i have to give credit to whoever made that up
6:22 faros (φάρος) in Greek means lighthouse
in spanish means lighthouses
nice!
I knew I heard it somewhere!
The Pharos of Alexandria for example
"Do you know Captain Joe?"
"I'm a turbofan"
Dennis W why has nobody replied to this yet
Some additional stuff:
A few smaller airports have a so called APAPI (abbreviated PAPI) which consists of only two lamps.
Furthermore, the PAPI is replacing it's predecessor, the VASI (Visual Approach Slope Indicator), which consists of two sets of lamps (each of them has 3) and mainly works with the same principle as the PAPI. If the front set shows white and the set behind red, you're right. Twice white means too high and twice red too low. One disadvantage is that the combination of white and red easily turns to pink.
Greetings from Germany ;)
J. Stein great addition! There are many different lighting systems, and a lot definitely has to be proficient in all of them 👍🏻
What about MAMI? (Minimally Assisted Mountain Intercept)
*very intense math*
Was doing my homework and thought i could use Captain Joe's amazing videos for a break, and I saw 2:04
Hahah :)
Captain Joe omg you replied! I love your videos!
Eric x I don’t get it
FortniteFyn he did a lot of math there
Im 23 and being a pilot has been my dream since forever !! I’ve been following you for a while and even got a special note book to write down anything you post/teach . Like the wise man said , a good pilot is always learning !
Poppy is everywhere....
p a w p e a h
bruh its papi
Yes
Peanuts?
@@creepycreo9004 r/woosh
Notice me papi
I knew it! Someone would make this joke!
William the butchers son productions yes !
I knew it
If you're on approach it'll notice you xD (Also knew someone would make the joke)
Simpi is it really u
U make aviation much more simpler!! Thank you for putting so much efforts 🙂
The math kicks my ass i wanna be a pilot for commercial but im garbage at math dont even remember anything he just put out math wise.
Your videos are helping me realize just how awesome pilots are! You have to have soooo many things running through your heads at once. Full respect! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
Joe - I love your videos. I’m not a pilot, never will be, but I still love these. Your explanations are so good anyone can understand them - the mark of a great teacher.
Hey Joe. Just discovered your videos for a couple of weeks now, and I'm already into aviation for some time. Therefore, whenever I see a new video by you, I think, oh I know this already, too basic. But then I give it a shot, and so far always you managed to suprize me with new info or nice anectodes. Keep up the good work, captain. Cheers from MUN
Another great video Joe! Big part of aviation safety is looking outside, as I find too many pilots glued to the instruments, and aren’t using their eyeballs enough. Keep up the great work!
Who else wants 2 see Joe & Mentour in 1 video...both doing great job...
Hi Captain Joe,
I show some of your youtube videos in my classroom to inspire my students and they love to watch your videos so much. Thanks for making such a good thing for education.
A couple of decades of flight simming. Many real airplane trips around the world. A real passion for aviation. Countless hours of watching videos, but I only found out a couple of months ago that the lights didn't light up red or white because the PAPI would "track" (using a laser or something) the plane lined up. I had no idea "delectors or reflectors" were positioned in such a way that depending on where your eyesight was you would see red or white. You think you know, but you have no idea...
Interesting.. i have no experience in aviation whatsoever, yet I immediately thought about simple lighting and reflexion angles. Would never have thought about laser measurements at all.
Crazy how each person "sees" things so differently by nature
I have VFR flight experience in light aircraft and PAPI isn't even mentioned in the handbook we work from.
I vaguely know of it's existence, and I've seen it in simulators at times, but I've never seen it in reality.
Day VFR flying in general aviation circles wouldn't bother with it around here, I think.
We're trained to use the visual aspect of the runway itself to judge approaches, and you basically just pick a spot on the runway then make sure that this spot doesn't 'move'.
If it stays in the same place visually, you're on course to hit exactly that location.
