Lapidary 101 - How to make a cabochon

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  • čas přidán 5. 09. 2024
  • Here is an affiliate link to the Cabking machine. amzn.to/3dcmHuh
    This video is about Lapidary 101 - How to make a cabochon cut gemstone.
    Cabochon cut stones are very popular in the world of jewelry. It is a great way to show off the beauty in agates, Jaspers, and other gemstones.
    In this video, I show you how to cut and polish a piece of jasper/agate. I start with an 80 grit wheel and work the stone cutting machine until I reach the 3000 grit wheel and then I polish the stone.
    I am cutting with a Cabking machine which is available on our website gotcharocks.co...
    Cool Lapidary Graphic T-shirt design - gotcharocks.co...

Komentáře • 153

  • @billyddenottia6250
    @billyddenottia6250 Před 24 dny

    Thank you, kindly for teaching me how to use this machine. Great job.

  • @meow-be5jh
    @meow-be5jh Před 2 měsíci +2

    Great video. I am thinking of buying the machine. Thanks for sharing your knowledge with us

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 měsíci

      Thank you, I would love to have you as a customer. I offer free shipping on these machines and I throw in some great starter stones with the purchase. Here is my link gotcharocks.com/cabking-lapidary-machine/ All the best, Michael

  • @eliseeveringham3739
    @eliseeveringham3739 Před 2 lety +2

    g'day from Australia, just learning this dark art of polishing. Found your video easy to understand, Thank you .

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +1

      Thanks 😊 Let me know if you run into any trouble. Happy to help when I can.

  • @zayyatuscience7764
    @zayyatuscience7764 Před rokem +1

    ခုလိုမေတ္တာနဲ့ ပညာတွေသင်ကြားမျှဝေပေးလို့ ကျေးဇူးအများကြီးတင်ပါတယ် ဆရာကြီး...ဆရာကြီးကျမ်းမာပါစေ🙏🙏🙏

  • @phild8095
    @phild8095 Před 2 lety +2

    Just getting into the hobby with my wife in 2021. Appreciate that you are sharing your knowledge. liked and subbed.

  • @estherkettridge9485
    @estherkettridge9485 Před 3 lety +2

    Thank you for the details of what you are doing and why. Great information for a novice.

  • @squirreldawg2918
    @squirreldawg2918 Před 3 lety +2

    Thank you for sharing we are waiting on ours to arrive. You videos are helping me before I even get started Please keep them coming

  • @immunosuppressor
    @immunosuppressor Před 3 lety +8

    This was a great video! Very detailed instruction which will be very helpful to me for when I have enough pennies saved to actually purchase a cab machine. :D

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety

      You are so welcome!

    • @omanafire
      @omanafire Před 3 lety +1

      You can buy a bench grinder and tile saw from harbor freight for less than 100 bucks brand new. It's enough to get started and see if you like it, then you can drop the big bucks on something fancy.

    • @jeffcoiner8037
      @jeffcoiner8037 Před rokem +1

      You might look around at a rock shop at you can join a club and they may have it machined you can use for like an hour

  • @SemoreLucky777
    @SemoreLucky777 Před 3 lety +1

    It all makes sense now. I just bought CabKing 6" Cabbing Machine

  • @patshannon2632
    @patshannon2632 Před 2 lety

    Michael makes this look easy. I have a Cab King and I really like it.

  • @asifullah7764
    @asifullah7764 Před 2 lety +1

    Hi Rocks I started Faceting but for 1 month we were training in crafting and we made 4 different shapes and today we moved to Faceting section to start work on crystal

  • @wayward696
    @wayward696 Před 2 lety +1

    Nice lace agate cabs. Always watching other people to see how their techniques differ from mine. I like that pull upward grind. I whinced when your finger hit that polish pad. Been there...

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +2

      Thanks 😊 I hit my knuckles every once and a while. It makes my hands look like I’m a street fighter or something. Lol
      When you do your cutting do you use the 30 degree then 60 degree method? Or more grinding angles like what I was doing?
      Thanks for the comment keep on grinding. 🪨

    • @wayward696
      @wayward696 Před 2 lety

      @Gotcha Rocks it really depends on the shape I'm going for as to what angle I grind at. If the shape is fairly straight, I go with a 45 degree and then start to dome. Normal ovals I go with a 30 and then start to go around the whole stone, hitting that top edge, pretty much like your technique.

  • @edtherockhound9944
    @edtherockhound9944 Před 3 lety +5

    I definitely want to buy one of those cabbing machines there sweet . With my budget I don’t see it happening and your prices where rite there with the manufacturer so that’s cool . I’m starting with a grinder and diamond sanding pads . You have to start somewhere and I think it’s goood to practice so when I’m ready for the nice one I have more experience with the rocks etc

  • @janhachicho3373
    @janhachicho3373 Před 3 lety +1

    Thank you very nice of you to showing that

  • @clambarn1218
    @clambarn1218 Před rokem

    Really gorgeous and great, easy to understand instruction.

  • @SRLGemstone
    @SRLGemstone Před rokem +1

    Thanks for the informative video and work.

