ROCKET that LITERALLY BURNS WATER as FUEL
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- čas přidán 20. 08. 2024
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Woah
👍🇬🇧
I would like to try
BRING. BACK. THE. MOUSTACHE!
or even use a power supply as that would be safer.
Tomatoes are 95% water. So maybe their intended use is for rocket fuel and not eating.
you are getting onto something :D
Maybe humans also since they are 65-70% water through not as effective as tomatoes
lots of foods are 90%+ water
My god. Imagine if Chernobyl was just a watermelon juice thunderstorm over Pripyat.
The sea is rather more than 95% water, & I can assure you that it's 'purpose' (if it has one) is not to provide 'rocket fuel', rather it might be argued that it represents 'exhausted rocket fuel'!
Guys remember, he has no suicidal thoughts
He is happy and would never put himself in a life threatening condition nor would he disappear without a goodbye
This is nothing new my guy
This is a well known reaction that's done in highschool chemistry lil bro, hes not in any danger
Guys guys I know. You don't have to be the "AcTuAlLy 🤓🤓" kid. I was making a fucking joke. Just stfu
He's also not claiming this is some new thing or somehow energy efficient. HHO has been known for decades. It's not a viable method. The 2nd law of thermodynamics always wins. It's a neat demonstration, but 1. It doesn't just run on water 2. it's an energy well that you can't get out of. 3. Using steam and steel wool to generate H2 is more efficient, and still awful in terms of efficiency.
This is a neat demonstration and nothing else. This isn't some new thing that's supposed to change energy consumption. It's a desktop demonstration.
Make a 4 stroke engine that works on water!!
He'll be dead within a month 😂😂
IXNAY IXNAY
last guy who did that was taken care of by the oil companies
I actually wanna see that.
Using a 12v battery charger I was able to fill a 20 gallon trash bag in 10 minutes and attached a time delay fuse on it and let it go. The police were everywhere after that. It shook windows over a 1/2 mile away. It floated up and made a spectacular explosion. My only regret was not having hearing protection. It was extremely loud. Way louder than just hydrogen alone. The two combined are very energetic.
FuckinArollbar!!!
Termobarická puma 😂😂😂 a psi štěkají dodnes😁
So, how much is bail?
bro admitted to unregulated bomb detonation for 8 likes 😂😂😂
@@kyriakos098 best analysis ever. I'm dead 🤣
"i'm prepared because i know i'm an idiot" is a very good line
Be careful not to become smart in the process
I felt that line in my soul
Kinda like the Dunning-Krueger effect in reverse. The smarter you are, the more you know about what you *don't know* about the universe around us. It's a bit of a paradox; the smarter you are, the dumber you think you are because you know what you don't know.
That should be his Tshirt
@@Zidbits How does this fit in? If we are not learning from our mistakes why keep making them?
Hi. Can you make small car model (maby just 4 wheels) powered by hydrogen from water.
I would like to see it
Me too 😊@@SmartMoney420
Two men in suits would like to know your current location, please 🥰✨️
Cool idea, could see how it can work, but sadly hydrogen explodes pretty violently and i'd doubt there is any engine that could withstand pure hydrogen combustion, however you could mix it eith another fuel and, for example give only 30-40% hydrogen (or less, depends on the fuel and the engine) with another fuel to the engine and it could boost the efficiency of the engine.
Do you want him to disappear?
the government: "i just wanna talk to him-"
“What do you think I’m an idiot, I’m an idiot yes but a I’m a prepared one.”
Words to live by
A few points from someone who has made an oxyhydrogen torch before.
1. Your first setup with the gyroid shape had several issues. When performing a high current electrolysis reaction, selection of the electrode material is very important. I used 316L stainless steel as it was one of the most corrosion resistant. Even then, small amounts of the metal will still be destroyed in the reaction, so plating a thin layer on simply is not going to work, at least for very long.
2. It would probably be useful to experiment with different amounts of spacing between the rings. With too little spacing the bubbles of gas that are being quickly produced will displace the water from the electrodes reducing your efficiency. As you said, too much spacing will increase the resistance and make the device larger overall.
3. The voltage isn't something that bigger is simply better. Higher voltages increase the current yes, but also significantly increases the rate of electrode corrosion. Electrochemical splitting of water requires about 1.8v per cell. Round up to 2v for whatever inefficiencies you might have. Don't increase your voltage much higher than that. You could use a voltage and current regulator to dial these in which will also prevent you from burning out your battery.
4. As I'm sure you know oxyhydrogen burns at nearly 3000K. I'd be very interested in what materials you'd use and how you'd manage to actually use this as a rocket propellent
Probably the same way that nasa handled it, feed the fuel around the nozzle, also increase efficiency preheating the fuel
The minimum theoretical voltage is 1.23V per cell. But as you say in real life it will be more due to losses. And maximum theoretical efficiency is 1.23 watts produce 11.4 ml of HHO has per minute.
Edit: the above 11.4 ml volume is at room temperature and pressure
Gotta love ChatGPT
Would definitely be cool to see if anything can even be designed to handle the heat of a perfect stoichiometric ratio. Most rocket engines run either fuel or oxidizer rich, typically due to heating concerns. Maybe an aerospike could do it? But that's just a nozzle, would basically have to invent the aerospike version of a combustion chamber. Inverted combustion chamber or something, idk
@@DarkAttack14 true but they used cryogenic LOX, he's using a room temperature gaseous mix of hydrogen and oxygen. I doubt this would have much cooling effect.
Don't use a bigger battery. The solution for the high current you're drawing is neutral plates. It looks like you're drawing around 3V with this setup but no shared amperage. If you were to have 5 fully isolated plates(neutral plates) in between then you could use 12V to get 2V at each plate and amperage shares across all the plates. The ideal voltage per plate is 2V so if you have 9 plates you take 10 gaps 2V = 20V input and your ideal spacing is around 2-3mm. You also won't want your drink being too conductive or hot either or that will also cause higher current. I've built 3 generators and have used these tips to make them better each time. Hope this info makes it to you, i'd like to see this project visited again sometime!
That's what I said too in my comment! Agreed
Question: Is this like wiring in series vs parallel?
100% this. To destroy those batteries implies a ton of wasted energy in heating the water
Great suggestion. I was going to say he shouldn’t go to higher voltage because you’re just wasting energy then. But I suppose a high amp 2V supply is difficult. Losses in cables at low voltage and high current is an issue.
