The Engineering Puzzle of Storing Trillions of Bits in your Smartphone / SSD using Quantum Mechanics
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- čas přidán 16. 05. 2024
- It's a puzzle as to how your smartphone or the solid-state drive in your laptop can store gigabytes to terabytes of data by the click of a button! It's amazing that your devices work flawlessly, and the information doesn't leak out. In this video, we'll learn how scientists and engineers use quantum mechanics to store this information reliably. We'll take a look on the inside of the 3D NAND technology, and see an application of quantum mechanics- specifically quantum tunneling.
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0:35 - Where is the storage microchip in your Smartphone?
1:12 - Inside the memory storage microchip.
2:08 - Exploring the walls of the charge trap.
3:00 - Writing information to a memory cell.
3:48 - How Quantum Mechanics is applied to writing to a memory cell.
5:30 - Dimensions of a memory cell.
6:24 - Memory cells DO lose their data... over time.
6:49 - Wrapping up
Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee
This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works.
2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview
3) [7.5min] Writing to a memory cell using Quantum Mechanics
4) Reading from a charge trap flash memory cell.
5) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells)
6) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT)
7) SSD Architecture
8) How is VNAND manufactured?
Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, SSDs
Erratum:
Animation built using Blender 2.82a www.blender.org/
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro
Book References:
Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource]
Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE.
Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource]
Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer
Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer.
Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley
Internet References:
Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net
www.kitguru.net/components/ss... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk
www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com
www.samsung.com/us/computing/... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com
fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020
Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com
semiengineering.com/whats-rea... (Accessed 07/05/2020)
#SSD #VNAND #Quantum - Věda a technologie
This is the most interesting thing I have ever learned.
You should be an electrical engineer
Dude. The way he explained tunneling between the gate and electron channel. That's some straight up spooky physics. Such a good visual was done here. I already knew how it worked but seeing it explained. I'm pretty sure this is a simulation now. Lol
I am actually exited again to become a eletrical engineer
If you found this so fascinating that you would like to study this, consider doing physics at University
S
Amazing job, accurate explanation, stunning animation, simply amazing job.
Agreed my friend. My mind is over blown beyond repair. Jk.
And it also give the explanation why 8nm transistors a the smallest possible to build transistors if we build them smaller the quantum tunneling would "break" them and they wouldn't change the state
I approve this
Amazing that these quantum equations were developed in 1920. That's 100 years ago, also almost 50 years before computers.
Amazing video
shows how research that might not seem "useful" could potentially be do in the future. and we have to thank those people who do the research out of PURE PASSION for the subjects
@@Safwan.Hossain yes exactly
Also, just to make it more interesting, we do not yet understand Quantum Mechanics entirely.
People call Charles Babbage the father of computers. From the 19th century.
@@Safwan.Hossain Exactly. It is so annoying when people are like 'that money could've been used somewhere else' or 'they should rather work on curing cancer' blah blah. As if that's how simple research is!
It works in very unexpected ways over time..
I'm still confused why people still identify the future with flying cars.
And now I really wonder how the engineer make this thing ???
👏👏👏👏👏👏 you are 100% right!
Lithography
yeah, this is much more impressive than flying cars.
Also, we have flying cars. They're called helicopters.
Flying cars are for billionaires, ordinary mortals happy with smartphones
@@eggyrepublic there is an actual vtol car but it's impractical
So this means that flash memory might probably be the most used "quantum mechanics" device in the world?
Leonard Putra ,, 🤪dude even “quantum mechanics” and “quantum physics” and “quantum chemistry” and “quantum dimensions” are working in your body and also in everything that you can see and you can not see in this universe and also in the others universes around ours🤫....believe it or not!!! the quantum world is just the tip of the iceberg🤣🤣🤣
@@eddw123 no it's a molecule of the iceberg
Actually the most used is chlorophyll. It's a device not different from this, with the difference that we don't know yet how to build it for ourselves.
Probably...
it is a possibility... or not... at the same time... you know, quantics.
When you know The "quantum effect" the thing that is even hard to believe is already been implemented by scientists and part of everyone's day to day life
We have to thank scientist. They are not a scientist, they are GOD
True
and marketing departement love to make it as a selling point
I guess alien has already invade earth
@@prabusentertainmentvlog6152 they are very smart scientists, not God
It's hard to imagine the effort that went into making this video. It's beautiful. You guys are amazing
I’m an engineer, I’ve already studied all these things in the master and I have two comments:
1. Having these videos available at that time would have been great, I spent a lot of mental effort understanding such deep concepts, and here I see them so well (maybe also because I already know them);
2. Love the passion that is behind the creators of these video, you give a small bite of the toughness of engineering to everyone. Thank you for everything! Please continue.
