American Reacts to 12 Weird Facts About British Culture
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- čas přidán 19. 05. 2024
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As an American, British culture really fascinates me since it is so different to my American culture. Today I am very interested in learning about 12 weird facts about British life and culture. If you enjoyed the video feel free to leave a comment, like, or subscribe for more!
The royal family stays out of political, not groceries.
If you had enough vacation days in the USA, you’d be able to go on holiday for a fortnight!
Excellent 👏 well put!
I don't use fortnight often now but back in the day jobs frequently had pay periods of fortnightly, was cheaper for the employer to manage than weekly but didn't leave new employees without pay for a whole month.
Yorkshire pudding is not bread or pastry. It's batter and it's lovely, soaked in gravy.
Or in some parts of the country sprinkled with sugar and eaten as a dessert.
It's lovely with jam, too.
Better crispy in my opinion, with a bit of meat n mash
@Sachik30 You put jam on a yorkshire that's horrible
@@skaringamer9064 Why? It's only batter mix, just like pancakes. Jam is added whilst the YP is still hot. Delicious.😁 (my mum's Yorkshire born, btw, and mum puts jam on them when not with a Roast dinner. She's 87 and a bit frail now, and still makes perfect YP. Yum).
Austria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Switzerland all have TV licences.
16 countries in Europe have a TV Licence and half of African and Asian countries have TV Licences ...
I really didn’t know that.
@phoenix-xu9xj ...yep...even though the US doesn't... it finds more expensive ways for you to watch TV via cable and adverts every 5 minutes it seems, even to the point sport has to take a back seat when the adverts come on!! 🙈😅...PBS is free, but even that channel in the States is supported by the BBC and Channel 4 with lots of joint projects...
What "Law" is making you pay for a TV licence? Here in the UK i'm in my 50's and have never had a TV licence and never will. They can't do anything to make me buy one.
And Austria's BBC, ORF, and Switzerland's BBC and Germany's Channel 4-like Channel 2, ZDF (lit. "Second German Television") formed a producers' co-operative to make a free satellite channel, 3SAT because 3 Corporations/PSBs SATellite Channel. The "DDR" | "GDR" State TV Broadcaster, DFF (or something), joined it in 1989 before it ceased to exist along with its "state". Then a 4th joined it, Germany's BBC, ARD, eventually. And it started broadcasting on all TV types not just satellite. (I googled this/Wikipediaed it) But still it isn't called 4SAT.
Royal Warrants are granted to companies, not products.
I work for Waitrose, it recently got a Royal Warrant from the king himself, it is the only grocer to get one, we got one for our wines but not the entire brand!!
While they're granted to companies, they're granted to companies for particular products. Procter & Gamble has a royal warrant issued as "manufacturers of soaps and detergents". The company make loads of other things like Gillette razors, Clearblue pregnancy tests, Pampers nappies, and until recently, pet food. While they could theoretically put their royal warrant on those products, it would have to include the words "manufacturers of soaps and detergents" which might look out of place. Especially for the pet food.
@@vitalspark6288 British Sugar have one for "manufacturers of sugar". It would definitely look out of place on their medicinal cannabis.
@@jakesinclair69420 Schweppes have a Royal Warrant for their cans pf Lemonade, and other goods. and have done for many years, it has the Queens (our late Queens, insignia on the cans..Lemonade I suppose they may change that now.
They could use some of the products they sell but more likely higher end made good’s especially made.
The names of the crossings are from acronyms.
Puffin is Pedestrian User Friendly crossing (it uses sensors to detect if someone is still using it, and will keep the traffic lights on red until pedestrians have crossed)
Pelican is Pedestrian Light Controlled crossing (one the button is pressed the traffic is stopped for around 20 seconds, then a flashing amber light lets traffic proceed again)
Toucan is where cyclists can cycle across alongside pedestrians (two can cross)
Zebra is black and white.
Equestrian crossing is for horse riders...their control box is around 4ft off the ground.
The equestrian one is called a Pegasus crossing
TV License is only for the BBC programmes. If you don’t watch it you don’t need one, but they can tell and you can get fined if you do not have one. Had to laugh about not Biased, it’s extremely biased as run by the public school/wealthy individuals.
@@tashasgran The licence only pays for the BBC, but you still have to have one if you could receive programmes.
And Tiger crossings are a variation of Zebras, that allow pedestrians and cyclists to cross, side-by-side - which throws motorists often - they don't expect cyclists to have right of way.
Well I’ve learnt something new!
In Sweden we have something very similar to "the Royal Stamp of Approval". Here it is called Royal Court Supplier "Kunglig Hovleverantör" and can best be described as a kind of honor and is expected to testify to high quality.
I think the other kingdoms in Scandinavia have it too.
4:08 only the monarch and their heir can issue these, it's not just anyone in the Royals. They are supposed to be politically impartial but can still have favourite brands of jam or cereal or whatever. The British public is under no obligation to buy a particular product just because there's a Royal Warrant on it, and most of us would not buy anything solely on that basis.
That's not accurate - Queen Camilla has a Royal Warrant (she's just issued one to Fortnum & Mason), and Prince Philip had one too. It's the monarch, the consort and the Prince of Wales who hold the warrants.
So the dog food is not done by the Corgis then ?
I think most of us don't even notice the royal warrant. It's such a normal thing, I don't even notice it. Tho if I do, it's funny to think, "oh this is the ketchup the king has" 😄
The Queen Mother of late and beloved memory also issued Royal Warrants, Yardly and Pears soaps were two I remember.
The late Duke of Edinburgh issued Royal warrants
Many houses were built long BEFORE washing machines, etc., were invented. So they have to be located where they can be hooked up to electrical and water services.
The TV licence lasts for one year. The money goes to the BBC to finance their programmes. In turn there are no advertising or sponsorship breaks.
And we get told what to think/believe.
@@c_n_b There are required standards of impartiality - unlike America since Reagan ditched them and see what that brought.
@@auldfouter8661that impartiality went along time ago
nahh it goes to their overpaid over rated staff,lol. Most of their stuff is actually made by BBC studios, which makes plenty of money through other methods, including selling the stuff abroad.
@@c_n_b not really, there may be bias shown in an individual programme but overall there is a balance for the most part. Which in regards to politics can be shown in the fact that both sides of the political divide shout about political bias in favour of their opponents.
