How Anthrax Changed Infectious Disease
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- čas přidán 1. 06. 2024
- In this video, Patrick Kelly guides you through the microbiology of anthrax disease before telling the story of Robert Koch, whose research on anthrax helped establish the germ theory of disease, a cornerstone of microbiology. Learn how early discoveries paved the way for modern antibiotics and revolutionized our approach to infectious diseases. Whether you're a microbiology enthusiast or just curious about medical history, this video offers a comprehensive overview of anthrax from its origins to contemporary treatment methods.
☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️
🔗 L I N K S 🔗
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An annotated version of the script can be found here: / 104362006
CDC History of Anthrax www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/an...
Human Anthrax: Update of the Diagnosis and Treatment (2023)
www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/6/1056
Biostats Anthrax articles www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB...
Baylor Anthrax article www.bcm.edu/departments/molec...
CDC Anthrax routes www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/ty...
Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin (2016) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Anthrax: A Disease and a Weapon (2005) citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/documen...
Fournier 1769 book www.google.com/books/edition/...
Koch’s Original 1876 paper archive.org/details/beitrgezu...
Koch’s 1877 paper with first anthrax images
archive.org/details/beitrgezu...
Pouilly le Fort Experiment (FR 1881 / ENG 2002) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Robert Koch and the ‘golden age’ of bacteriology (2009) www.ijidonline.com/article/S1...
The first live attenuated vaccines (2020) www.nature.com/articles/d4285...
Anthrax vaccines at the PI (2024) www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/2/66
Anthrax and the wool trade (1902) www.researchgate.net/publicat...
John Henry Bell (2002) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Brachman Vaccine Paper (1962) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Combinations of Monoclonal Antibodies to Anthrax Toxin (2013) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Raxibacumab approval from FDA www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsa...
Obiltoxaximab (2016) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27085...
Anthim (obiltoxiaximab) anthim.com/what-is-anthim.html
Antibodies against Anthrax Toxins (2022) www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/172
💻 C O N T A C T 💻
I am not taking sponsorship offers at this time: patkellyteaches [at] gmail.com
⌛T I M E S T A M P S ⌛
0:00 intro
0:57 Microbiology of Anthrax Disease
4:27 Early History of Anthrax
6:28 Nicolas Fournier
8:15 Davaine and Rayer find bacillus anthracis
10:10 Robert Koch's work on anthrax
18:37 Modern treatments for anthrax
14:56 Louis Pasteur, Pouilley-le-Fort, and the anthrax vaccine
#historyofmedicine #medicalhistory
Check out part 2 about anthrax's role as a bioweapon on Patreon: www.patreon.com/posts/104341246/
Anthrax is one of few infectious diseases that my first reaction to is “that’s not fair” like Ebola it infects your immune cells not fair
oh man, my favorite youtuber just dropped a video on anthrax. my mom was a nurse at a rural health department a few years after this happened and she had an obsession with anthrax (as well as ebola, go figure) so this just reminds me of my childhood lmao
Your mom shares her focus with the protagonist of this video! Koch might not have done his work on anthrax if it weren’t for his rural setting
I was eight years old in 2001 and my mom was a postal worker. I was so afraid of her getting an anthrax envelope, but she helped me research it and figure out how she could avoid getting sick. You make amazing work that helps us all understand the world a bit better. Thank you!
showing how you annotate the papers helps a lot in retaining the information. smart thing to do and effective.
I'm glad you appreciate it! I mostly do it so that people know where the information comes from and can follow up if they're curious
Underrated channel. You’re an incredible teacher!
I appreciate that! Plenty more videos coming this summer
holy smokes!! i live in bradford england. wasnt expecting to hear my literal street name in this lol. shout out manchester road! been nasty for 100s of years haha thats gotta be a record :')
Ayyyy small world! Shoutout to the wool mills of Bradford
@@PatKellyTeaches i know right?? gotta love it :) never thought id hear you say that but ill take it on behalf of Bradford haha! thanks for the great video, you have a wonderful way of communicating things i have no business understanding lol.
Lots of love!!
Oh snap, not too far from where my mum lives 😂
When I read this I thought you meant “street name” like a rapper name
My mom is a principal. We live in Napa valley. Back when anthrax was going on she got an envelope addressed to her as school with a bunch of white powder in it. It was supposed to look like anthrax but wasn't. Still wasn't funny to learn my mom was possibly infected with the deadly disease and then only learning you know a few minutes later well wait no it's just a joke.