Makes a lot of sense to keep the voltage high but divide it at the unit
@@alanberger11 more or less yes
Just wanted to share with you how it’s easy for me/someone to learn about the things that seem to be “difficult”, made/explained in a simple and relatively funny way .Good stuff bro.
12;45 that's when we(in the cartoon dimension) say, "Well, looks like it's back to the old drawing bored"😂
I love that you include the failures to really show the engineering process. From problem, brainstorm, solution, design, prototype, trial, error, and back to problem. That, coupled with knowledge of mechanical and chemical engineering, makes for increadibly talented work. Idk if this is just a hobby for you, or if you do this kind of work for a living, but so many businesses would be lucky to have your kind of talent.
Hi, ECE major here with some advice on the battery problem. Trying to constantly pull the max amperage out of a battery is a very easy way to kill it as they aren't really designed to discharge tons of energy at once, but rather a bit of energy over time. So running a battery at max current is going to overheat it and kill it very quickly as you have experienced. Capacitors on the other hand are much more suited for this and can much more reliably discharge a large amount of current in a short time frame than a battery, but the issue is they may not hold as much energy as a full battery can. They are on the other hand cheaper to get in bulk than a battery so it wont be as catastrophic and costly if you blow a capacitor than a battery. ALSO on the issue of batteries overheating and dying, use some sort of current limiter on the battery or else you will likely keep running into the same problem. Hope this helps!
My bad I meant parallel
I was just thinking, can we use capacitors themselves as some kind of “current limiter”? They can be connected to the battery, the battery will give us capacity and capacitors will give us optimum current(assuming we pick the right one). Best of both worlds!
What abt super capacitors they hold energy for longer time 🤔
What about a transformer with fuses and a thermistor prior to the transformer? If it is current hes looking for a transformer should do well
I was just about to suggest this. Batteries for sustained current, capacitors for lightning
Me: *eating a bowl of hydrogen*
"It has 34,000 calories"
*spits out hydrogen atoms in disgust*
I am glad you mentioned subscribing mid video because I realized I was hooked and wanted more, and otherwise would not have even thought to subscribe. Thanks buddy.
1. Be aware of some of the Poisonous gases that can be created using different electrolytes and metals, like Chlorine, etc. 2. Use a PWM Controller. 3. As many others have said: neutral plates. 4. Use a pump and an external small radiator and fan to circulate and cool the electrolyte. This also may help to move the bubbles more quickly away from the plates, allowing more contact with the fluid. Perhaps position the plates vertically and pump the water up from below, to aid in the natural upward direction of the bubbles. 5. I met Alan Schoen once. He passed away just last year at the age of 98. He was a very fascinating person.
Tomatoes are vegetables, i am not vegan😂
非常专业的意见，让爆炸减少
@MMm-he1ei
Sounds like you may also be a vegetable!😂
@@MMm-he1ei The tomato is a fruit. Strawberries are vegetables (the "is it a fruit or vegetable?" classification has something to do with where the seeds are located - on the inside or the outside).
@@cliffcampbell8827
Strawberries are aggregate fruits because they come from a single flower with more than one ovary. The fleshy part of the strawberry, called the receptacle, comes from the stem just below the flower that ripens. The brownish or whitish specks on the outside of the strawberry, often called seeds, are actually individual fruits called achenes, each containing a tiny seed. The average strawberry has around 200 achenes, making it essentially a multiple fruit.
I made a hydrogen generator years ago. I know a lot about the subject. The best metal to use is platinum. Other than that the only affordable metal that does not dissolve during electrolysis is 316L stainless steel. Not 308 or regular 316 or anything else. It has to be 316L stainless steel. Hydrogen is an acid and it dissolves pretty much any other affordable metal.
Also, if you apply more than 2,3 volt to the anode and the cathode you will create heat, and more heat means more resistance and less hydrogen production. To overcome the heat issue, and when you are using between 12 and 14 volts, for example from an old fashion battery charger that doesn't have the fancy electronics, you need to have 1 anode plate, 5 neutral plates that are not connected to anything and insulated from each other, and one cathode, all the plates need to be insulated from each other. This way you can create enough surface area and you can keep the temperature under control as well. If you want to produce large(r) amounts of hydrogen search for dry cell hydrogen generator. A dry cell configuration is more efficient because there is no current leakage, because there is no water at the outside from the hydrogen generator.
With producing hydrogen it is all about amperage and how much surface area that the plates have. More surface area means that you can run a higher amperage without heating up the water. When you add sodium hydroxide you need to add it slowly while running the generator so that you can control the amount of current that it draws. Not more current as your power supply can handle. You can also use baking soda.
You get even higher efficiencies when you use a high power PWM to run the current.
Always make sure that you have a back flash arrestor in your line. You can make one from a 316: stainless steel pipe that is packed with bronze wool, or with stainless steel wool. BUT DO NOT USE REGULAR STEEL WOOL BECAUSE IT WILL CATCH ON FIRE and cause an explosion.
The back flash arrestor is there to prevent that your generator violently blows up when your gas comes into contact with a spark or a heat source.
Also make a bubbler to which your gas has to run through. This is to make the gas dry. Make sure that that bubbler has a weak spot from plastic film, so that the weak spot will blow out if there is an explosion.
Consider titanium as an alternative metal for electrolysis although more expensive than steel but less than plat.
Use a voltage regulator or PWM to maintain optimal voltage, to get around the min voltage for water hydrolysis.
Use a conductivity meter when adding sodium hydroxide to get the perfect amount of conductivity.
Consider potassium hydroxide as a better alternative to baking soda, since its highly conductive.
@@MahdeenSky There is no valid reason to use titanium. It is very expensive, hard to machine, and the electronic properties for this application are not better as 316L stainless steel, which is already hard enough to machine. More exotic materials only make the whole build process far much more complicated and expensive.
One can measure conductivity. But there is no benchmark to which you can compare, because the amount of amperage that you want to draw heavily depends on the surface area from the plates, and also on how much amperage the power supply can deliver. So it is much more accurate and practical to measure the amperage while adding the electrolyte.
About 15 years ago CZcamsr Zero Labs designed a PWM with current limiter. It limits the current if the resistance reaches a certain value. Via his channel you can find his web page for instructions how to build it.
Potassium hydroxide is indeed also a possibility.