Don’t get me wrong, as a Scot I see much bias towards England but I am also more than aware that the English make up the bulk of the population, so they are likely just playing to their largest audience but the same bias exists on all other UK wide channels.
We get it Tyler. You won't ever use the word fortnight because you never go on holiday for a fortnight! Keep up the good work!
Some people get paid fortnightly. I do. Some even pay rent, make car payments, etc fortnightly.
@@artistjohunder PAYE terms it would be bi-weekly😉
Tyler knows what Yorkshire Pudding is, he knows what black pudding is, and he knows what steak & kidney pudding is. He's seen enough videos covering all three types of food to know what the difference between all three is, and also that the term pudding can also just refer to dessert. But quite why Americans refer to Yorkshire pudding as a bread, or a pastry, when it's batter, I don't know. They pretty much live off pancakes, so they know what pancake batter is, but it seems that the concept of baking it in an oven with fat rather than frying it in a frying pan seems to blow their minds????!!!!
Tyler has an attention span shorter than a goldfish. Which is why he never reads the comments.
Tyler is a fake reactor. I’m surprised people don’t realize that already. He’s literally reacted to the same things multiple times over and acts like he doesn’t know about them.
@@wessexdruid7598 Yes he is only interested in the income it brings in.
In another ten year time, he still be puzzled and amazed that we but butter in sandwiches, and still won't know what a roast potato is.
He does act dumb sometimes because he is trying to constantly create that "dumb American" stereotype... But he is also actually dumb.
He has three channels, and he is very careful not to say that he does... I think his videos are aimed at the general CZcams audience and not a specific audience or community. Even though he's been doing these videos for two years he still acts like everything he learns is for the first time.
He also is not the one controlling this whole thing. That would be his twin brother "Ryan." Someone should tell them both that making video about stereotypes works for getting views for a short time... after a year of reacting to the same stuff... just makes you look like an idiot.
3 quarters of Europe have TV License Fees...Germany even have a separate license for Radio...
1. Fortnight
A fortnight is a unit of time equal to 14 days (two weeks). The word derives from the Old English term fēowertīene niht, meaning "fourteen nights" (or "fourteen days", since the Anglo-Saxons counted by nights).
The classic use of fortnight is taking a break from work for a holiday e.g. 'I've booked a fortnight in Miami'. You may also hear it used in complaints about delivery schedules or waiting times for appointments etc.
Fortnight is fairly common but there is also the obscure sennight meaning seven nights & days from Old English seofon nihta seven nights.
2. Pudding
Pudding is a type of food. It can be either a dessert, served after the main meal, or a savoury (salty or spicy) dish, served as part of the main meal.
In the United States, pudding means a sweet, milk-based dessert similar in consistency to egg-based custards, instant custards or a mousse, often commercially set using corn starch, gelatine or similar coagulating agent such as Jell-O. The modern American meaning of pudding as dessert has evolved from the original almost exclusive use of the term to describe savoury dishes, specifically those created using a process similar to that used for sausages, in which meat and other ingredients in mostly liquid form are encased and then steamed or boiled to set the contents.
In the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, the word pudding is used to describe sweet and savoury dishes. Savoury puddings include Yorkshire pudding, black pudding, suet pudding and steak and kidney pudding. Unless qualified, however, pudding usually means dessert and in the United Kingdom, pudding is used as a synonym for dessert.[1] Puddings made for dessert can be boiled and steamed puddings, baked puddings, bread puddings, batter puddings, milk puddings or even jellies.[2]
In some Commonwealth countries these puddings are known as custards (or curds) if they are egg-thickened, as blancmange if starch-thickened, and as jelly if gelatine-based. Pudding may also refer to other dishes such as bread pudding and rice pudding, although typically these names derive from their origin as British dishes.
The word pudding is believed to come from the French boudin, which may derive from the Latin botellus, meaning "small sausage", referring to encased meats used in medieval European puddings. Another proposed etymology is from the West German 'pud' meaning 'to swell.
I thought it was from Roman military soldiers who changed fort duties every 2 weeks
We even have people remember our grandparents using the word 'sennight' (seven nights) for a week.
Good answer.
Fortnight and fortnightly is used extensively in Australia. Rent is advertised for weekly but is often paid by the fortnight.
We very rarely say two weeks.
Yep. Used to get paid fortnightly, too. I actually miss being paid fortnightly as monthly can leave you short.
At least the term "sennight", meaning a week (seven nights) is no longer used.
I never have been influenced to buy a brand because it has a warrant
Kitchens always have at least one wall that has pipes in it, making it easy to fit a washing machine. They often have easy access to the back garden, which is a convenient place to hang clean clothes up to dry. They're almost never carpeted, so if a bit of water drips, it won't ruin the carpet. Kitchen work surfaces are basically the perfect height to fit a front-loading washing machine underneath them.
My house has a utility room, but we still fitted the washing machine in the kitchen because it's convenient.
One of the alternatives that you see in other countries is to put the washing machine in the bathroom. Definite no-no in Britain because of our lack of sockets in these rooms - unless they develop a washing machine that can run from a shaver socket of course.
I find utility rooms a bit depressing tbh. I guess because it's not really a proper room if you wouldn't hang out there. It's got no life to it. Can see the practically if there was space for it tho.
Of course it's sensible, and if you have a utility room, it opens up other possibilities for the space as well.
@@rayaqueen9657 I've never really thought about utility rooms since I've never had one, but they are probably the most practical room in the house. You don't go out of your way to decorate them, they only store utilitarian equipment and there's no reason for any personal touches in them. Completely functional... and boring.
If I had a house with a utility, I'd probably use it as a dog room or convert it to a wetroom.
I am from a working class Yorkshire family and in the 80s and 90s it was completely common for them and their friends to just turn up at each other's houses unannounced and actually just let themselves in. I think it was more normal because they all lived near each other and until very recently (to that point) a lot of them didn't have phones at home to arrange in advance, so they just showed up.
Yea same here in Lancashire,I'd get home and find a mate watching TV with a cuppa lol
Tea time is regional. Being from the North of England but living in the South I had to adjust. In the North we had breakfast in the morning, dinner time was the midday meal and tea time was evening meal.
In the South, its breakfast, lunch and dinner instead and 'come for tea' would be around 4 pm for sandwiches, cake and tea or just cake and tea.