In the Patreon video, I looked into the anthrax pranks, but never realized how many there were. Over the course of like 3 months, the CDC had literally thousands of false alarms from the pranks
I have never been one to be interested in diseases/biology, but I love these videos! Keep up the great work sir.
Thank you!
“…needs spore cowbell…”
ಠ_ಠ
thraxadelic baby!
Can you make a video on MUSCLE RELAXANTS ?
Starting from Curare to the modern day. Its very fascinating
Oooh, I haven’t done muscle relaxers specifically, but I did mention them in my recent video about antihistamines. TLDR, the invention of Benadryl was kickstarted by a search for a better antispasmodic
@@PatKellyTeaches Antispasmodics and Muscle Relaxants are entirely different
Antispasmodics are mainly used for pain relief. Muscle Relaxants are used for surgeries & emergency procedures
I just discovered your channel within the last week and have been bingeing ever since. This is the single best informative channel I have ever seen. I've learned so much about the history of medicine! Thank you! Thank you for all your work. Subscribed and joined Patreon. Your work is well worth supporting.
Such kind words, thank you so much for commenting. And of course, thank you for supporting on Patreon 🎉🎉
@@PatKellyTeachesYou're very welcome!
Will be imagining the metal band instead of the disease whenever possible in the scripting
I never found it weird enough to look into, I've always felt like anthrax is held in a different sort of regard, compared to other infectious threats.
Totally. I think the early 2000’s terror threat definitely elevated everyone’s anthrax anxieties
@@PatKellyTeachesI think whatever got chosen for the attacks would've gained infamy, but after watching, I know why anthrax was chosen.
It's also just one of those diseases that sounds terrifying even though you know you're at no risk of catching it.
Only just found your channel. Thanks for the dive into a fascinating topic! (And kudos to pronouncing all those long drug names lol.)
And thank YOU for the Super Thanks! Neither of those monoclonal antibody pronunciations were first try, I’ll tell ya that!
As someone with just a passive interest in this kind of stuff I almost clicked off when I heard you outline what this video would cover. I decided to keep watching and I’m really glad I did! You presented this in a way that was super interesting for someone that doesn’t have a reason to know this stuff. Lol. I really enjoyed learning about what it must have been like for those 18th and 19th century scientists. That must have been such an exciting time.
That release of anthrax in the USSR when that biological warfare plant leaked was so gnarly....imagine going from "oh, there's a few bacilli in that blood sample" to "OK, five thousand gallon culture tank number three is ready to harvest!"...and then that fateful day when a small fire in the drying plant spread and then breached the walls...
Come back to watch this again and I must say: you genuinely are one of the best teachers on CZcams. people like Hank and John green have always held the title as best but you really do come close if not exceed them both!
Thanks for sharing with us:)
AHHHH I cannot believe you did one on Anthrax! You have become my new favorite medical YTer (I binged watched your videos within 2 days) and I love this discussion. TYYYY!
A guy I know who I guess do to joining the military back in the day had to get the anthrax vaccine
He said it still kicked his ass
In this case it was actually his immune system making him sick (though really that's always the case), though that's a good thing it means his immune system reacted strongly to the percieved threat. How everyone's immune system reacts to different potential threats varies enormously since our immune systems are one of the things that vary the most between people, like I didn't feel anything from the Covid-19 mRNA vaccine but my sibling and dad got quite sick.
Why would John Joseph try chemicals before heat? Was chemical attenuation just more popular in France?
Good question. Both Pasteur and Touissant were French, and both were some of the first to intentionally attenuate a germ for a vaccine, so I don't know if we can answer the popularity question
Might just be about previous experience, Joseph might have had more experience with chemistry so that's what came to his mind first while Pasteur is obviously famous for his working using heat.
the cowbell is what we call an "apex instrument"
Up there with the kazoo and vuvuzela
Interesting....🤔 Thank you for the information and keep it up!
I love the new bump in production value with all the paper effects!
Glad you liked them! Truth be told, they’re easier than animations, so I may use them in the future
Yes! So happy to see another video from you. One of my favorite channels on CZcams by far. I always enjoy your deep dives, explanations, and graphics. :)
Great stuff, as always!
3:11 In Chinese we call it 炭疽 (tan4 jü1), which literally means “coal gangrene”.