Of course, I swear my instructor once did a 40 degree approach. Probably my imagination, but it felt really steep. So, even if it's not that crazy I would say you can get away with a lot in an aircraft that can land at steep angles.
Especially when you can officially land in 50 metres yet have a 1400 metre runway to work with...
as a mechatronics student i was thinking the same thing... a simple radar detecting the aircraft, two color bulbs/LEDs in 4 lights each having different treshold for lighting white/red. No moving parts but it needs a computer/microcontroller and that can fail.
but its just clever lenses and some colored glass! how do people come up with such simple and effective stuff?
Every time I see a 747 I instantly think of Joe ;-) Keep it up!
You are wrong: His favourite is A320
He now flies a 747, but he did use to fly in an A320. I guess he keeps using it for reference because of his experience with it.
Learned something new today PAPI, PCL, AND FARO ..thanks Captain Joe!
I had been in Aramco and had chance for directly hands on experience for papi lights setting with senior technicians. Thanks this renewed my experience.
I believe it's 7 clicks on the mic to turn on the lights, and 7 after for high intensity, 5 for medium and 3 for low intensity.
3 for low, 5 for medium, 7 to ruin your night vision. :)
How many clicks to momentarily activate the sprinklers in front of the lights to scare off any pesky birds blocking them...? ;)
7 is good when you're 10nm out and want to see the airport. It won't ruin your night vision that far out.
Night vision is for dummies. Just leave the airport dark. Ask the jet fighters that have to land on aircraft carriers in stealth mode. The ship has every light possible turned off. So they have to fight to find the white trail that the ship leaves on the sea. and estimate the height of the ship as they have already seen it in the day..
PCL will stay on for 15 mins after activation also😀
papi logic;
4 red you're dead
4 white still sky high
Ive heard it as 4 red, you're dead...4 white, out of sight.
white on white you'll fly all night
I think these are all good ways of saying it
papi logic cessna 337: 4 white you're good, any less dump the flaps and mash the throttle
Red over white. You’re alright.
Red over red. You’re dead.
Capita Joe, together with ROD Machado are by far the best teachers to explain aviation. They have a gift!
Your presentation was brief and clear.....thank so much Capt Joe.
Love it! Another great video from The Captain.
I wonder if he commentated on the idiot from Seattle.
You didn't mention the older VASI system that I grew up with and how it works in comparison.
We got the opportunity to pour new concrete pads a couple of years ago to replace the PAPI lights at one of the Air Force Bases here in town, I always wondered how they worked , Thanks Capt. Joe!
I've never had any interest in aviation, but stumbled on your video on black boxes, and have been hooked on all your videos for the past few days. Interesting stuff, now I want to get a flight simulator program. Thanks.
As informative as ever!
Fabulous video once again Cap'n Joe - as a GA puddle jumper I love a PAPI, and learned something new about B747's and Concorde - thanks for yet another great video...all the best - TMF
Andy, I keep finding you everywhere! hahaha
@@AGMTB. I get around....
@@TheMissendenFlyer 😂😂😂
i always find your video very informative and not boring. i finish them watching without fast forwarding. I came across on another account which also tackles some avaition related topic, it was a 15min long video and on to the 3rd minute i closed it. He doesn't seem to know a lot what he's discussing as there is always a dead air.
Very cool thank you! I am not a pilot I just love watching CZcams cockpit videos and I’ve often wondered how these lights worked.
Every time you come up with something new, I think "who came up with these amazing tools?!". I also think "Thank God I don't have to learn all this!". Great video, Joe!
Callie Masters there is most definitely a lot pilots have to learn, that’s for sure!
7:33 Did anyone else think of that "droop snoot" meme xDDD
Yes
"Since pilots couldn't see out of the plane during angled landing, engineers put together a solution."
"The Concorde featured a droop snoot."
"Droop snoot?"
"The snoot would droop."
"The snoot drooped."
Thank you, have wanted that question answered for years!