You'd forget how miraculously advanced technology is that most people walk around with in their pockets.
If this is miraculous what about the environment around us that's been around for ages and is highly more complex
@@10highsky Yeah but we developed this stuff in mere decades and nature took several millions of years to get certain stuff done. That's like finishing college in a century.
@@DrsJacksonn you're saying this is the same as nature ? the mechanics in natural organisms are extremely more complex especially depending on organism to organism but regardless even if you talk about something simple as an egg or plant which grows in a short matter of time is still vastly incredible and complex which we still forget about just as easily
@@10highsky But eggs are stupid doe
@@DrsJacksonn fair point
Amazing!! Awesome illustrations and mind boggling to imagine that we humans created this .
No. Machine create this
@@freemasonry666 no humans did
@@Abraham-lx8tchumans made the machines and the machines created this. so basically, your right but technically your not right
It's just incredible how well written and animated these series are. I can hardly believe it. Thank you so much!
and usually we complains when we make a photo in hd with hdr activated and filters ... and it takes 100 milliseconds to show it to you on your oled screen, which has another process as complex as this one.🤯
Who would imagine that it actually works in that way 🤯 mind blowing for me
It kinda sucks how there are so many great people out there with genius minds that nobody will remember ever
like me
@@oddzzyy5649 what makes you a genius??
Andrew Onuh he won’t respond you know
@@andrewonuh317 because yes
@@oddzzyy5649 😂😂
So much engineering so I can use a primitive impulse to watch lewds
You are everywhere
Yeah pretty much
Holy crap, here I thought you disappeared.
By "watch lewds" do you mean "draw Pikachu slapping his own ass"?
mood
there is one more important thing we should learn. How do they manufacture these nm scale structures ?
Lasers that are focused with a lens, like a high tech magnifying glass you hold out in the sun light, or at least that’s how silicone chips are made
@@evil1knight well.. extreem UV lamps
Well at first they take a waver and get a silicone layer over the oxid(dielectric) layer than they put on a layer of Nitrat and one of uv activeted paint afterwards they shine uv light though a mask in a projector (here they get it small) now cleaning and etch away that isn't covert be activated paint down to the oxide and cover it with heat it so a the gate oxide can Form out of the silicone and add new oxide than they polish till they reach the nitrate and again etching away but at first the nitrate than they set the hight of the on top laying oxide with more etching after that they put on paint and activating it on wanted parts and clean it than doting the silicon with p ions than clean the paint new paint and again uv light cleaning and doting but with boron inons cleaning heating for gateoxide putting on a layer of polysilicon than paint uv light and etching adding nitrate etching than oxide paint doting drain and source after that more layering of oxide and nitrate(with sertan conditions) and aching to the darin and source to add a small layer titan Nitrat to secure the doting after that adding tungsten on top polishit down so only the etched holes are filled with tungsten and than they start to put on oxide paint uv light titan nitrate and then they add copper and again and again up to 10 layers with copper
For any structure that is less than the wavelength of light (e.g uv light is 300 nm), u need to use something called electron beam lithography ( use electrons instead of light due to their even smaller wavelength). This is implemented routinely in labs everywhere.
@@quantumpolariton122 nice addition
Man that piece of paper is T H I C C
It's vivid visible electric lecture i've ever seen.
ITS SO AWEEEEESOME THAT EXPLAIN COMPLEX THING IN IMAGE AND VIDEO!
I really want to thank you! I am currently writing a seminar work for school, chose Hard Drives and Solid state drives as my topic and wanted to have my main emphasis on quantum tunneling and the precise way flash drives work. Your videos really are explained in an amazing way! It's easy to understand, and shown in great detail. Helped me out a lot!
“And that’s it!” Is the best ending to a science video I’ve ever heard.
In my speech class they taught us that this is a bad way too end one's speech. Could've been better if the speaker just summarized quickly what they talked about and restated their main point of presentation.
@@stanislavsynytsia6592 good thing we're not in speech class then
@@nefm😂
This video looks like it was made in the 90's, yet explaining something from the far future
The 00... when discovery channel and MTV was cought in a downward spiral comparing with relityshows.
You try to render so many complicated 3D objects as a CZcamsr. Ex: Cinema 4D I'm sure movie studios can handle rendering things like that but I doubt this account would have the budget for something like that.
@@Fr0stBite5055 nah you can render something of this detail dead easy with tech from 10 to 15 years ago - the real accomplishment is that it's still an amazing video regardless
These Animations are just incredible good. Thank you
the animation does an excellent job of illustrating an insanely complex, crazy math+physics heavy topic at a level where even I can understand it.