I think you may find that it is more a class thing as I am from Northampton and as a kid tea time meant evening meal and dinner was the midday meal. At school we had "dinner ladies". I think that it was a more middle class and above to say lunch and dinner. Though I do think that it has become more common to say it that way nowadays instead of dinner and tea.
We also had elevenses and supper with my grandparents growing up. I have northern family who say it the wrong way lol😅 But we always we always have breakfast, lunch, dinner down south.
I would also agree it’s part of the class system as my working class friends call it tea, but my family side that was very formal higher class, used very formal English. Also a lot of my family were in the clergy which also means you use proper English a lot innit.
Also what do you call lunchtime supervisors?
Are they still dinner ladies up north? Or is that discriminative, I get unsure what is PC these days and what we should call people. They were dinner ladies here even though we called it lunch, I left school 25yrs ago though.
I'm from Norfolk and it is breakfast, lunch/dinner and tea.
Southerner here. I have breakfast, lunch/dinner and then depending on the time of the meal I might have tea with my children (early dinner meal, pre 6pm) and a pre bed late supper (something light like toast) or a dinner after 6pm
She's wrong - dinner is a meal that you can have at lunchtime, which is middle of the day, or at tea time, which is early evening. You can also have a late night dinner which will be late evening. Dinner can be used interchangeably with lunch or tea.
Many houses in the UK were built prior to washing machines. During the industrial revolution that started in the UK in the early 1800 millions of house were built by the business owners for his workers.
These were terraced houses and often would be home to mum, dad and at least 5 to 11 children.
Often the washing would be done in a steel bath, that’s clothes washing as well and personal washing .
When washing machines were invented in the UK starting with the Twin tub they had to fit them somewhere close to the water supply and waste outlet.
Even today, with modern houses, anyone with a dedicated washing machine room are regarded as “posh” and “rich” which is not strictly true.
Both my adult children have just managed to purchase their own homes in a cheap area not far from us. They are both terraced houses and one costs £450 and the other £375. The later is a house built in 1890 and the other in 2022 but neither have dedicated wash rooms.
So, everything we do in the UK, homes, roads, parking is impact by our side.
The UK after Holland is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe and the 22nd most populated in the World and we have 720 people per square mile where in American it’s just 96 people so this as a huge impact on space and cost
Only 8% of the Uk is built on though. Most of the land is used for farming. We have amongst the smallest sized houses in Europe because of sheep/ dairy cow farming basically.
>Cheap area
>375
what
The BBC doesn't run advertisements, so it needs funding in other ways. It broadcasts 8 national TV channels, 7 regional TV channels (plus funding the Welsh language channel) and abut 40 local radio stations.
Yep, we use "fortnight" quite commonly. Over here in the UK (where we actually get vacations), their duration is often a fortnight. So something like "Yay! I'm off to France for a fortnight" is pretty common parlance. It's (obviously) a contraction of "fourteen nights". Its' root is in Anglo-Saxon times, when we had a more pagan perspective, so it was significant as the halfway point in the lunar cycle.
Most of our houses were built long before washing machines were even invented, so a space for them wasn't considered. Newly built larger houses have a utility room, but many of us prefer our modest 19th century houses, despite their minor inconveniences.
I don't know about uninvited visitors. Personally, I almost never invite friends (unless it's for dinner) - they know I have an "open house", i.e. when they pop in unannounced, they're welcome. (And if I'm not in, they know they'll almost certainly find me in the pub down the road!)
I think "tea time" is a working class thing. I can vaguely remember my mum shouting "Come and get you tea!" (meaning dinner). Most people these days call the evening meal "dinner(time)" - and I've never heard someone call lunch, "dinner".
I think it’s as much a regional thing to call tea time, tea time and the midday mean dinner. I grew up with breakfast, dinner and tea, but also supper. We had “dinner ladies” at school, and took dinner money in to pay for it.
But, tea is not the same as a proper evening meal - it would be the “snack” meal, something like sandwiches usually. If you were having a proper meal, say going out to eat, that would be “an evening meal” - unless it were very formal, in which case it would be a “formal dinner”.
Now - I grew up working class so maybe it is a class thing, but I didn’t know anyone around that area of the country who spoke differently, even the “posh” kids or posh bits of my family.
Where I come from (Derby), it was always breakfast, dinner and tea. We never said lunch, which was considered a bit posh. Yes, I'm working class.
In Yorkshire we had dinner time, usually an hour in length between 12.00 and 2.00pm
Tea time is anytime after 4.00pm
To 7.00pm
@@iannorton2253 ditto, from just down the A38 from you 11 miles :)
Down with the BBC
She's from Brazil, learned English as a second language, and now she sounds Welsh (south) to me!
I thought exactly the same thing, being from south Wales. Impeccable English as well.
Yes I thought the same !
@wolfie854 as the video progressed I started thinking how perfect her English was to the point where I thought English could have been her first language. It's only after seeing your comment and the couple of comments supporting you about her sounding Welsh when I could see that (hear that). I'm English (Nottingham) and I'm not very good at distinguishing different dialects.
@@williamdom3814 I was at Uni in South Wales and we spend a lot of time in North Wales now so I suppose I'm attuned to the accents.
I thought the same thing
I never understand why people from the US seem to think that we have dirty laundry lying around the kitchen. The dirty laundry sits in hampers in bedrooms, bathrooms or even in the hallway near the bedrooms. Where it is sorted and the load that is to be washed is then taken to the kitchen, put in the washing and the wash started. The dirty laundry is not hanging around in the kitchen for any real length of time.
Thaaaank you, I was thinking this too. The clothes, are transported to the washing machine AT the time of washing! Gawwd
Though I've seen some houses in my time and some people leave all sorts in their kitchens that I wouldn't put anywhere near mine!!!
What you're referring to would be called afternoon tea. That's when you would have just tea, with perhaps some biscuits or a piece of cake. But tea time refers to your evening meal. But tea is drunk any time of the day, breakfast, lunch time, dinner time and any time in between.
Mainly confusing because the evening meal would properly be called High Tea to differentiate it from Afternoon Tea but over the years High Tea has been shortened to just Tea
We have a similar system to the royal warrants here in Sweden, you can be named “Kunglig Hovleverantör” lit. Royal Court supplier.
You won't be allowed to forget about the TV licence. Don't worry about it.
Lol that's what I came to say.
@@rayaqueen9657 That is correct, think they've used a full tree for all the correspondence I get from them, weakly veiled threats mostly.
@@michaeljames1468 and not so veiled.