For the generator, can you use the same sort of configuration that they use for the super high powered magnets, with the films layered in a spiral configuration? They use it for cooling the magnet...just a thought.
@@insAneTunAI know someone already said titanium but they have a point it’s much cheaper than platinum, alternatively palladium and ceramics could be used. Potentially even a rubber so long as the thermal resilience is sufficient to not break down
i wonder if you can 3d print in 316l stainless
Awesome engineering and entertaining presentation. Can't wait to see the followup
I like that!....... "I am prepared, because I'm an idiot" Rings true. You are one brainy crazy dude. Greetings from Australia mate!!!!!
Shocking that a PLAZMA battery couldn't do the job. Man, there goes my hopes for a plasma battery! This is a sick build Joel.
Can we get STLs for the gyroid spacers? You know, in case I want to not try this at home.
Integza, use the bigger battery and an adjustable voltage module, since voltage directly affects the current draw. You can limit current with a bulky resistor for initial tests, and please buy and use a clamp meter for measuring current.
The closer the gaps between electrodes - the less conductivity you need for the same results, since resistance in water is proportional to the distance between electrodes. Reducing water conductivity could also help with the current. You could reduce the surface area of the electrodes if your current setup produces more fuel than you need (save space for more water).
Also test out more water solution options, test for residue, reusability, price to performance, etc. Would love to see this design actually function. I'm sure you can make the hydrogen generator more efficient and functional than it is now.
Use a lead acid battery man!!!
There's a reason they are used in starter motor for big vehicles
They can supply Huge amount of currents
Also one thing you could have also done is to grind the plates in a criss cross pattern using sand paper which gives more surface area..
And for the safety please add a bubbler too
Thanks!! Have a great day
I imagine he went with lithium because lead acid is too heavy to go along with the whole setup.
Grinding the plates will give more surface area but will also cause it to draw more current as those are directly proportional.
He already has a flame arrester which would do the same job as a bubbler and probably keeps the gas dryer.
Either a lead acid battery, or an old PC power supply, some of them can supply 50-60A on the 12V rail
I was expecting him to just pull up a car battery at some point lol.
@@largeskbtumqu9337PC power supplies are OP for DIY use. You can get 20A 5V and 80A 12V for £100
He does have a flashback arrestor in there. You can see him holding it at one point. That's probably better than a bubbler, and is cheaper and easier.
Also, it appears he's going with the much safer approach of injecting propellant in bursts, then closing the valve and igniting it. Which produces a pulse jet effect, but significantly reduces the chance of flashback.
I hope this guy doesn't mysteriously die any time soon
Best video I've watched in a longtime.Its funny, intriguing, informative and above all anything with an explosion is awesome. This technology is very promising. Great start.
Try combining your H2 generator with an ultrasonic transducer - it is said that this would multiply the performance because the bubbles adhering to the metal prevent further water from coming into contact with the metal plates, allowing more H2O to be split. The ultrasound is supposed to ensure that the effectively usable surface is continually cleared of bubbles.
Good idea
a surfactant greatly reduces the surface tension of water allowing hydrogen bubbles to escape the surface of the eletrode. this is a simple chemical and does not require complex electronics
Good idea, also adding some water flow could move the bubbles
What would the effect of using AC be for this? Could it jiggle the plates or the water enough to create a similar effect?
Maybe a single phase motor could be the perfect generator for this then.
@@diegorodea5425 or a propeller at low rpm
1) There's a certain voltage between the anode and cathode where electrolysis is most efficient; FROM MEMORY (so please check this) it takes about 1.25V to work at all, 1.5V is optimally efficient, and above 1.75 V doesn't produce more gas, just producing heat instead... As a result, instead of connecting each plate to +ve and -ve, just connect the end plates to +ve and -ve, and you will end up with a voltage gradient between the the plates inbetween... ie. 48V with 30 plates gives 29 gaps with 1.65V across each gap.
2) Any design which uses an electrolyte will leave a deposit on one or both of the electrodes. However it's also worth noting that these deposits are encouraged by impurities in the electrodes and the water... Sodium is quite high in the electrochemical series (and as such is less likely to form deposits), so sodium chloride (table salt) is a simple and abundant electrolyte... However this does have the caveat that Chlorine gas will be formed at the opposite electrode, as well as your desired Oxygen... To minimise this, you only need a very very weak solution of sodium chloride, so that much more Oxygen is produced to small trace amounts of Chlorine gas.
2b) Further to this, Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is probably the easiest to work wit because (in theory) it is not consumed at all in the electrolysis reactions at the electrodes. In reality you can lose a little KOH through it's reaction with the gasses you are collecting, so very trace amounts K2O2 and some KO2 will be produced. But it is nearly negligible.
3) Going back to impurities causing scum and material deposition at the electrodes - Start with deionised water, add a small amount of electrolyte. Run the electrolyser for a few days, strip and clean each of the plates, wearing gloves and being careful to not get contaminants on the steel plates (even just oil off your fingers is a problem), rebuild, and re-fill with fresh clean deionised water with a little table salt added. To clean them, sand them down with emery cloth and rinse with deionised water.
4) Stainless steel plates are quite cost effective electrodes, but graphite or platinum are better because they are more inert than the stainless steel.
Wow, good comment!
As I found an expert here: Does orientation of the plates matters? Wouldn't hydrogen be replaced with salty water faster when plates would be oriented vertically?
don't we use a salt bridge so that impurities don't deposite near the electrodes and to remove liquid junction point according to this I think the the impurities won't deposit near the electrodes
Titanium is also spposed to be a god electrode material. very resistant to crrosion
Theoretically, graphine plates could be an ideal electrode material, but not very cost effective. A little platinum plating on stainless plates might be something to try tho.
a plasma jet would be a nice addition
Hey my daughter is 13 yrs old, an a smart kid. All I want is for my daughter to enjoy engine building. She loves ur channel plz consider her.
There was a researcher by the name of John Kanzius that made an accidental discovery using radio waves at 13.56 MHz to essentially shake the water and separate the hydrogen from the water ending up with the ability to make the water burn. By the way, I’ve been subscribed to your channel for a long time and you’ve always been interesting, amusing and provoking. Thank you for doing this.
Wow that's a really nice discovery
wasnt that a film with kianu reeves
Great, he would need to put more energy in than he would get out which defeats the purpose. It's not even a battery. At best it's a propellant medium.
Did you see the "It runs on water" documentary?