That’s so interesting. I love when the etymologies share so much in common
Very interesting!
15:05 I'm a disease biologist, and was absentmindedly listening (not watching) when you mentioned Avian cholera and attenuation of the cholera bacteria. I immediately came to comment about the etiology of avian cholera (Pasteurella) vs human cholera (Vibrio), and was SO pleased to see that you beat me to the punch! I appreciate how well-researched this video is, and the order in which you presented the information is pretty much exactly beat-for-beat what I would have done myself. What a treat!
Thank you for such a nice comment! Admittedly, when I was younger, I assumed that the same pathogen caused cholera in both chickens and humans.
Scientific principles are so much easier to understand when explained in a historical/developmental context. Much extra work for the teacher. Your description of the subject matter is clear and understandable. I wonder if your students realize how lucky they are.
Great stuff Big Dog, thanks for sharing
It's such a treat when you upload. One of my favorite informational channels out there. I thoroughly appreciate the research you put in and the depth you explore!
Btw, coming from a pharmacist, we hate pronouncing some of those mabs as well :P
Love your videos dude. Keep it up!
great video!
The envelopes were always funny, every single one we got at our unit back in the day had a perfectly white powder in it.
Sure, send "anthrax" letters to a CBRNe unit. Fun fact: Powderized Anthrax spores aren't white, they're more beige. Pure white is not anthrax.
As for what it was: Mostly flour or baking soda, and one knucklehead sent us powdered sugar, which of course arrived quite damp.
your talent for teaching and production level are insane. the fact that i can’t pay for any international purchases and therefore am unable to subscribe to your patreon physically pains me and you’re the only creator i can say that about. can’t wait for new videos.
I do not have the expertise necessary to declare the veracity of what is presented here. That said, I am impressed with the focused and 'no frills' presentation. Thank you, sir. I subscribed.
I appreciate that! I take the veracity very seriously and include all my sources in the description of the video. There's also an annotated script linked on Patreon (not behind a paywall) where you can find a line-by-line fact checked copy of the script.
Thanks!
Koch's life is what got me into reading biographies. I was reading up about the history of vaccines and the snippets of his life discussed in there, were so interesting, I picked up a biography of Koch. He was such an interesting man!
It’s amazing how far we’ve come!
Thank for history and story about experimenting
Always interesting
Didn't know a single thing about this topic. Thanks bro.
My pleasure. The stories are so fascinating and I'm stoked people like them
i have a really weird intense obsession with anthrax (likely a product of morbid fascination) so seeing this in my recommended absolutely made my night
The moment I’ve seen the pole on the first antrax vaccine my day was made. Most underrated CZcamsr I know
3rd time watching it 🙈 still not bored thanks Patrick
Thank you!
We recently discovered your channel. It is very interesting. Actually fascinating. Curious what your background is.
0:32 that 1800s lady be like: dafuq is this shit??
Exactly. It’s a famous old illustration called « Monster Soup », in reference to a filthy River Thames in London
Ok..... I'm making a German Anthrax cover band.........
SPLEEN FIRE!
MILZBRAND!
@@PatKellyTeaches I think that will be our own band brand beer! Lol
I recently discovered your channel. Excellent ! How about a video about monoclonal antibodies. I was a biochem post-doc during the seventies when the first monoclonal antibodies were developed . There was a lot of hype about their medical treatment possibilities then. However, it took decades to develop. Why ? Now, I see monoclonal antibody treatments everywhere.
I've gotten a few requests for MCAs lately! They're on the list
Miltbrandt is more like “Spleen burn” than “Spleen fire”, like if you have a burning throat. It sounds less like a deadly infection and more like an annoying cough.
Cool, now do a video on crisper and gain of function, back in 2012 it was hailed as the future of vacation, from cancer targeting diseases to mass production of rare materials/proteins, but I don't see very many videos talking about it as often, 2019-2021 most videos where immediately flagged and buried when they start sighting certain sources.
Great video as always 🙌 However, unrelated, where did you get that blue camp collar shirt? 😬
Thank you! Just about all the clothes I own, including that shirt, are from @jcrew
these days
Because I was a kid in the 70’s and we got the rise of UHF TV, when I hear “anthrax” I think of the 1947 Ronald Reagan movie “Stallion Road,” which is mostly about anthrax. They knew what audiences wanted back then!