This really blow my mind 🤯🤩
Now i understand how the same dimensions of a memory card can be variable in different capacities
Thanks for your efforts
You make understanding nanotechnology so easy
Great job 👍👌
This is just mind blowing. Didn't knew my phone was so amazing and used fcking QUANTUM MECHANICS !
This is amazing how the engineers could pack such an incredible technologies for extremely low price.
Capitalism
Capitalism
Yup bro 👍
Subbed, I took some time to understand even with the spoon feeding graphics but the fact that the audio and subtitles were glancing over different linked information is amazing. Very detailed videos.
Education is in CZcams videos lies this and not in class rooms. This is very impressive.
What an awesome educational video, and the narrator's voice is sublime. Scientists and engineers are the real stars in life, not sports people and actors. They have given us so much and with such little recognition.
I learned about this stuff during my Sophomore year, it's so cool to see someone making videos explaining it to a broader audience. Keep up the awesome work!
I clicked this not expecting much when it showed on my recommendations but I was hanging onto every word until the end. Kudos!
I am in complete awe. So many years studying physics and it didn't bother them explaining me one everyday usage of quantum mechanics. Amazing! That thin barrier acts on the thin line of the quantum and macroscopic world. Just the right width; a little less and its a cloud of propability, a little more and it's a concrete wall. Amazing stuff!
Good explanation most people take human innovation for granted.
All that work, and just so I can play candy crush and watch tik tok for 8 hours a day....... I need to rethink some things
No, it's not just so you can do those things. Those are options available via that, highly dumb ones, but it's not made for those. You're an idiot.
Ok normie.
To be clear, the same tech is used in productive computing and all sorts of storage. They just talk about smartphones to attract the attention of a broad consumer audience.
Well you're the one using it this way, there are other options
kirollos halim millions use it this way, tiktok anyways
Amazing visual. I really get the general idea and the clarity of the exposition is brilliant!
I cannot express how much I love they way you’ve visualized this concept! I learned so much of comp sci through text that was almost entirely abstract, seeing it here visualized is so so so so helpful!
you know, 8 hours of work at minium wage anyone can have technology this high quality is amazing, in the past people worked for longer than now for common items such as clothing.
This was puzzling me after watching your first video. Thanks for covering this part.
Problem is now I'm intrigued to know how these super small structures are manufactured
Lol...with stencils, a UV light and resin.
Basically, it's the same process as etching designs on a piece of metal, with a stencil, resin, a UV light, and acid.
Except, in this case an extremely detailed and expensive stencil, called a mask, is used.
It's actually a fairly old process. This was introduced in 2013
@@matsv201 I wouldn't call something from 2013 old lol. That was only 9 years ago.
I am amazed by the detail of explanation and animation perfection in these videos. I saw two videos and instantly subscribed. This content is easier to understand information than universities provide on such topic.
I work on embedded systems which use these memories..but I have never understood these complicated construction until i came across this awesome video with fantastic explanation and animation.. thanks to the creators
This makes me feel, humans have come a long way.😌
yet all the news talks about it "aNti-RayCiSm"
they would be disappointed when they found out im using these amazing technology to store overwatch lewd pictures
Normally I'm not that kind of fan of any youtube channel. But after watching this video, I can tell you that I'll never unsubscribe this one.
Thank you so much
This is one of the most well designed videos on CZcams. Straightforward explanations, complete with references in the description.
This video is amazingly well made! Back in school I would have loved to have educational materials like the videos on this channel.
Glad you enjoyed it!
We live in a simulation and the memory in our phones works by manipulating the physics engine and bugging it out so it miscalculated the position of electrons
Yeah I'm stunned by the amount of information packed within this video, almost parallel to what you're talking about, a bunch of things combined and put well together to present what our reality is. Nicely done.
WOW.... JUST WOW. I could totally understand how some people might call this magic. The complexity and layering of the systems is astounding, and that only makes me more curious to figure out how everything is connected. This channel gives me that clarity to see things better, to connect the dots and see things into perspective. Amazing work!
My professor: Probability of electron out of the box isn't zero
Me: That's why I hate quantum physics
Me watching this video: 😶
"Create and evolve" - that is the true meaning of our life's as a human beings.
unfortunately, that aspect of creativity and evolving is limited to some more than others.
@S well, I guess I should have put more thought into the implications of what I were typing, but I guess that's true too. Asians are pretty good as well though, they do pretty good when it comes to acting civilized.
Wow!!!!! I have been in computer sciences since 1972 as a programmer. Being retired for 12 years, this is absolutely amazing! Never would I expect this form of mass storage.