That's what I was going to say. There's no danger of forgetting it!
It is pretty toothless!
The midday meal is called Lunch - but if it’s your main meal of the day, it’s also your Dinner!
The late afternoon meal - when you come home after school or work - is called your Tea - eaten at “teatime”. If, however, THAT is your main meal of the day, it’s also called Dinner.
I know this is confusing to Americans - but we grew up with this terminology.
When Canadian company Kraft introduced macaroni & cheese it was called Kraft 'dinner' in both Canada & the US - I assume this was the reasoning. While Kraft in the States removed the word 'dinner' (and distribution to the rest of the world didn't include it), Canada retained it. It's the same product but use of our term 'dinner' confuses Americans to no end because I don't think they realize that supper is the last meal but the biggest is dinner. I'm not sure why it confuses them since they say Thanksgiving 'dinner' even though I think it's typically eaten in late afternoon.
Remember that Tyler won't read this...
@@wessexdruid7598 Course not.
Breakfast- Dinner time - Tea time- Supper .
It varies regionally
In my house we have Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner times but it depends where you are from in the UK. You are thinking of cream tea or Afternoon tea, thats basically tea and scones for posh people or tourists.
And if you have a cream tea or afternoon tea you wouldn't call that tea time.
On Sunday we have Dinner at Lunch time.
When I was a kid (60s) we had 'tea' when we got home from school - usually bread and jam, a slice of cake, and a glass of milk. We call the evening meal Dinner, too (Shrops).
@@jonathanwetherell3609 I have Sunday dinner at tea time 😂
I'm German, lived in the UK for years, and still get somewhat confused. I find myself always calling whatever the main cooked meal of the day is 'dinner'. When it's cold I use the other word. So I've settled on either having breakfast, lunch and dinner or breakfast, dinner and supper depending on what food I'm serving. 😅
Oh and teatime is ALWAYS 'tea' time (though might also be coffee time) and that happens between the midday and the evening meal.
Breakfast, dinner, and tea sometimes for some people. Breakfast, lunch and dinner for formal occasions!
Here in Australia my generation say breakfast, lunch and dinner but my parents still say breakfast, dinner and tea. My kids always get so confused when their grandparents say they’re coming for dinner in the middle of the day 😂
I think it’s mostly a North/South divide thing - definitely dinner for midday meal and tea for evening meal is a more Northern thing, lunch and dinner for those meals is more common in the South. In the Midlands, you get both of course!
High tea and afternoon tea were traditionally times for drinking tea and snacking, but not for a good long time now.
As a previous comment has said, there are regional variations, but it is not true that "dinner" can mean any meal. Generally it refers to the main meal of the day, whether it is in the middle of the day, or the afternoon/evening.
Let's not start on about supper...
@@jumblechaos9035 It's a working class v white collar thing. Having the main meal in the middle of the day is important if you are doing physical labour. There are plenty of working class people in the 'South', including the South West.
@@SoftyArty The British drink tea at any time of the day - there is no specific 'tea time'. Afternoon tea is a meal, at the end of the afternoon, which can often be eaten with a drink of tea. Similarly a cream tea is food with tea.
Meals of day in the U.K.
Breakfast: Self explanatory, first meal of the day breaking the fasting of the night.
Elevenses: a break around 11am for a light snack and possibly a cup of tea etc.
Lunch/Luncheon: a lighter meal usually taken early afternoon.
Afternoon tea: tea with finger sandwiches, cakes etc.
Tea: Is a light meal taken around teatime, early evening.
Dinner: is a large meal usually the main meal of the day, this can be eaten in the evening or around the time you might have lunch.
Supper: a light snack to have before bedtime to sustain you throughout the night.
Yes, once again it's clear where Tolkien got inspiration for his hobbits :D
I think a lot of brits would disagree with some of these.
Depends where you are in the country
When the main meal is in the evening, in my experience dinner and supper are used interchangeably. I've definitely heard people say 'what's for supper' referring to a full cooked meal.
You forgot brunch
Only an idiot would drive 20 miles to visit a friend without pre-arrangement. They might not be at home.
Only an idiot would make this reply.
Back in the day people had set routines and didn't travel much and often gave "open invitations to visit" to people so it was pretty common to drive over to see a friend on a Wednesday afternoon when you knew they had nothing on usually.
These days people have much busier lives so it's not done.
@@ruk2023-- I concur, I would go (still do) to pubs to meet up with friends and acquaintances at certain times if need to catch up with them or just a chat without informing ahead as we worked on knowing there routine and they knew mine.
The licence was fair when the UK had only two channels decades ago. One was funded by advertising and the BBC needed funds to produce programs without using ads. This is now an outdated concept as we have so many subscription channels. There are many who do not believe the BBC is impartial and would prefer it to be a subscription channel.
Teatime often means 'dinner' - more usually in the north of England and is a meal in the evening. Teatime is not to be confused with taking a break for a cup of tea, that would be called a tea break.
3 quarters is Europe still have License Fees...🤷♂️
Non of the BBC TV channels have ever been funded by advertising.
The BBC licence fee is a subscription, it's a choice with no compulsion to pay.
I love the mental gymnastics they went to to make it so you couldn't watch any of the channels "live" using the internet. That always amuses me. I haven't bothered with a TV licence since I moved out the parents' gaff in 2011. I do also love the cyciical letters they send going from friendly to threatening then back to friendly again if you haven't bothered to apply for your exemption yet
@@RockinDave1 How is it mental gymnastics? What difference does it make if it's via the internet or an aerial?
I love how Tyler asks us to comment, but it's well established that he never reads the comments
When I moved into my present home the washing machine lived in the shed. So every winter it froze and died. The last one I bought is plumbed into the kitchen and has survived for years.
Some people have them in the garage but again if it's not insulated it might freeze up in winter.
I love how Tyler constantly speaks for "most Americans" when he's never been anywhere other than Indiana... 🤣
The Royal Warrant on products is simply to show that the king, or whatever other member of the Royal Family, likes this product so much that they place a regular order on it and have done so for at least the past five years - earning the manufacturer the right to print the “by appointment” coat of arms on their label.
All that does really is show the general public that this is a good enough quality product that royalty buys regularly - so it’s a kind of extra sign that it’s a quality item.
i think roayal approval came in to establish food standards back in the days when there was no body to look over food standards and has just stuck around
The TV licence allows people to watch programs without ad breaks.