You have a wonderful ability to explain complex concepts so even I can understand them and more importantly retain the information, all while keeping it interesting.
Also used on naval aircraft carriers. An optical landing system (OLS) (nicknamed "meatball" or simply, "Ball") is used to give glidepath information to pilots in the terminal phase of landing on an aircraft carrier. ... The OLS was developed after World War II and was deployed on U.S. Navy carriers from 1955.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but didn't the development of the meatball start during ww2? I think the idea of the meatball and on how it worked was thought of by a British guy.
The first OLS was the mirror landing aid, one of several British inventions made after the Second World War revolutionising the design of aircraft carriers. The others were the steam catapult and the angled flight deck. The Mirror Landing Aid was invented by Nicholas Goodhart.[2] It was tested on the carriers HMS Illustrious and HMS Indomitable before being introduced on British carriers in 1954 and on US carriers in 1955.
Just that aircraft carrier OLS have more gradations for better glideslope precision and can convey more information than PAPI. Which makes sense, given how much more precise a carrier landing has to be compared to a civilian landing.
Indeed, and as most naval aviators will say. it's basically a controlled crash landing. hitting the deck with full thrust on in case they miss the arrestor cable and have to do a touch and go.
Roger ball!
you have a great accent and a really great view of life and seem like a really nice guy , love the vids!
and never stop laughing man!!
THanks Jared!
It's always a pleasure to look at your videos. They're very informative. Thanks Captain Joe
I love watching your videos after coming home from school :)
Ich dachte immer das wären 4 Lichter die die Farbe ändern können aber dass es SO funktioniert hätte ich mir nicht gedacht! Ist aber sehr praktisch denn es funktioniert einfach immer.
Oh, ein Deutscher
Oh, ein Deutscher
Oh, ein Deutscher
I miss the ATC in the intro, blended so well with the music
It´s coming back :)
Awesome!
Back in the 70's when I was learning for my PP license. the 2000' x 50' airstrip I flew out of had a Simple VASI. It was 3 4'x8' plywood sheets painted Flourescent Orange nailed to posts stuck in the ground. Worked OK for me!
At the little airport I learned to fly at in western NC, (Back in the stone ages of the early 90's, no glass cockpit, no gps, just steam gauges...), we had exactly 0 visual aids for landing. You could turn on the runway lights by clicking the mic, but that was it. The airport was in between 2 cities out in the country and it was really cool to see all those lights appear out of nowhere on a dark night :-) My instructor told me to be very leery of a piece of sky with no lights as it was likely a mountain... ;-) Excellent video as usual Capt Joe :-)
Red on Red, i´ll be dead, could be a cool slogan for Deadpool.
All white, fly all night, all red you're dead.
2:12 In English Tangent functions are pronounced Tan-Gent Tan as in getting a tan and gent as in the beginning of gentlemen.
Not to be rude or arrogant, just trying to help since you're German and probably learned math in German.
I noticed it too, but I wasn't going to bring it up. Same with algebra, it has a soft g, but we knew what he meant.
A noun can be pronounced any way. "Grammar 101". So, technically you're wrong.
And it doesn't matter how tangent is spelled. What matters most is the trigonometric calculation he taught.
Just like many other English words, many people pronounce them differently.
Yes, many words can be pronounced many ways, the difference here is that I thought he was talking about a different equation at first since his pronunciation was so far away from from the correct/commonly used pronunciation. Also, the Nouns can be pronounced any way rule only applies to proper nouns(and even then you should be careful) making it irrelevant to the conversation.
Thanks!
I still remember my first official hours behind the yoke on a Cessna, flying from Daytona Intl. to Flagler airport at nighttime. That’s an uncontrolled airport at night, and I remember my instructor telling me how to turn on, as well as adjust the brightness level of the runway lighting. What a thrilling feeling it was to do my first ever nighttime landing at Flagler, followed by a good meal at the airport restaurant.