@@_Reverse_Flash To be fair, that's ALL batteries, including the radio waves thing, its just a matter of efficiency... which still makes the radio waves thing awful.
That's actually the problem with hydrogen as a fuel iirc, it takes so much energy to make and store hydrogen than to just put the energy in a lithium battery and use that.
On the flipside, water itself is incredibly cheap which is why it still has quite the promising future, so long as we can find some more improvements on electrolysis.
To avoid confusion, there's a difference between electrolysis and hydrolysis. Electrolysis uses electricity to split molecules, while hydrolysis uses water to break down molecules
Yea tag integza in that i was also thinking the same thing
Oh yeah. I recently learned that's the term for cooking with water, aka boiling. Hydrolysis. It did confuse me when he used it. Glad you guys cleared that up.
I was coming to say the same thing.
Yes me too, I guess it was a mistake there
That was very easy to process the information is out. And we’re all off to the races.
Remember that this man does not want to kill himself and is in perfect mental health
That process is actually called Electrolysis. Hydrolysis is using water to break OTHER chemical bonds. Electrolysis: breaking chemical bonds using electricity, Hydrolysis: breaking chemical bonds using water. See the patern?
Analysis 💀
Yeah it's pretty clear he has no idea what he's talking about and no idea what he's doing.
@@Coecoo And he is doing this at home... :D :D :D
@@Coecoo You do realize he's not a native English speaker, right? It was a mistake.
@LordDragox412 you do realize he's being sarcastic right 😂
I’m a chem engineering student and I’m very interested in design. The switch from anti-gyroid to stacked cylinder was absolute beauty. I’m glad I found your channel
Stacked cylinder is the obvious solution, not some fancy geometry. for practical applications you need to be able to separate the hydrogen and oxygen. That means that the anode and cathode must be some distance apart.
An idea for the next video:- make it work as a gun, throwing projectiles D:
Also, no. Tomato's rock.
IMHO: All you need to fix the battery burnouts is some resistors.
Had a buddy who made a home made fly zapper and it kept burning out.
Had him put some resistors in the loop and shazam, no more burnouts.
guys he has NO suicidal thoughts and does NOT want to kill himself. He also has NO plans to stop content and posting. We gotta keep tabs on this guy and keep him safe.
Y'all it's crazy how many people get absolutely pressed over a joke. Relax, kiddos.
Hydrogen is nothing new. Water is H2O, 2 parts Hydrogen 1 part Oxygen.
Everyone who paid attention in 5th grade knows it takes more energy to remove the hydrogen from water than the hydrogen produces. That's called a net loss of energy.
There's no way to keep him safe unless you're stationed directly outside his house to guard him
What am I missing?
OHHH if he ends up dead. I get it. Sorry.
Using electrolysis to split water into hydrogen and oxygen for fuel is not a novel thing.. nor is it particularly efficient.
"This is me 4 years ago": with mustache
"This is me 1 year ago": no mustache
I saw only this diffrence
i was expecting a ManScaped ad lol
@@imrasgor9525 same...
Kind of a glow down ngl
@@oh_finksI really like the beard and mustache combination he had years ago. Such a classic look.
Looks like you just got a big upgrade: 3D printing METAL! That's a huge deal!
A 3D would change my life. Additive manufactureing ROCKS!!!
The problem you're having is because of the acidic electrolyte. Silver may not react with sulfuric acid, but when it is used as a positive electrode, it will break down because it is directly attracting the sulfate ions. Hence why only half of the electrodes were discolored, and also why little oxygen was produced (evident by the less violent hydrogen detonations). This is why sodium or potassium hydroxide are most often used: the hydroxide ions don't attack the electrodes!
I think it could be more the case that the electroplating isn't perfect enough, leaving small cracks and an uneven surface through which copper is exposed and corroded through electrolysis. Thats why he could scrape down the copper metal which revealed fresh silver. In the alkaline electrolysis you can see 1.) the formation of Silver(I)-oxide at the anode and 2.) the formation of elemental copper on the cathode
@@TheKikori silver is still reactive enough, even with perfect surface. That why they use platinum
@@Nworthholf was more referenced to the red stuff. I know that silver oxidizes at low pH electrolysis of Water to Ag+ / at high pH to Ag2O
But could you reverse the reaction and essentially create a cleaning action by using an AC current instead of DC? Since the product of the electrolysis is not being separated, rapidly reversing the polarity shouldn't be an issue for the end product.
@@kstricl In theory, but in reality, it takes time for the ions to migrate, so AC electrolysis doesn't usually occur. Using AC would mostly just corrode the electrodes. The best fix here is to simply go back to a hydroxide or carbonate, which work well even with cheap steel electrodes.
My Dad's so bad in the kitchen that most folks think he can "burn water", but this guy actually does! 🤣
Id love to see you re-iterate on this design for another video. Make MORE of it, lets see how much power it can get.
For this idea, since you can’t supply the amps needed, adding a resistor in series will help arrest the flow. It may slow your overall output, but will allow you to generate more over time
let's calculate the overall efficiency:
The short version is you only get back 1/3 of the power you put into getting the hydrogen out.
0.75 (electrolysis) × 0.90 (storage/transport) × 0.50 (fuel cell) = 0.3375 or 33.75%
This means that only about one-third of the initial energy input is recovered as useful energy output.
The inefficiency ratio can be expressed as:
Inefficiency ratio = Energy lost / Energy recovered
= (1 - 0.3375) / 0.3375
≈ 1.96
This means that for every unit of energy recovered, about 1.96 units are lost in the process.
Yeah usually the average person don’t know thermodynamics and repeat everything they hear.
While I agree with how "inefficient" the set up is... Here's what I see...
1. Storing the fuel and oxygen is perfectly safe (water)
2. Perfect amount of hydrogen and oxygen for perfect combustion
3. If the sources of energy is unlimited or easily renewed, such as nuclear or solar panels efficiency of energy to fuel conversion doesn't matter all that much
Also, the water storage is just about as good as it gets as far as density goes
@@labanbaxter the density is not so important for stationary use, but if you want to use it for transport (as the video implies) you also have to include the energy density of the electricity source, which would generally mean a battery of some kind.
@@labanbaxter good news water moves itself, and has moved itself for hundreds of millions of years.
@labanbaxter Efficiency is important no matter what. There is no reason to waste energy on converting electricity into hydrogen and oxygen if there is no good reason to do so.