This allows the development of a long attention span, whereas people recognise that the majority of people consider that Americans have a TV induced attention span of a fly.
The lady is from Brazil but has developed a Welsh accent when speaking English.
Worth watching her videos on her reaction to the Welsh language and culture. There is also such videos from a lady that moved to Wales from Canada.
I use the same batter for pancakes and Yorkshire puddings. The only difference is pancakes are fried and paired with a sweet topping whereas Yorkshire puddings are oven baked in a metal tray specificly for them and you put it on a plate with meat potatoes and veg and cover in gravy.
That's how I was taught in Cookery lessons at school. Same recipe for the batter, different method to cook.
That sounds a bit like our Swedish ugnspannkaka (oven pancake)
Pelican Crossing is named from "Pedestrian Light Controlled Crossing".
So traditionally back in older times, you had breakfast 6-8am, lunch midday, tea time 3-4pm , dinner 7-8pm and supper 10pm+, but in modern times most just have 3 meals, so the words have changed meanings a bit. Dinner is usually used for the largest meal of your day, so you can have a dinner at lunchtime, so then you'd use tea time/supper to refer to your evening meal instead of dinner. I think in modern times tea break is what your thinking of where we stop to have a cuppa, though that can be at the traditional afternoon tea time or anytime in your day.
What about second breakfast?
@@Shoomer1988 I did get reminders of the lotr list when writing them out, elevenses the other that came to mind lol
Yeah the proper order for a working day is
Breakfast
Tea Break
Brunch
Tea Break
Elevenses
Tea Break
Lunch
Tea Break
Afternoon Tea
Tea Break
High Tea
Tea Break
Supper
Hot cocoa for bed
You can give up on meal times' names , Tyler. I married into an English family. We call our mid-day meal "lunch" and it's usually a light meal, like a sandwich or salad or soup. We often have a cup of tea when we get home from work, but we don't call it "teatime". We don't make special cakes or sandwiches to eat with it, maybe some biscuits (cookies).Then at about 6-7 we have the main meal, which we call "dinner". It is something properly cooked. Then right before going to bed, if you are hungry you have "supper", something like toast, often with a cup of tea.
But depending on the area where you live, and on the "class" you belong to or you THINK you belong to or the class you would LIKE to belong to, it could be all different. Some people have a cooked mid-day meal (like meat and potatoes) and call it "dinner", and they call their evening (often lighter) meal "tea". They do usually serve tea with it. Some posh people call their dinner supper (main meal, cooked) and they eat it later than 6. So between their light lunch and late supper, they will get hungry, and might have "tea", or "high tea", which includes sandwiches, tea cakes - and they all sit down to have it. You don't usually have this if both of you work. If you go to a public (free) hospital, you get offered tea 5 times a day. With your three meals, before you go to bed, and in the afternoon, you can ask for a slice of cake to go with it (the day before). That is "teatime". In a private hospital, you can have tea any time, and so can your visitors. Schools usually call midday meals "dinner". But you can bring a "packed lunch" (cold). Or if it's a posh school, then dinner will be called lunch. Everytime I say "tea" as a drink, you can almost always have coffee instead. But you don't call teatime "coffee time".
So I wouldn't bother to understand it if I were you. If you accidentally find yourself living in England, listen to what people around you call what, and use that word.
I've heard of an American mother living in England, who got a note from school to send "a cold tea" with the child, as there will be an afternoon performance or something. They meant "a cold evening meal", ie sandwiches. But she thought she would have to make the drink and send it in cold. It's a very complicated society. For its size.
When iI lived n Londo ni 1971-2, I never heard nyone call his evenig meal 'tea' but Northenersc andc Au strlins.
Haha in Germany we definitely call it 'coffee time' (or 'coffee & cake' because it's usual to have cake with it). It usually takes place around 4 or 5. Though in the North of the country it's more likely gonna be tea time.
Tea-time was traditionally the last meal in the day but now most refer it to be the evening meal. Tea-Break [U.S. it's coffee break] is used for short refreshment period in-between main meals, but you don't necessarily have to drink tea.
It once snowed in June in Oxford.
I remember snow in June and one week later we had a heat wave in the North East
Snowed in June's what? Jacuzzi? Hair? Wellington boots? General direction?
Take an Orange segment, bite it into half & break up the inside of the segment (Orange juice segments are called Carpels), you can see small sacks of juice (called juice follicles), these are actually the cells of an orange! It's these that are in *Orange juice with bits* not really what I call pith. It's delicious with bits!
Puddings are all sorts of foods, usually wrapped up in something else, hence Black pudding, Yorkshire pudding, etc. But saying just pudding, such as "Do you want your pudding" means a sweet pudding of all and any sort! A Pie usually has crust on top, sometimes the crust surrounds the pie as well.
Yeah, it's totally not what they're calling pulp. He even mentions that the pulp is slimy in texture and to me pulp is the white part between the outer skin and the fruit.
@@nailbomb420 The Americans seem to have a built-in prejudice of things they haven't tried, Beans on toast! because their beans are different than the ones we use they automatically think it's disgusting, calling the juicy bits in orange pulp? Do they have slimy mush in their orange juice? hmm doesn't sound good to me, but I would try it, I love Black pudding, Faggots (the English savoury food), Savory Duck (nothing to do with ducks, a bit like faggots), Scotch eggs, etc. But if you have never had one I wouldn't want to know their ingredients, Try one before pulling a face, you never know! I have never had Escargo (snails) or Frogs legs (Frogs legs!) but I'm willing to give them a try.
@@nailbomb420The white part is called the pith. Fruit 'pulp' is the flesh of the fruit basically pureed. So it wouldn't really have much texture. The 'bits' in that type of orange juice is what you'd get with just squeezing the orange, they haven't been pulped.
The Royal Warrant pre-dates modern marketing. To get a Royal Warrant in the old days would have meant that you you had a significant commercial advantage over other tradespeople / purveyors.
the royal seal of approval is interesting. In Germany, we have some old companies that have royal seals of approval (such as königlich bayrische Manufaktur oder preußischer Hoflieferant) that imply that these are traditional companies that used to deliver to a royal court and it implies that they have not changed recipes since etc. as a sort of seal of approval and traditional craft…
TV licences make PBS drive weeks superfluous… Everyone contributes to publicly funded networks and that way, keeps them from overly relying on sponsors and thus manipulation by industries.
EDIT!!