Holy shit the level of spite writing he died due to his negligent employer... what a fucking king. Did for workers rights what all of us think we're gonna do to stick it to them in the shower lol
Does your anthrax as a bioweapon talk about the US dropping anthrax coated chicken feathers and sea shells during the Korean War? That gets forgotten by a lot of people. The US has done many things like that all over the world.
Your videos have been better than my med school professors at teaching me about the history of medicine and epidemiology lol
That reminds me, as someone who unfortunately has multiple autoimmune diseases, do you ever plan to make a video on monoclonal antibodies? It feels like they "came out of nowhere" (To a layman obviously) within the last few decades and have absolutely EXPLODED as a method for treating all sorts of stuff. Everything is a -mab these days!
I do! My next series is about blockbuster drugs like Lipitor, Prozac, and Ozempic, and I'll go into the history of MCAs during the rituximab story
@@PatKellyTeaches Since I am starting Risankizumab whenever the infusion center gets back to me, I appreciate it! Can't wait.
when is Nebula gonna add patrick kelly?!! genuinely surprised he isn't with them yet!
A couple folks have commented this recently! I like Nebula and am friends with a bunch of their creators. If you’re a Nebula subscriber and want to see me over there, send them feedback and let’s make it happen!
@@PatKellyTeaches I reached out to them and they let me know that they typically expand via recommendations from creators already on the platform. If you have any youtuber friends who are on Nebula it may be worth reaching out to them and letting them know you are interested in joining!
@@PatKellyTeaches i reached out to Nebula and they said they add creators based on recommendations from the creators already on nebula, so if you have any friends or people you know on there you could reach out to them and let them know you're interested!
@@PatKellyTeaches I contacted the folks at Nebula and they said they expand their creator base through recommendations by creators already on Nebula! So if you have any people you know who are on Nebula or in a similar sphere (i.e. Chubbyemu) it might be worth letting them know you are interested!
I contacted the folks at Nebula and they said they expand their creator base through recommendations by creators already on Nebula! So if you have any people you know who are on Nebula or in a similar sphere (i.e. Chubbyemu) it might be worth letting them know you are interested!
I cant afford patron im being helped from homelessness by a friend to get back on my feet. Will the 2nd video be uploaded to CZcams?
Come to Nebula :)
I get this comment every now and then and always appreciate it. I’ve got mad respect for the Nebula creators and admire what they’ve created. If you’re a subscriber and you’d like to see my videos over there, send them an email!
Is this the kind of video that if yoy watch more than once you never get to see the light of day again?
Oh man. I was just reading that Hernan Cortez died of Dropsy. Lots of people did back then. I guess, at the time, they really thought Dropsy was its own illness, rather that pulmonary edema with complex causes. Did he die of anthrax infection? We just can't know that right now. It sort of makes you wonder what we're mistaking as one disease that's actually a symptom with complex causes.
Can you put your second video on Nebula? I think you'd do well there.
I admire the folks over at Nebula! If you're a subscriber and want to see my stuff over there, email them and let them know!
@@PatKellyTeaches done!
"They eliminated the workers who already contracted the disease." 22:52 This is some The Walking Dead // Resident evil stuff right there...
I got at least 3 doses of the anthrax vaccine when I was in the military
Oh shizz, Bradford gets a shout out in an anthrax video.. it's where I'm from lol
I thought using the envelope as a literary device to outline the subject matter and generate interest was very good.
Thank you! I wanted to try something new that wasn't my routine computer animations.
First thing I wonder when I hear “anthrax” is how naughty Zoot and Dingo actually were.
Kinda surprised that the animals didn't die when injected with a foreign blood, regardless of containing the bacteria or not
Is there an explanation for that??
Man I love my Milzbrand
There was a band?!
9:05 did he know about sheep blood types?
We need more vaccine effectiveness spectacles
YESSSSS
Spores? Didn't know that was a thing.
A NEW VIDEO!!! F+$k YES! I'm about to sit in a corner at work and risk getting fired for the next 26:26 to get this in my brain. Lol
Trivia tidbit - The powder form of Anthrax was produced by the company best known for creating viagra. Armament treaties with Russia resulted in Russian scientists inspecting two of their facilities in 1994: the Vigo Chemical Plant in Indiana where bioweapons were manufactured, and their main research center in Groton Connecticut
To translate the German word "Milzbrand" as "spleen fire" is somekind of misleading. A better literal translation would be "spleen inflammation".