Create a water powered car without being assassinated by big oil
That would be great.
All it would need to do is be insulated from the heat of the car, in terms of the water as fuel. The only issue is to create a tank that would be safe from creating leaks, and electrical fires/electrocution risk. Also, one pipe would be needed to pipe the hydrogen and oxygen gas together, but that's going to be a very explosive risk there. Same for how it would need to be ignited in the engine. There would have to be fairly controlled ways of delivering the gases in small amounts in multiple areas with very thin tubing, depending on the engine used. I would assume it would not be an ICE engine, but perhaps one could be designed to run on water. It would be highly complicated.
@@briondalion I'm impressed how you went into so much detail withojt considering first that you need energy for electrolysis. More than you'd ever get from hydrogen combustion
Discharging a large Lipo in that amount of time to harness a few bubbles of hydrogen should be enough of a realization that to make hydrogen requires a phenomenal amount of electricity. Then you need to chill it and then compress it. Then you need to transport it and store it. Then you need to maintain the engine that uses it…. Every step requires a phenomenal amount of electricity. If only there was a simpler way…..
Imagine if there was a way to generate electricity from your roof, and very directly store it and use it any time you desire…..
@@user-qz4ut9mw5b oh yeah, sorry yeah, I just got excited. Although if you used a small amount of radioactive material, you could power that for a long while, presumably. Submarines that are powered by nuclear energy need almost no material in terms of the size...different energy needs, however. Yes it would be more energy used, but it would keep cars cleaner, especially if it's Thorium that is used. Or, perhaps, the car could have a body made out of specially shaped solar panels, all over the car.
It might not be net zero energy, but it would be cleaner. It could also be a very small ICE that compliments an electric car, so it can go further in distance.
Or, my idea is bad, I'm not sure. That fact about the more energy needed slipped my mind. I'm just passionate haha
@@ibsn87
Bob Lazar already solved the hydrogen storage problem decades ago
Do a collaboration with “I did a thing” and make a water powered cannon
Nicely done, @integza. If possible, include a 3D metal-printed spark plug that, alone, can reduce heat conductivity and oxidation during use. When the rocket is being printed, include printing a small spark plug that, if possible, includes a small amount of either or both Titanium or Graphene within the plug to improve electrical conductivity while minimising oxidation during discharge.
You just have to know that somewhere right now in a small cell in America there's a prisoner with a battery, a cup of water, some floor cleaning supplies they smuggled back, and 2 wires trying hard as they can to make one of these things work to light his damn cigarette!
Indeed. From watchng this video on youtube in their cell ;)
(Actually - if they had the resources to get that stuff together, they could probably manage to smuggle a mobile phone into prison quite easily).
HEY NOW!!!!! I've been there and have done that. It's easier to use pencil leads, power cord off of your clear plastic boom box and a fluffed up Q-Tip. We had to use Bible paper as rolling paper. We made sure that we never smoked Peter. Seriously, we don't smoke Peter!
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
If you run wires to the resistors, you can eliminate the graphite from pencils and make long lasting lighters that won't explode over time, or when the lieutenant decides to play with your lighter and show it to too many coworkers. @@timothydobbs1583
Barabuuuuum 😁😁😁
Given your engineering background, I'm surprised you haven't applied Ohm's Law to optimize your electrolysis setup. For an efficient hydrogen generator, you can calculate the ideal electrolyte concentration using a simple approach:
Determine your desired current (I) based on your hydrogen production goals.
Know your power supply's voltage (V).
Calculate the target resistance (R) using Ohm's Law: R = V / I
Then, gradually add electrolyte (typically potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for alkaline electrolysis) to your water while measuring the resistance between electrodes. Stop when you reach the target resistance.
For example, if you're using a 12V battery and want 5A current:
R = 12V / 5A = 2.4 ohms
Adjust your electrolyte concentration to achieve this resistance. Remember, higher voltage requires less electrolyte to maintain the same current.
This method helps you maximize hydrogen production efficiency without overloading your system. It's crucial to fine-tune based on your specific setup and safety considerations.
definitely
Check out the giant HHO generator I built 16 years ago. czcams.com/video/PFrkHFmjx0c/video.html you don't need to get so fancy with that complex geometry, though that was very cool. stainless steel plates alternating, car batteries and a PWM. I stopped these experiments when I almost blew up my garage. And you are correct, it is very loud because Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases. very volatile. DANGEROUS !!
Super helpful to know. I don't know how I hadn't caught that part of the discussion yet. I don't know if I have the authority but I say 20 points are due.
Guy’s a poser
You could also just limit the power draw with resistors . I have a feeling he knows that but was instigating more discussion to farm ideas. One of those sneaky thinking guys .
All of us now have the knowledge of how to make one. You’ve saved the knowledge on this engineering marvel, it will always innovate now because the knowledge is in our minds 👍
Might have to upgrade my Blunderbus!😮
"Let's launch rockets!"
"Here's some water."
"What?"
Cheers!
Someone should call Elon
@@myhopefullyhumbleopinion they already considered using hydrolox for starship and determined that it wasn’t worth it
Worked on a water electrolysis hydrogen oxygen thruster for small and micro satellites at an old job. The team flew it, it worked, but it never got much press and the company didn't really push it after.
Look up "Hydros Thruster".
Advantage is if you ride as a sub payload on a launch it's a lot easier to make people feel safe about your payload when your fuel is water instead of hydrazine or something else scary.
styropyro laughing with his 100 parallel battries
pyro is an anomaly ... quite literally. the man has more testosterone coursing trough his veins than 10 healthy men or around 50 soyboys. it kind of explains why he has absolutely no fear when tinkering with things that even highly experienced professionals gulp at.
@@KT-pv3kl Sure, pyro hams the cavalier attitude up for the videos, but I have never seen him behave in a way that I haven't experienced from other people with arguably dangerous occupations. Meanwhile, Mr. Integza here has really been pretty reckless a couple times with high pressure contraptions and flywheels. (I do wonder about pyro's insane test problem though and how much it contributed to him being... the way he is)
@@johnathanmcdoe it was tounge and cheek not to be taken seriously but hands down the things this man does in his garage/room/backyard many professionals wouldn't even attempt in a dedicated lab especially not without serious safety equipment and a pair of gloves and plastic "safety " glasses arent what I would describe as serious when playing with lasers strong enough that even a reflection can burn out your retinas or enough ampere to spot weld your nose to an I-Beam.
as for his condition I wonder why he is so laid back and friendly actually. most people with his condition end up committing serious crimes or violence due to having a short fuse , low impulse control and insane aggression.