I really love the way the narrator speaks and everything looks so easy to understand and the sound is very soothing.
To whoever invented these technology.I can't thank you enough foryour contribution.Enabling me to save quite a collection of hd porn.
Lol😂😂😂
I'm dead 🥴
I feel like I'm watching interstellar broadcast from aliens who decided to share their knowledge.
P.S. Intel Optane please!
www.techinsights.com/blog/intel-3d-xpoint-memory-die-removed-intel-optanetm-pcm-phase-change-memory
You explained something I have been trying to grasp since I used my first flash drive. Thanks!
No one ever explained the Tunneling effect so accurately....Hattsoff Thankyou
Interesting use of subtitles as sidenotes. Though I think deaf might disagree. Edit: Ah, I see there's also regular subtitles. Nice use of alternative English subtitle streams ;)
*"If you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't understand it yourself."*
- Albert Einstein
I'd love to see Einstein explaining special relativity to a six year old.
He was an old man, didn't he?
@@mardy3732 🤣🤣
@@mardy3732 well he could explain, but the child wouldn't be able to explain it to other six year old. :D
@@mardy3732 use visual aid
I have a deep profound respect for you guys who make these kinds of videos. The research and effort gone into making this video alone is laudable. Hats off to you guys.
This makes me appreciate technoligy so much. What we use everyday and always take for granted has such complicated engineering to it
I'm not saying you should watch this on acid with a 120" projector in a dark room, but like, Im not saying you shouldn't
hey, why exactly those cells have a limited number of read/write cycles? what exactly happens with the cells?
Afaik when the data is erased not all electrons go back. Some stay trapped. Over time so many get stuck that at some point you can't tell for sure if it is empty or full.
Also the leak is the cause for data degradation/data decay
reading data involves measuring voltage. and 3bit cells have 8 different levels of voltage in a range. as electrons get trapped, the range narrows until the levels become indistinguishable.
@@PelicansPreston777 that's a great way to simplify it
I believe the tunneling can damage the dielectric, eventually to the point where the charge cannot be reliably stored or sensed.
I think this is the best video yet from Branch Education! Really complex information conveyed so that it makes sense although the scale is a little daunting - I have seen a clean room and a chip when they weren't this sophisticated inside. And I like the practical advice about the longer term storage of items!
This is AMAZINGLY done! Such a great job, all my respect guys!
I feel like I'm listening to a Thomas the Tank Engine narrator.
I thought it was George Carlin.
"I'm speechless, I have no speech!"
I just discovered this channel and it's awesome! The level of detail combined with the beautiful animations is really something. One note on this video though: When you said that the memory cells have a limited number of write cycles, I really hoped for an explanation for why this is the case. That's the only thing I could think would improve the video even more.
This was an astounding video and actually something I’ve been wondering for a while. Thank you.
Hoping for "How Ram" & "Processor" works! :)
RAM uses flash/nand technology, pretty much the same as in this video (but how the big picture work is diff)
Definitely go check out Ben Eaters video series: building an 8-bit breadboard computer. He there assembles a simple but complete Computer from the ground up, meaning from basically transistors. I think it's the most efficient and also most pleasant way of developing an understanding of how computers work!
@@Vysair well ram dont use tunneling, also just one level. Also, as far as I know, they dont use barrel capacitors..
@@Vysair RAM doesn't use flash/nand wtf. RAM is completely different than any storage device
@@matsv201 I mean the core technology and yes it's only TLC.
I have a SSD from 2014, I'll use it until it gets messed up just to see this in practice
They'll last a long time as long as you don't write & read a lot. I also asked a related question about it in a comment here:
""Does the controller chip 'refresh' the data when you're not reading or writing it to keep it uncorrupted, or do you have to copy it ALL every 8-10 years? I guess there's also correction mechanisms in place in case some bits get corrupted...""
This was the most unbelievable and nicer explanation I've ever heard.
Thanks for that
It's a beautiful thing. (and thank you for a animation/description to help understand it a little).
It’s nice to know that a strong enough positive charge would wipe my electronic devices 😇
Friend of mine learned this the very hard way, he put a magnet on top of his laptop, unfortunately on the very top of his SSD.
The laptop went nuts lol. They had to replace the SSD.
I didn't hear about magnets damaging an ssd before, are you sure it wasn't an hdd?
@@Mart-E12 hmmm i forgot and i'm not entirely sure, i do think it was hdd. Hdd are more prone to magnet failures
An emp would wipe an ssd drive a magnet mechanicaly damages a hdd
A cautionary tale to all those people sending positive vibes.