There is also the German "Gasbrand" - which is gas gangrene in English, a serious inflammation of soft tissue, the word is composed with the same logical concept.
As the spleen is heavily engaged in the immune defence of the body it maybe turned nearly black "burned" in an autopsie of an animal or person who died of Anthrax.
until not too long ago, i assumed anthrax was a chemical weapon, not a bio weapon…
The band?
Mhmm, big time American metal band
Me: "anthrax the unicorn from Shrek supersmash..."
Oh, ok, anthrax, not Anthrax. I was thinking they’re probably not the first 80’s metal band to change infectious disease.
Joey Belladonna did so, so much for society, but discover a pathogen was not one of them
Id love to see a collab between you and Joe Scott. I think you guys would have great synergy.
Also, rock paper scissors to figure out who's the Walmart version of who.
Joe is a great creator. I'd be thrilled to make something with him.
GREAT HIGH SCHOOL COURSE
I thought anthrax was a poison until today 💀
Crocodiles are immune. When the water levels get low in Africa the spores infect hippos and the crocs have a feast on the hippos and the anthrax no problem.
4:29 boooooo that was terrible 😂
More like it was udderly terrible amirite?!
A little German joke: Wie bekommt man am schnellsten Milzbrand? Mit einem Anthrax-Formular!
Approx. 12:00 Poor rabbit
Thousands of people die from Anthrax 🙁
Injects some into a rabbit's eye 😭
✍️ …create … band … Spleenfire.
Oh and whatever you do don’t Google image “Fournier’s gangrene” Urologist’s know him for that.
I’ll wait while you don’t Google….
I told you not too 😮
Different Fournier actually! Nicolas Fournier came before the gangrene Fournier: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Alfred_Fournier
🧫
Everythings interesting deluxe but how the fuck did he come up with the idea to inject some shit in a rabbits eye? Thats just despicable
Bacillus anthracis. Not anthraxis. Anthracis.
he says anthracis correctly more than once so probably just an oversight occasionally
Hmm, I think I only ever referred to it as Bacillus anthracis in the video, but maybe I misspelled it somewhere. Can you please give a timestamp of any times where I used anthraxis?
Splice & Dice- it’s not good to C.E.R.N. mother nature
18:55 'contracted through the handling of some *foreign* wools...'
the ol' English passtime of idiotic xenophobia. it's funny that they were so obsessed with stealing everything outside of their island...
Ahh yes the English, about 10% as xenophobic as the Chinese and 5% as colonizing as the Arabs!
Just sayin;)
Tbf I think in this case they just mean wool that didn't come from the factory's supplier.
I'm calling BS on your demonization claim. Patiently false. Not everybody can afford to buy into your Patreon. Take a page out of other successful CZcams channels books and encourage donations rather than mandating them in exchange for your complete catalogue.
I appreciate your honest comment. It sucks hearing that I've disappointed some folks by making a video for my Patreon supporters, but I understand the frustration. To reiterate what I commented on another comment, I put the occasional video behind a paywall so that I don’t have to do sponsorships, but I'd never put all my content behind a paywall. I've got some generous supporters and I want to reward them for their support by making stuff exclusively for them. I've also got people who sign up on the lowest tier ($2/mo), watch all the exclusive videos, then cancel their membership. And that's fine too.
Either way, thanks for taking the time to write. I appreciate the feedback. - PK
Shouldn't this guy be doing Fruit of The Loom commercials and not science stuff? Or I could see a toothpaste commercial too....
Just make a separate video about it. I hate when all these creators want you to go behind a paywall
Maybe you'd prefer donating to him directly so that he has the time and money to make these videos? Just an idea!
I appreciate the comment Nathan. To bring you behind the scenes, I put stuff behind a paywall so that I don’t have to do sponsorships to make this business work. I feel like the minute I take an AG1 sponsorship (or whatever scammy DTC company that health podcasters are hawking these days), that’s the minute I lose credibility as a science communicator. By advertising my own videos, I’m ensuring that the product I’m advertising is high quality and that there’s no conflict of interest. I’m sure this comment won’t convince you to become a Patron, but I hope you’ll understand why I paywalled the video.
When I have the means, I will gladly support! Your work is more than worth it. @@PatKellyTeaches