I’ve done the digging. Look at my other comment!
---
Bru, I swear you reacted to almost everything on this list, just in separate “Brit culture” videos….
Imma do some digging.
Yeah,they do that with chocolate here in Denmark. I think all the scandi royals have the same seal. Marcipan from Anton Berg seemed to get it first. Toms came early too..
Yes, in Sweden too.
The main reason washing machine’s are mainly in kitchen is that people normally hang clothes outside to dry outside as they are much fresher dried outside and previously before automatic washing machines people used twin tub washing machine’s which you had to fill and empty into the kitchen sink and going further back people had Belfast type sinks with a washboard and this was how people washed cloths . So washing cloths has always done in the kitchen going back 100’s of years . When I was growing up you had breakfast morning dinner was at lunchtime and tea was in late afternoon, but when you’re at work you do normally have a couple of tea breaks normally around 10 am and 3 pm .
Breakfast in the morning, lunch at midday, teatime is traditionally around 16.00hrs, dinner or supper around 19 - 20.00hrs
Yorkshire pudding can be a dessert. It depends on what you have with it. Norfolk pudding is Yorkshire pudding with apple slices.
Yorkshire pudding is a light crisp batter. Flour, egg, milk with a pinch of salt. This is cooked in the fat from the roast meat. Roast Beef with Yorkshire pudding is the essential Sunday Lunch Time Dinner. I cannot imagine eating roast beef without the crisp savoury flavour of Yorkshire pudding. When I was a little lad in the 1950s my mother would make a single massive Yorkshire Pudding and serve it with gravy as a starter. Meat was still in short supply after the war and so with the Yorkshire starter, we were full before the meat was served.
In harder times the Yorkshire pudding was served first to fill you up as the main course could be quite meagre.
I think most Brits would love a dedicated laundry room - I certainly would - but our houses are generally old and small. The two groups of people who I know have a dedicated room for washing are my in-laws and my sister - both decided to build their own houses. My wife and I live in a small terraced house in London where there just isn't the space so use whatever little we have left, which is in the kitchen, under work surfaces and sink. Anywhere else is out of the question. Also, plumbing is much easier for older houses as most of it (excluding bathroom) is located there. And dude, we don't leave our dirty underwear just lying about in the kitchen: that's what bedroom floors are for (unless you're posh and have laundry bins)! When we do the washing, we quickly do a circuit of the house and pick it all up to immediately stick it in the washing machine.
Zebra Crossing comes from the black and white stripes over the road.
Pelican Crossing is derived from PEdestrian LIght Controlled (PELIC). There are Traffic Lights to stop traffic that only work after a button on the pavement (side walk) next to them is pushed. That way the traffic is only halted when the crossing is needed.
Toucan Crossing comes from "Two can". The two in question being pedestrians and bicycles, the latter of which can be ridden across as against only pushed whilst dismounted.
In México, specially in the smaller towns, is very common for people to just pop by your house without an invitation. And usually the people who live in the house will invite the guests to lunch or dinner, depending on the hour. So people, specially older people, will always make extra food for when someone pops by uninvited. The motto is: “There’s always room for one more”. I think this is common in most Latin American countries. The thing I don’t like is when people take advantage of this and do it EVERY DAY so they can get a free meal at someone’s expense. This doesn’t happen a lot but there are entitled people in every culture, unfortunately…
I remember it being like this when I was a child and not everyone had a phone (UK). So you couldn't call first, you just popped round.
growing up in Scotland, the main meals of the day were breakfast, dinner, tea, and supper where dinner was common name for lunchtime meal, tea was common name for evening meal (the main meal of the day), and supper was a late evening light snack before bed
I’m also Scottish. I had a fried breakfast of some kind seven days a week. For lunch I’d just have a sandwich the for tea (or dinner) I’d have a three course meal seven nights a week. We also had supper at around 9.30pm, usually two slices of cheese on toast six nights a week. None of my family were overweight. None of my family were alcohol drinkers - only on special occasions. My mother made home made wine. That probably put me off wine until I was about 24 years old.
Houses on average tend to be smaller in the UK and, therefore, there isn't space for a dedicated laundry room. Washing machines need to be plumbed into a water supply and drains, which already exist in a kitchen, hence washing machines in the kitchen.
In much of the rest of Europe, washing machines tend to be in bathrooms, but in the UK, we are a bit nervous about having electrical appliances in a bathroom. For example, you won't find any plug sockets in a bathroom (except a low voltage shaver socket), which is different to the US.
That tray is filled with Yorkshire Puddings. They are served with a roast dinner and gravy.
I wish I had £1 for every time Tyler has heard about the TV license. He reminds me of a goldfish I once owned.
😂
I know he does have a real medical condition not sure what it is but I and others had witnessed it, it unfair to laugh at someone with medical issues IMO.
@@user-hv5wi6nd4i You're quite right, if he has. Apologies.
How and when to eat in England lol.
Breakfast... First meal of the day.
Brunch... Morning drink/snack around 11am (also called elevenses).
Dinner/lunch midday meal, Hot meal would be dinner a cold meal would be lunch.
Afternoon Tea... Generally between 2pm and 3pm small snacks i.e. drinks/cakes/sandwich's.
Tea... Evening meal around 6pm-7pm normally the main meal of the day and would generally be a "family" meal.
Supper... late evening snack around 9pm (most people have tea/biscuits, cereals, or toast.
That's very regional. Sounds like you are from the north.
@@boulevard14 Is there anywhere else to be from ? lol
@InconSteveHable The south, the midlands, the east? 😂 Don't put down the midlands, we don't want to be part of this north/south divide shit 😂
@@boulevard14 Hahaa hey as long as you are North of the Watford Gap then you are safe, Anything else is negotiable lol..
I used to work in engineering factories in UK. A lot of these would agree to close down for 2 weeks in the summer. This meant that family members could all have time off together. There would also be coach trips to the coast and other tourism destinations available for those dates. That was called the holiday fortnight.
Houses are smaller, much older (Often Victorian) and largely made of brick, meaning that plumbing-in something that needs venting and water can be _very_ costly even if you have the space, hence using the location that always has water and often also has ventilation.
TV license is no more unusual than a fishing permit.
Except that you need to pay the BBC in order to watch other companies broadcasts but you don't need a fishing licence to catch other creatures.
Not the f%£&ing yorkshire pudding again!