@@KT-pv3kl Yeah, I'm not arguing he's being cautious in the common sense... sense, just that he does have basic safety in mind. The laser glasses are a good example, he has talked about those at length a couple times and they're the expensive and certified kind. As for the testosterone thing, if I had to speculate, I'd guess he found enough valves to relieve the pressure through near constant activity. Got medical news so bad you're too distracted for the usual thing? Let's go storm chasing! Built different.
Ol’ Sparky plus this thing… one small leak and it won’t be a detonation... It’ll be a deflagration!
Video idea " attempt to build a phonon powered motor prototype. Explain the issues it has as a concept and the potential solutions of the invention"
this is insane how does someone just think of this, you did amazing!
"I'm prepared because I'm an idiot."
That statement has more wisdom than all the worlds' governments and universities combined.
People who think they know everything never prepare for mistakes or unforeseen variables. They charge ahead and get angry when it doesn't work.
You, Dear Integza, have just demonstrated something that is rarer than Diamonds and White Holes: Humility and Integrity.
He may be an idiot, but he's a _wise_ idiot!
He takes the Half Life G-Mans advice seriously, _"Prepare for unforeseen consequences."_
bro is extraordinarily humble
Very interesting. Information from someone who has worked in the jewelry industry: electroplating is somewhat porous so when gold plating there is a copper layer then an electroplated layer of nickel followed by a layer of gold otherwise the copper will tarnish or corrode through the gold. My two cents. I would like to see a test to measure the energy output vs the energy needed for the electrolysis.
You forgot unicorns hens teeth and rocking horse poo lol😂😂😂
You mean Integzaty.😅
i like how most viewers try to contribute to the design and fix its flaws. This shows the content of the channel is not only Captivating but also attracts intellects from various demograph to contribute to the fountain of knowledge
Even a moron like me is somewhat interested.
Like to see this stuff be actually implemented and experimented to see if can actually make solid results.
Especially more so than institution's full of subverted establishment jokers we have now in tech and such.
Showing off your brainstorming methods, I’m terrible at coming up with ideas and it seems like I’m always going to back to the drawing board to fix little things or redesign parts
Thinking outside the box, not inter,
Your videos bring warmth in the winter,
I’ve been a fan for many miles,
As your projects bring me smiles,
And I sure could use that free printer.
"If the grapes are more expensive then the bottle, just buy the bottle" 😂 legendary advise grandpa!
Integza, I recommended this idea to you probably a year or two and you made a rocket out of it. You even selected me for a giveaway of 3-D printer, but due to some issues, i have to let it go. have a small full fledge rocket which is capable of storing the gas and literally flies high up in the air. This was my project in year 2022. Thank you for developing this and the video was soo good and amazing.
Perfect time for Tony's Arc Reactor technology
... "speechless" or "I ran out of words" could be some winning combinations
I don't think I've ever come across a more interesting chemistry/engineering video yet. This was awesome
Try generating under a vacuum
Clickbait. Power source is more than water...it's a battery that keeps dying. You need a battery, not just water! And, the so-called "rocket" went nowhere.
While interesting, it's unfortunately also a dead end from both a chemistry and engineering perspective. The problem is the idea at it's basis, water as a fuel. Water itself is already a combustion product, and water cannot become a fuel until more energy is put back in than can ever be recovered during it's combustion.
The other commenters are right about water not being a true fuel source. I recognized that the moment I saw the title and--full disclosure--mostly clicked on it to hate-watch it and see the false assumptions he was probably making lol
But at the same time, looking past the misleading title, I think this is still very interesting as a cool home experiment. It's fun to watch someone tinker with a problem, encounter problems, problem solve their way through, etc. I enjoyed watching it. The end result is just a (probably inefficient) way of turning electricity into movement, using the water as a way of turning electricity into chemical energy then into thrust via combustion in his rocket. So sure, it probably isn't _practical_. But that doesn't mean it isn't interesting and very cool, I think
@@K31TH3R I wonder what the mass efficiency of this method is. It may have applications in space if it's extremely mass efficient.
"I'm prepared because I know I'm an idiot." So releateable 😂
i'm not an electrical expert but i'm pretty sure this is something that will always pull as much energy as is available
Amazing channel! I am so glad that I found your content, but I can't offer much in the way of suggestions for improvement. I can only "suggest" that you hurry up with episode 2 of this build because I am eager to see it fly!!
So what I've learned from this video, is that, if you have a large enough battery, you can make a rocket in your back garden.
@elliottoconnor4367
Exactly!
I like how he slowly discovers the construction of a battery. Soon he will discover the spiral.
I was looking for your innovative videos… Couldn’t find any. So maybe just STFU
Then he will need to swing out by said spiral.
@@Olikiscrazy Maybe once the spiral is discovered, he could also look into capacitors, which also use spirals and could lessen the load on batteries (charge the capacitor with a batterie, or with an appropriate charger, then use the capacitor to generate hydrogen)
@@primedialga And use this hydrogen to run an engine to load batteries.... God ! We just invent perpetual movement ! Free energy for everyone ! I'm so happy, no more war, fuck climate change and earth is flat by the way !
I was thinking how could that complicated I2Y shape have more surface area than a bunch of thin metal discs stacked with the same diameter as the beaker. I like how you work through your ideas until your design works more efficiently. I am also glad to see a more simple design works better. Good job
it seems like you nailed it I have wondered how to separate hydrogen from water but I did not finish hi school so it has taken me longer to figure a bunch of things. i enjoyed your video thank you
Water: exists
Integza: IT'S FREE REAL ESTATE
The problem with the high current is that you have such a high voltage over a low resistance.
Try stacking 9 plates to create 8 gaps. Attach +12v to one end plate and Ground to the other end plate. The voltage in the KOH will evenly create 1.5v gaps or cells.
Also, turn the plates sideways so the gaps are vertical. This way the water will help push the lighter bubbles out of the way faster. Electricity will not flow through the gas, so getting them off of the plate faster helps create gas faster.
I’ve read years ago about running the hydroxygen into the air intake of a car to help increase MPG. The idea is that when the spark plug fires, the hydrogen flame front is faster that the gasoline vapor flame front and will help ignite all of the gasoline faster earlier in the power stroke and become more efficient.