Thanks Joe for explaining the PAPI now I understand what does PAPI do for my after school activities SYFC
Well that's cool!
"Faros" means lighthouse in Greek :D
How apt
In Portuguese: Farol btw.
Hello, Love from Canada student pilot 😍😍😍
This is the absolutely best channel on CZcams! You are the greatsest, Captain Joe! Keep up!
Très clair, bravo et merci!
Hey JOE :D I've already sent you an email. But I'll ask here again:
Could there be consequences in flight traffic when the UK leaves the EU?
I saw a cargolux 747 (might of been you) it made my week
Is 747 is the plane he now flying?
Yes
SQUIDWARD TENTACLES yes
@@aviakey7659 why he not posting vid flying 747 it will be great! Thanks
SQUIDWARD TENTACLES your welcome but I don’t know
Loved this video, I have a small airport near me and always wondered what those lights were.
I've wondered for YEARS what those lights are for. I've watched dozens of your videos now Joe, so, "Let's get started" on me subscribing right now!
Hey there Joe, I was landing in Montréal once from Geneva and as we were taxiing to our gate in Montreal, a cabin crew member made an announcement and told us we had to close the window blinds because it was very hot weather in Montreal and they said it was to save the environment, I told this story to a few people and no one knew how it saved the environment. Also, on another flight, a flight attendant told us to close the window blinds as it was getting dark, once again, I told this story and no one knew why.
I guess window blinds on a plane are just a mystery
Good news that you're flying the cagolux 747s, all the best.
Sun rays entering the cabin/room heat up it. So probably the pilots turned off air conditioning and that was saving the environment.
Evan Halle maybe closing the blinds prevents heat from entering the cabin and they wanted to shut down the air conditioning?
And for night I believe it’s in case of an emergency evacuation. That way your eyes are used to the dark and can see better
Demethus regarding the second paragraph no, no and no. For an emergency all the blinders should be open because the cabin crew must be able to see out (flames) and also the rescuers want to see inside. For possible emergency during approach and landings cabin lights are dimmed so people can adapt their eyes in case of any emergency.
People fall asleep on long haul flights at night with their windows open. Then when the sun starts to rise it wakes people up. Then people get up to use the restroom making more noise in the cabin, waking more folks up. I ask passengers to lower or dim their shades to prevent that.
Although on the dreamliner you can do that from the Cabin Services System and dim the windows in the entire cabin using one interface.
An aircraft cabin is like a greenhouse, where the sun's radiation enters through the windows and heats up the interior. By closing the blinds, insolation is considerably reduced, which allows us to switch off one of the two air conditioning units (or 'packs' as we call them). That in turn reduces fuel burn, and that's what reduces the environmental impact.
Fixed wing problems...😂
By the way, the Brilliant app is brilliant! I've had it for quite some time and try to spend about 20 minutes a day on it.
I work in an office building across from the San Jose International Airport and regularly enjoy the straight-on view of the tarmac from the 10th floor and above. I've always observed the PAPI lights and really enjoy having that extra bit of knowledge about how they work! Just for reference, from my vantage point, the PAPI lights are RED ON RED!
really cool video. I'm from Mumbai ATC and I have many times got confused why some pilots report 2R2W while some report 1R3W now it is clear. Thanks captain Joe
Dear Captain Joe, Just a detail regarding English pronunciation: both "tangent" and "algebra" use. a soft "g", as in "gentle"; this characteristically interesting video uses both terms, albeit only once for "algebra", but the detail is audible. You're doing a great job: keep up the good work!
Yeah, that hard G made me wonder what he was saying.
I thought he'd lost me completely with some new math thing I'd never heard of.
Unsolicited lectoring is both patronizing and usually unwelcome. It feels EXACTLY as you're feeling now.
@@tabaks his comment is fine, calm down
@@tabaks He is simply correcting his pronunciation. Neither of them did anything wrong.