All the hentai on my phone is stored in a sliver of infinity that makes paper look big? Alrighty then
cant express how helpful the video is, sincerely thank you and I hope you'll continue creating these amazing videos !
I'm astounded by the level of detail you go into
Included with quantum mechanics on your smartphone is the ability to watch a sunset on Mars with access to the world's information that can fit in your pocket.
This is so cool, but the thing I always wonder is that how do they made these atom sized things !
Mostly litography i believe. That is like revealing photos, one over another
They build up these patterns layer by layer. Not the "layers" of different materials you saw in the video, but bottom to top. You start off with a flat sheet of the material you use the most. Then you use light shining through a mask to edge valleys into the material. Those valleys then are filled up with another material and excess material is polished away leaving you with a flat sheet of one material with patterns of another material. Repeat this until the layer is done and then continue with the next layer.
Kinda how Cubinator & Marcelo described. More accurately, they alternate depositing layers of Silicon Oxide and Nitride, and then use lithography to create a 'stencil', and then use an etching tool to cut into the layers, and then do another set of depositions through all the holes, and well... it's a long process.
This video was fantastic! I really appreciate that you listed your sources, because it makes the video a lot more credible. I might check out the books/papers at some point.
With the paper references and other online reference, this tutorial just seems like a well explained research paper, leaving clues for viewer to further explore and dive into the concepts!!
why not use punchole cards again, they won't ever get corrupted and they can be edited easily, or for example vhs tapes for storing things in binary, that would last really long too
But it would take ages to read/write files, and those also require moving parts.
Or write it all out on paper
@/science r/woooosh (I'm pretty sure this is a joke)
I'm going to try working out how long the punched card would be though
"This IBM card format, introduced in 1928,[47] has rectangular holes, 80 columns, and 12 rows. Card size is exactly 7 3⁄8 by 3 1⁄4 inches (187.325 mm × 82.55 mm)."
80 * 12 = 960 bits, 960 bits / 8 bits = 120 bytes per card
64GB (not even that big for a phone nowadays) * 1024 * 1024* 1024 = 68,719,476,736 bytes, 68,719,476,736 bytes / 120 bytes = 572662306.133 cards, 572662306.133 * 187.325 mm = about 107,273,966,000mm, 107,273,966m, 107,274km, the circumference of the earth is 40,075 km so it stretches around 107,274km / 40,075 km = about 2.68
TL;DR If you had 64GB of data on punched cards and laid them out it would stretch around the Earth 2.68 times
Lmao, I'm just imagining when you want to show a photo you pull out a suitcase full punch cards, drop them in a reader and saying "All right, let's return in a few hours once my photo loads!"
Quantum Tunneling in my phone?? OMG!!
Fascinating. You take for granted how clever some people are that come up with such things.
I always get the most conceptual and simplest explanations in this channel. From these videos, I can learn about the world around us. Thanks a lot for your hard work.
this is absurdly awesome, these animations and narration make complex engineering sound understandable even for a hardware noob like myself.
fascinating work. thanks for the graphic demonstration and the time dedicated to produce such a detailed and precise explanation. Congratulations, you are a unique and informative channel that cannot be found anywhere else on CZcams
Thanks for explaning how cells could be written to or erased !
I'll be waiting for how the bitlines & control gates works !
Thanks for the subtitles, it helps a ton to understand on a second listening.
Most likely the best video series I've watched so far... freaking amazing !
I have always wanted to be a computer engineer but my parents forced me to study medicine instead. This is a 100x more interesting to me than what I am currently reading right now.
Awesome content!
I think one future breakthrough will come from a medical doctor who is also familiar with microchips and semiconductors devices.
Your parents' decision is a bad one lol engineering is the superior one
The attention to detail that went into these visualizations is astounding.
Clean visuals, methodical speaking, perfect teaching. Wonderful video!
The explanation on this subject and the animation are amazingly detailed.
What an amazing description and animation. Thanks!
I have always thought of quantum tunneling as a limiting factor for making smaller chips, slowing us down. But now I see that this fact of the universe is also something that can be taken advantage of. So crazy to think about!!
This is mind blowing. Please keep making more stuff like this.
Thank you. These are just like the old ones that made complex ideas super simple to understand.
I love that captions use US forthe transcription, but canadian for explain visuals and extra details. This channel is gold.
I know how much work went in to make the 3D animation!
Good work man
You singlehandedly sparked my passion for Electrical Engineering. To the point that I'm applying to university to study it next year.
This is one of the most amazing videos I have ever seen.
You should be given an award for these videos. Extremely well done. Thank you!
The way this was animated is excellent!