This is the solution. The current conductor is an electrical short circuit. You need multiple plates to solve this issue.
This guy Electrolysis'. Would be cool to see if hydrogen cars become more prominent than electric in the future.
But the issue is the energy loss during the electrolysis stage.
I did this to a 2000 ford f150 and it works. I got about 25% MPG but the really cool thing was the added horse power that it adds. However you really should do it. After you burn the gas it turns back to water and it rusted the inside of the engine. You would need to build an engine special.
I stacked the plates with 4 neutral plate between the load and ground with a total of 21 plates. Works great but to control the amps, it comes down to how conductive you make the water. I used baking soda so add more or less to start then to fill up, just add water. Distilled water only.
@@hercules71185it’s as easy as chucking some more water in the tank
Idea for the next video: making a similar engine to the innengine "1 stroke"
Thanks so much for your content, I really enjoy it
i commented hho engine months ago! And he did it!!!! im so glad
-Use a transformer instead of battery or current limited powersupply
-Remove the outer shell of the electrolytic capacitor and place it in the water to get more surface area
But current limiting is probably a good idea no matter the power source
Why is he using DC anyway?
@@bat__bat I mean transformer with bridge rectifier.
I agree @@hjagu1323
I agree @@hjagu1323
As for efficiency: It takes a lot more electric energy to split the HH from the O than the energy produced by burning them together.
@@judgedayan9934 That process requires the electrodes to be too far apart for efficiency and the bubbles off each electrode must be collected separately. Not impossible, but it is a waste of energy and you still need to introduce 02 to the hydrogen to get it to burn.
Nature got it right. Ignite them together or with at least a little more outside air. An ICE will not run on pure HHO, it needs to mixed with outside air to combust properly. There is no reason to capture pure HH when you have to dilute it to combust, anyway. Peace out.
Huh? Where is the energy going then? Is the water getting hot, or giving off RF energy or something?
@@user-pt7sx7ev1k Hot, you guessed it.
@@user-pt7sx7ev1k heat, yes.
Solar power can provide a lot of electricity though.
I love the way you explain and carry out your experiments without fear of failure, continuing to learn and pass that along to the audience.
@Te_Legram_integzabyJG wow that was amazingly fast!
@Te_Legram_integzabyJG wow that was amazingly fast! thank you.
I really appreciate finding your channel. This is right up my alley! Would love to see you make a video about designing a more practical retrofit aparatice for a wood alcohol machine being added as a fuel source for a 4 stroke internal combustion engine.
I know a few ways to improve this design. step 1, rotate the lattice 90 degrees so the the plates are vertical instead of horizontal. the gas bubbles want to go up, and the plates are in the way. step 2 include a recirculation pump to forcibly pump water through your lattice, further pushing bubbles out and water back into contact with the electrode. step 3, just use salt water. you'll get salt deposits on your electrodes, and lower conductivity, but that will be way easier to clean off. it also makes it safer for a circulation pump. also lower conductivity means you can measure it and limit your current so you don't overload your power source. at that point it's about as optimal as it will be, so you can just scale it up. electrical resistance in the lattice itself means there's a maximum lattice size, so you're better off having multiple parallel lattices if your goal is maximum output. as for rockets... don't you lose efficiency because the water rapidly cools and loses pressure going from gas to liquid?
unless you mean other salts salt water releases chlorine gas which is uh not too great
@@mumujibirb electrolysis of sodium chloride into chlorine gas requires a higher current than water IIRC. I could be wrong, im just remembering highschool. Technically *any* electrolyte will work. Also, you can use distilled water instead, though this has the consequence of also producing ozone, and h2 gas dissolved in the water, like carbonation. Effervescent water via hydrogen gas. At least until it becomes saturated... which means there is waste. Thats also requires a bit more current. Yes, i just googled a bunch to double check this stuff, but thats all i did.
@@therealquade Hi, producing chlorine does require higher voltage than oxygen from water but not by much, water need 1.23V while chloride need 1.36V (see wikipedia page Standard_electrode_potential_(data_page)). So you would produce a combination of chlorine gas and oxygen gas, so definitely don't use salt. Also reducing conductivity to limit the current is not ideal since you lose efficiency that way, you better reduce volltage or use smaller cell. Any electrode would work if you don't mind it dissolve into the solution in a few minutes. Also distilled water is not ideal as it has low conductivity, use NaOH solution instead.
This is a good way to “die of mysterious circumstance” or at least have some very nice dressed men knock on your door
if the water is pumped, wouldn't it clean itself with enough pressure?
It was nice knowing you man
☠️
FBI Open up
I assume you're new to the channel? Doing sketchy shit is his hall mark. His favorite past time is to strap sketchy rocket shit to sketchy rolling shit and strap a sketchy Integza on top for extra lulz.
@@andersjjensen The joke here is that while researching alternative fuel sources to oil can make your workshop blow up if you fail, it can also make your car or your house blow up if you succeed
@@MLAM518 You seem to have misunderstood the joke here as well
I agree with the suggestions of providing flow and cooling to your solution.
Regarding the voltage, I wonder if using lower voltage, for a number of reasons already suggested, but adding a pair of , (or more? ) high voltage generator modules to boost a 3.7-6 volt input, to around a claimed 400,000 volt output (with the modules I bought, but have yet to test) might eliminate the larger battery and let you focus on the next obstacle in this particular project.
Regarding the suggestion for an upcoming video...
I'm running behind on trying to create a convincing lightsaber for a themed wedding prop, that uses a plasma arc and either a fully contained "blade" structure that operates in sync with the plasma arc, or if safely possible, no blade structure at all.
I'd really like the Star Wars side of the theme to show the Harry Potter side, that they are not in the same arena.
A tip to make the hydrolysis more efficient would be to heat up the water beforehand. Maybe adding some water flow to the design could help too
we did something similar in my chemistry class, we had directions to mix yeast with hydrogen peroxide to make oxygen, and to mix hydrochloric acid with zinc metal for hydrogen. We weren't told how to collect the fuel, my group decided to mix it in sealed containers with only one exit, and to plug the exit with a syringe, then let it sit, and after a while, collect the gas with the syringe. We did this for both hydrogen and oxygen. Then we had to cut pipettes into short little stubs with the resivoir at the top, fill them with water, then gently insert the syringes into the water, and inject some oxygen and some hydrogen (separately) which displaced the water. Then we had to put 2 wires thru the little water seal and use a spark to ignite it and shoot the little rocket.