Yep..my brain explodeth 🤯
the washing machine in the kitchen is a thing left over from the size of houses, as she says. Not many houses have a utility room. and many houses were built before washing machines even existed. Once the washing machines were introduced, you would put it where you had a water outlet or were able to connect the new appliance to an already existing water outet and drain with minimal effort. Hence the kitchen or bathroom. A friend of mine lived in an old building once, in which, yes, the shower! was attached to the kitchen. It as an old building from pre-1900 and that is just were they once converted a little pantry in the kitchen‘s corner into a shower… The bathroom only had room for a tub, so they would have the choice of tub or shower but not both had they not found this solution once showers became fashionable. History and historic buildings…
The TV Licence ONLY APPLIES to Live TV broadcast programmes or using BBC iPlayer or any streaming applications that has "Live" TV. You do not need a TV Licence to watch Catch-up, On-demand and pretty much anything that is not "Live". You can watch Live content that is not from a broadcasting corporation for example; Watching Live content from an independent content creator on CZcams does not require a TV Licence.
There's a saying in the UK, "Dumb it down for the Yanks". This is the root cause of a lot of the stuff that's differences you find between the two countries and it is the root of most stuff. If you get an American dictionary you'll find some words that have only one meaning whereas the English version will have more meanings for the same word. The same goes for spellings, grammer. Dinner/Tea Time are more or less inter changeable. Yorkshire pudding is what it is because of it's history. It dates from a time when meat was expensive and the ordinary working man could not afford much of it, so Yorkshire pudding would be served with gravy to fill you up. Hence the word "pudding" cos it was served after the main course.
Now it's served as a starter
The Yorkshire pudding legend I was taught, growing up in Bradford, was that during the Commonwealth, when Oliver Cromwell ruled England, Puritanism took over. Puddings (In the sense of a sweet dish after the main dish) were banned as frivolous. Roundhead troops would come round to check whether ungodly puddings were being eaten. So the canny people of Yorkshire got into the habit of having their pudding BEFORE the main course.
Of course this is total garbage and the real reason was as already explained to fill people up before the little piece of meat arrived with the vegetables, as no-one could afford a lot of meat. It is still the case in Yorkshire, or was when I was growing up, that you ate the pudding with gravy before the meat and vegetables.
Pelicon crossing. PE-destrian LI-ght CON-trolled crossing. It's not hard to understand.
Apparently, that was the original meaning used internally at the DOT and was never intended to be the official name. It became known outside the DOT and so well established that Pelican was adopted as the official name.
Yorkshire pudding was originally a dessert it's made from the same mix as used to make pancakes. And I have had it with ice cream and custard.
We have "High Tea", a time in the early afternoon where Tea is served with scones and sandwiches as a prelude to an evening meal. Tea as a drink will be offered throughout the day at no particular times. Tea as a meal will be used roughly any time after 5pm till roughly 9pm. Dinner can be used to refer to any meal after breakfast including lunch and tea so dinner can be used interchangeably with those two meal times. But never the other way around. You would never refer to lunch as tea nor tea by lunch. Normally we would go Breakfast, Lunch/Dinner, High Tea, Dinner/Tea and finally supper as a late evening meal. Although just to be extra we can use supper to refer to the Dinner/Tea meal too. but its rare. Cups of tea are as an when you want them.
The TV licence is something that the BBC charges to pay for the programmes that they make because they don't have adverts interrupting the programmes.
Does a royal warrant influence buyers? No!
Unless you are Hyacinth Bucket, probably ;-P
Yes.
Been watching your content for a while and just noticed I wasn't subscribed! strange, I always thought I was your videos always show up in my feed, anyway that's now sorted. Keep up the great reactions 👍
The washing machine in the kitchen is a 2 fold thing. 1st the space for rooms is part of it. but the main reason is the water pipes, the kitchen has the mains for hot and cold water installed there ready as well as drainage, so the washing machine joins into the mains water connections and drainage systems of the kitchen and saves on extra rooms needing all of that system pipework, etc. as for the fortnight thing, mostly used for wages pay period, weekly fortnightly monthly etc. and is commonly used instead of 2 weeks or bi-weekly. American pudding is more a kind of moose or custard-like substance, in the UK pudding is a kind of catch-all word for a lot of different desserts but Yorkie puds are so good and not dessert.
People have been imprisoned for not paying for their TV license!
Not true. They have been jailed for not paying the fine.
@@archiebald4717yeah, the fine for not paying your t.v licence you absolute donut. You think no one has been sent to prison over a t.v licence?
@archiebald4717 a fine which was issued for not paying their TV licence......
@@lewis123417 indeed. The moral is, never answer questions, never open the door.
The Royal Seal of approval isn't a weird thing, many countries with a royal family have those.
When washing machines came/became popular in Sweden in like the 50ies, they were put in the kitchen, since we didn't have electrical outlets in the bathroom back then, but in the 60ies most of them were moved to the bathroom. It was quite popular to throw out the bath tub at the time, possibly to make room for the washer.
Regarding Tea Time at 26:34 , Dinner (Tea Time) has always stood for the meal.
The time to drink tea in the middle of the day is commonly known here in Britain as Afternoon tea.
Afternoon tea is a light meal (sandwiches, sponge cakes etc) served around 3:30/5pm. Where your choice of drink could be a cup of tea or even a glass of champagne
The Royal Warrent can add up to 5% of revenue to your brand,
afternoon tea and high tea are served in the afternoon, one key difference between them is the time of day. Afternoon tea is typically served around 4 pm, while high tea tends to be served later in the afternoon (around 5- 7 pm).
Breakfast, morning tea, lunch, afternoon tea, tea time. Drinking tea happens at any or all of those times.
In Britain meal time are: Breakfast (self explanatory), Elevenses (usually as drink and snack around 11.00hrs), Lunch (usually between 12.00 & 13.30hrs), tea time is generally around 16.00hrs and Dinner is usually between 17.30 & 20.00hrs finally supper time which is when a light snack is consumed, along with something like hot chocolate just before bedtime.
Having a washing machine in the kitchen makes sense because that's where the water supply and waste plumbing is. In Europe i have also seen them in the bathroom, which also makes sense. Paying a TV licence is like having PBS in the USA but without the regular fundraising that PBS needs (or did when i lived there),, no adds on the BBC means i can avoid commercial channels completely,, its fabulous !
