Insulin Resistance Explained! What Is Insulin Resistance & How It Leads To Type II Diabetes?

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets.
It plays a crucial role in regulating carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in the body.
Insulin secretion is triggered by elevated blood glucose levels, typically after meals.
Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and adipose cells, lowering blood glucose levels.
Insulin also promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.
In addition, it inhibits the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue by inhibiting lipase, an enzyme responsible for fat degradation. It also promotes the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver.
Moreover, insulin stimulates the uptake of amino acids and promotes protein synthesis in tissues.
Insulin resistance is a pathological condition where the cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to impaired glucose uptake, increased blood glucose levels, and various metabolic disturbances.
Several factors predispose to insulin resistance, including the following.
Obesity, particularly central obesity, where fat is accumulated around the abdomen.
Sedentary lifestyle, which reduces muscle glucose uptake and increases fat accumulation.
High intake of refined carbohydrates, sugars, and saturated fats.
Family history of diabetes or insulin resistance.
Advancing age.
And certain medications such as glucocorticoids.
These factors contribute to insulin resistance through various mechanisms.
Some of them include insulin receptor downregulation, receptor mutations, post-receptor signaling defects, ectopic fat accumulation, where fat deposits in liver and muscle tissue, elevated free fatty acid levels in blood, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation.
Insulin resistance can lead to elevated blood glucose levels, or hyperglycemia.
To combat this, the pancreas secretes more and more insulin, leading to high insulin levels than usual, which is known as compensatory hyperinsulinemia.
Persistent insulin resistance, coupled with hyperinsulinemia and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, can ultimately result in the development of type 2 diabetes.
In addition to that, insulin resistance is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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[@user-hn9bo4qf5j]

Good video

[@refffundle8779]

Thanks