Would small accumulation tank help buffer the better?
I can't be the only one watching that wonders why when he showed metal printing at the start, he goes through so many iterations of trying to plate and then clean the gyroid print, he doesn't just get a printed part from metal (maybe the complexity increases the cost? Or perhaps too long of wait?)
Then he just completely changes it up from a very intellectually cool and interesting gyroid topology, to a series of stacked discs!
😂 Love it
Metal 3D printing services don't offer many types of metal, and the one he showed only has stainless steel, which isn't a very good conductor.
Silver would be hilariously expensive, tho copper might be okay if he finds a service that has it.
@@ledocteur7701 oh, that makes sense. Thanks for the reply
I'd guess he wanted to test the design before committing paying and waiting for a 3d printed one. Smart seeing as he eventually changed the design. Remember, he might be an idiot but he is a professional idiot 😂
Another reason could be the allaround conductivity. If it was conductive through all the shape, It would be useless as you need two poles. You would have to saw off the baseplane a get two meshy things stuck together and then find a solution to keep them fixed but not touching.
This way you have them perfectly spaced as its one object, and you just make part of it conductive.
He might be an idion, but pretty smart one.
@@ledocteur7701 yeah stainless has quite the higher resistance but it is conductive so the Grafite paint could be skipped also but the paint is probably cheaper for his stuff
Well done, young man. Giant among men.
Keep working and your rocket will fly (just be careful and be safe)! Great video!😎
Making a small generator to power these electrodes would be a nice theme for a future video.
That or using a 1200W or even a 1600W pc power supply would work. They are designed for those massive power loads.
@@Secu90210 it will be very nice if he uses a dc regulated power supply, so he could also have a metric of how many amps it is consuming
@@Secu90210 HP, Dell, etc. 'redundant server PSUs' exist. During the crypto mining craze, all sorts of 'surplus' +12V high-current PSUs were found.
$15-50 can get you a 1200-2KW +12VDC PSU, you'll just have to do a lil work to config as a bench PSU.
Alternatively, the HP Common Slot ones were so common, there are 'breakout' boards for them, that make the process 'plug and play'.
And this is why I enjoy the videos. Funny, entertaining, straight to the point content. Theres enough effort put into understanding the process, actually proving it work or it doesn’t, and the reasoning without overwhelming the viewer if they’re not well informed prior.
I would love to see a video about weird materials turned into superconductors!
Wow! Great job doing hands on science for all of us to learn!
Great ingenuity. Using the disks is an excellent choice. Many times you find the simplest ideas get you much farther along before you start fine-tuning into something more complicated . For amperage control I have many ideas here starting with:
What if you were to increase your distance between discs and the number of discs to reduce the amount of amperage draw;
adjust your conductive solution ratio, and use a fuse or breaker to protect your batteries.
Better yet, use a contactor with overload that we usually call a motor starter assembly with overload relay. They come in many different coil voltages and the overload relay is adjustable in amps that you can set. These have an overload test and reset button. You can utilize a rocker switch to use to initiate the contactor easily per each test.
Another idea is use an AC transformer and an AC/DC converter with fuse and a potentiometer to control your voltage and therefore your amp draw.
And, another one, adjust the spacing of the disc to reduce the amperage draw at first, and work up.
Have you thought of using alternating current and capacitors. I do HVAC and use run capacitors for single phase compressors and motors all the time. There are universal capacitors by Amrad that you can select all sorts of combinations of capacitance. Have fun and God bless
See @EirexTech in Canada for "Energetic Cavitation Impact" with any type of water that reminds me of Prof Marc Ramsey, Vanderbilt University and his CZcams video 8 years ago.
I appreciate how you demonstrated that a more complex or engineered design isn't necessarily the most effective. Sometimes, simplicity works better.
There is an old video from late 80s early 90s of Bob Lazar showing how he converted his Corvette to run completely off of hydrogen.. From generating the hydrogen, to modifying tanks, the plumbing, and very little adjustment for Fuel O2 ratios
Add a dielectric insert to make sure the negative and positive terminals aren't shorting out where they aren't supposed to, specifically where the hole is on the alternating discs
A cool thing would be a hydrogen torch, burns extremely hot and can cut almost anything👀 and would be a cool follow-up to this video😁
1:56 not to mention that liquid hydrogen is so tiny that it can escape pretty much anything. Even NASA have some trouble keeping it in tanks.
Designing the seals and bearings for the turbopumps for the RS-25/SSME engines for the Shuttle was apparently a nightmare!
The liquid hydrogen molecule is the same size as the gaseous hydrogen molecule
We need a wall around fuel tank - project 2025
@ElonHusky what? What are you talking about?
Reminder that this process is net-negative energy wise. You need more power to break the water into hydrogen and oxygen than you wind up getting from burning the hydrogen and oxygen.
It is a neat process and it has applications, but it is not some kind of a panacea to solve our energy problems.
That's only partially true, you need power to create the hydrogen. But the hydrogen can be utilized more efficiently. A jet engine can be more powerful and more efficient then a electric one.
It's worth pointing out to the casual reader that it's an identical amount of energy to split or combine (on a molecular level) - but there are other less fundamental factors that make splitting more expensive
Have you heard about Stanley Mayer? he claimed he split water at 1700 + efficiencies. His technology is shrouded in Pseudo science tho. However with things like the 1951 Invention Secrecy act, makes you wonder of this and alot of ree energy devices actually exist but are kept secret from the public.
@@JohnnyWednesday also in real world reactions, nothing is perfect, some ingredients get lost or don't mix properly, some fuel goes unburnt, etc
@@perkunast9680 Depends on the definition of efficiency. If you mean thrust to weight it's hard to beat fossil fuels, but also hydrogen might be better than battery-electric propulsion.
However, if the goal is to use the least energy possible you definitely can't beat batteries and electric propulsion.
"A jet engine can be more powerful and more efficient then a electric one."
More efficient definitely not. An electric engine is very efficient, think more than 90%. Combustion engines don't even come close.
More powerful is probably right. If I search for horsepower of the Boeing 777 I get an approximation of 175000 horsepower in two motors. If I search for most powerful electric motor I get a horsepowernumber of 49000.
If you ever want to scale this project up, consider using a DC welder as power supply. It is adjustable for amp output. Use the appropriate # of cells to match voltage.