Most houses built in UK before the 1960's did not have a room suitable for services like a washing machine or tumble drier. In fact, most houses NOW don't, either. Nobody living in an older terrace house in a large town or city would have room to swing a cat. Our entire detached two-storey house here in Cambridgeshire would fit inside the garage belonging to my cousin's home in Ontario, with around ten feet to spare all round.
In the UK it is not usually regarded as safe to have any electrical appliance in a bathroom due to the risk of electrocution.
Tea can be dinner depending where you are from, where im from (the south coast) its tea (first break at work genuinely dedicated to a coffee/tea) lunch and dinner.
The royal stamp of approval shows that its produce that is of the highest quality, it will likely get people to buy their goods as it has to go through an existential process ensuring it is safe and has a great quality…
Teatime where I am (Lake District; Northern England) most definitely means the main meal of the day and have always asked the lady of the house “what’s for tea” meaning to ask what will be for dinner… no “tea” involved
i love seeing your videos and your reactions to British (and other) cultures and traditions. You should definitely plan a trip here sometime! And if you do, definitely go outside of London!
food order for a working day: Breakfast (between 4.30 am and 7.30 am), Brunch/Tea Break (about 10.30 am), Lunch (around 12 O'clock or 1 O'clock, Afternoon Tea/Second Tea Break (drink time and nibbles), Tea Time (sometimes called High Tea) a robust meal at the table (Anywhere between 5.30 pm to 8.30 pm depending on work finish time)and finally Supper before Bed (about 10.30pm to 11.30 pm. Dinner actually refers to the main meal of the day which can be taken at Mid day I.e. Sunday Roast or Early Evening. I had one job that was a 12 hour swing shift which meant that week 1 was be at work at 9.45 am and leave at 10.15 pm six days a week and the next week would be be at work for 9.45 pm and leave work at 10.15 am which messed up my eating schedule. On top of that I still had to help with house work and Child rearing as well as my wife also worked. Did this for almost four years until child three turned up and I became a house Husband, much better working conditions. 🤣❤ (just for you x )
Dinner is your big meal. You can have it at lunch time or you can have it at tea time. Or if it's late enough it's almost supper. When young we always had dinner at lunch time and it was mainly called dinner time and at school we had dinner ladies. Tea time was about 5 o'clock. Sandwiches, perhaps some salad and cake and tea. Now that's what I have for lunch and at tea time I have my dinner. I've never had supper.
'Pelican' crossing is a play on the phrase 'Pedestrian light controlled' crossing (PeLiCon).
You stand at the crossing.
Press the button
Wait for the traffic to halt at the red light.
Start crossing.
Get mowed down by a deliveroo rider or drug dealer on an electric scooter.
The term "pudding" can be used for a dessert or certain savoury dishes. So we have pudding meaning a Dessert or "Afters" which will be sweet. But you can also have Yorkshire pudding, Steak & Kidney pudding, pease pudding etc which are all main course and savoury
Yorkshire pudding is usually with Roast dinner with gravy. not a pudding at all.
In return for your tv licence, you get (without adverts) four tv channels, four radio channels, and cultural events such as 'the Proms'.
The term 'tea time' was used by the working classes as the main meal time because the whole family would be there and tea was the drink of choice, now only a few areas use this to refer to dinner. Tea is drank at eleven-is (11am) or mid afternoon. Yorkshire pudding is a batter mix baked in the oven that rises naturally in the common shape we all know.
Upper class people have breakfast around 7am, lunch 12pm, afternoon tea around 330pm, dinner at 7pm and supper at 10 pm
Working class have breakfast. Dinner is classed as lunch and having tea at 5pm as your main meal in the evening
The posh eat all day in small portions but working class eat 3 main meals
Road crossings are Pelican crossings
The pelican was initially introduced on UK highways in 1969 as a Pelican crossing (a blended abbreviation of PEdestrian LIght CONtrolled). It has traffic signals for drivers and pedestrians, as well as a push-button on either side of the road. The crossing is 2.8 meters wide by default. Pedestrians touch a button on the side of the crossing, and the traffic lights change from green to red after a short time, signaling drivers to come to a complete stop.
Zebra crossings
A zebra crossing, which resembles a zebra’s coat, is a pedestrian crossing that allows people to pass without the need for traffic signals
Toucan crossings
A toucan crossing is built for both walkers and bikes and is named for the fact that two may cross (and the Department of Transportation is creative). These are typically located along bike paths, and unlike other pedestrian crossings, mounted riders are permitted to use them
Yorkshire pudding is made of pancake batter with no sugar
Not a dessert. It's also known as toad in the hole which is sausage in batter
Television licence is a tax to pay for the use of transmission and making of programmes
My dad who lived his whole life in north east England always used to say, "if you're not happy with the weather, dont worry, just wait around for 10 minutes and it will change"
Just in case Tyler reads this, British meals and times are:
Breakfast - morning
Brunch - mid morning at weekends to replace breakfast and lunch
Lunch or dinner: midday-ish
Tea or dinner - main evening meal
Supper - eiher a very late evening meal or a snack before bed
Afternoon tea is a type of meal consisting of savoury sandwiches, sweet treats including cakes and scones and of course tea to drink. Its usually served between 2pm and 4 30pm.
We drink tea and/or coffee at any time of the day, often with a sweet snack like biscuits or cakes.
The use of dinner, lunch, tea are down to regional and personal variation. But we all know what we mean.
Yorkshire pudding is made from a batter made using flour, milk, egg and a pinc of salt. Traditionally is cooked in the fat from the day's roast meat. The same recipe isused to make pancakes which can have sweet or savoury toppings
What if you're a shift worker?
You forgot elevenses, which is that light snack between breakfast and lunch. Saying that, the word isn't really used anymore.
We have NO pkug sockets in our bathrooms.. Can't plug a washing machine in in there
Yup, it's a safety thing. The line voltage here in UK is TWICE as high as the US and the rest of North America.
'Bits' is a word that is very useful for any collection of small items. 'Bits and pieces' are any collection of different small items.
'Bits' is one of the regional names for the loose pieces of fried batter produced when deep frying battered fish in a fish and chip shop; they are usually given free if requested.
we have breakfast, lunch, tea, and dinner and supper, sometimes have a drink and a bite to eat in the middle of the morning
In Germany, we also have different types of crosswalks. The one with Zebra stripes usually comes without traffic lights and it is always pedestrians first. Cars always have to wait when pedestrians are about to use it, even if they are not already crossing the street.