Speaking of which.. I saw in a video a while back that Joe said that he grew up in England, but his accent seems a bit off. Can anyone enlighten me?
Lol, to bad they didnt have PAPI in WW2. Playing the WW2 flight sim IL2, a PAPI woulda helped me land. My early days in that game resulted in alot of to high, to fast, and bouncing my fighters down the run way until I usually flipped it over.
Another informative video. I really enjoyed the part when you mentioned when in Florida during VFR flight. I agree it is indeed cool using PCL and seeing the runway magically appear.
I love to listen to Captain 👨✈️ Joe🙏
Lit papi
Sir Joe after two more weeks I will be on the left seat as a co pilot
Love from INDIA
Trilokinath Singh dont the co pilots sit in the right seat? That is of course unless the pilots let you sit on their laps. Or in a game of musical chairs. Lol
the fact that you didn't know the difference between pilot and co pilot seat worrying me..
@@9gagyt121 well... India
Really explained in a wunderful way - and again with excellent graphics and animations. Many thanks! Your videos are a perfect preparation before my first simulator flight in Airbus A320, a dream which fulfilled at the old age of 62 !
Wonderful lesson ! Thanks.
I fly the Boeing 727 as a pilot! Hey Joe how far off the ground do you flare for landing? Sorry if i spelt it wrong
Should that not depend on load and be in the manual?
the papi lights just show you if you are high or not, easy
Great info, and well done. I am a corporate pilot in the US and enjoy learning or relearning. Good job, cheerio!!
Great video, thank you!
I remember listening to a pilot-comedian years ago who said that "if the Approach Path lights are showing green you're in big trouble as they're shining through the airport grass!!"
How do pilots know what vertices speed to have once your on the glideslope?
If you have the wrong vertical speed, you won't be on the glideslope for long.
But you're more likely to go off a descent angle than a vertical speed.
That's why it's say, a 3 degree glideslope, and not a 500 feet/minute glideslope.
What do you call it when you get some orange Tang from the fridge?
Tang get.
I didn't know about PCL. You are right that is so cool!
Cpt. Joe, that is fantastic. I love your videos. You know how to explain every detail making your video very interesting. I am not a pilot but I am a very enthusiast for the technology of the airplane. Watching your videos it become more interesting yet.
Thanks for posting.
What if someone forgets and says,'White on White I am alright'😂
Then you will touch down farther along the runway than you might like and may have difficulty stopping before you run off the end.
Only once/twice.
Red on white WFT did I do
Wow dude. You have some incredible talent to teach us this so well! Thanks
Thank you so much for explain capt! i have presentation Annex 14 about the lights, and that's really help me to understand.
2:28 my head is blown by the amount of math in that 😶🤯
7:40 Angry jumbo noises and angry concorde noises
Another great video Joe! I always learn so much!
Thank you Captain Joe for this amazing video
HAHA So funny😂(PAPI), can you make a video speaking spanish or trying it please?
xd lool
When he said "White on White, check your height" i immediately thought of "Red on Red, youre almost dead", but the real on is 10x better haha
Allmost dead when 3 are red. Or your flying a 747. When you got 4 red there your extra dead
mammutMK2 😂😂
Thank you very much, Captain Joe.
Whale oil beef hooked, you learn something new everyday. Thanks Cap'n
How is it with A380
It's 2 reds and 2 whites because their sitting height from the antenna receiver is much closer compared to the 747.
Joe: just a quick calculation * inserts Einsteins equation, also rember "red on white I'm all right"
May I say how much I prefer your introduction to those of other presenters. "Dear friends and followers- welcome back to my channel". I find it much more welcoming and personable than so many others, with their louche and uninviting "hey whats up guys", but still without being long and obsequious. Thanks!
I'm always so hyped for your vids! I love your channel!
Red on Red, I'll be dead...
O_o my math brain defeated by captain joe
Brilliant! Thank you so much for your work 🙂
Thanks this was super helpful!