  • @joanrieser2580
    @joanrieser2580 Před 3 lety +2

    That is awesome. Looks great.

  • @masoudsadri9084
    @masoudsadri9084 Před rokem +1

    great jabbbbbbbbbb,,,thanks,,

  • @lightzephyr3399
    @lightzephyr3399 Před 3 lety +1

    Nice work brother 👏

  • @Aventuranaterradapedrapreciosa

    Nice job on how to make a cabochon.
    I signed up.

  • @manoncote9198
    @manoncote9198 Před 3 lety +1

    Merci! Les explications sont claires et le résultât magnifique!

  • @user-fm5bm4iq3v
    @user-fm5bm4iq3v Před 6 měsíci

    I like it

  • @AusOpal
    @AusOpal Před 7 měsíci

    this is very good education thank you

  • @cndegg
    @cndegg Před 3 lety

    Video was great. Very easy to see and hear everything. I am a new CabKing6 user. I would love a video that shows cleanup and any maintenance required for my new CabKing. Cleanup seems quite complicated for me right now. Sure could use some tips.

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      Clean up I usually use warm soapy water and an old toothbrush. Scrub and let it run down the drain tubes. I sometimes prop up the front of the machine half an inch to help with the draining. Cleaning is always a little messy but it looks so nice when you’re done. Sorry for the late response.

  • @marzocreations1385
    @marzocreations1385 Před rokem

    great video, so informative. Thank you

  • @mckinneykathy6
    @mckinneykathy6 Před 2 lety +2

    Do you ever grind without dopping? If so, any tips?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +1

      I do grind stones without a dop stick on a regular basis. I’ll try to shoot a video on that. I guess my only advice at this point would be make sure you have control over the stone and uses lite pressure when putting your stones on the wheels. Also, watch out for your finger tips. The first two wheels will bite you.

  • @yannick7570
    @yannick7570 Před 3 lety +1

    Tks so much !. Great video .very helpful. 👍👍

  • @veeleeproductions5154
    @veeleeproductions5154 Před 2 lety +2

    newbie here.. will i need to purchase the sponge pad for behind the canvas?

  • @OpalDreaming
    @OpalDreaming Před rokem

    I would love to see you cut some raw Ethiopian welo opal. I also have a 2 ct yoga sapphire which I need to cut and polish. Any tips and help would be appreciated.

  • @patriciaroszkowski4226
    @patriciaroszkowski4226 Před rokem +1

    I'm having issues with my cab King shaking or vibrating. Only had it for a few months but im not sure how to balance it and im unable to find anyone who shows this. Can you help?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 11 měsíci

      Sorry I missed you comment, did you get it figured out? If you are getting lots of vibrations make sure there isnt any space in between the arbor and the wheels hole. Second, make sure the wheel isnt being off center.

  • @lindamalcovsky
    @lindamalcovsky Před 2 lety +1

    Hi I'm a newbie to lapidary arts and recieved a hitech flat lap for xmas..any tips on how to cab on a flat lap?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +2

      Hello Linda, the process is the same as far as the grinding steps. It will probably be a little easier to put your stones on a dop stick it to hold it at the right angle. Practice, practice, practice. Also have fun while you learn and celebrate your successes. 😀

  • @rickincabo1
    @rickincabo1 Před 5 měsíci

    Do you wear breathing protection when you are grinding cabochons?

  • @judygribble8506
    @judygribble8506 Před 3 lety +2

    So how long should it take a person (newbie) to make a cabacon?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety +2

      Well it depends on the type of stone. Some are more finicky than others. It might take an hour or so if you are learning. But once you understand what some of the pitfalls are you can start moving pretty fast from one wheel to another. If you are just starting don’t worry about the time at all. Just have fun and learn.

  • @rbivgq1734
    @rbivgq1734 Před 3 lety

    Whoa the end result is just gorgeous, thanks again for sharing with us.

  • @jimmorelli8987
    @jimmorelli8987 Před rokem

    Thank you for this great demo, what can I do to limit or remove some deep scratches?

  • @pricetag30
    @pricetag30 Před 2 lety +5

    What about the people who can’t afford a $1000 cabbing machine?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +3

      I know it is a large investment for many people. There are a few other machines out there that are less expensive. Here is one the would work well for you. www.rockpeddler.com/product/slant-cabber-6-110v/

    • @discgolf2419
      @discgolf2419 Před rokem +4

      You could also look into joining a gem and mineral society. That’s what got me into it. They had a bunch of machines available to use.

    • @mitchellconta4472
      @mitchellconta4472 Před 6 měsíci

      I'm about to join a local gem and mineral society. That's what made me look this up

    • @janbounds911
      @janbounds911 Před 3 měsíci +1

      I've worked stones on a hand sander from Harbor Freight. Multiple grits available. Clamp in a vise or other means. You'd be amazed to see how people in India make gems in small villages, using equipment made of car parts! You have to have a finer touch using a sander, but then when you get on that $1K machine, you already have some touch. Stop complaining abt people who did what was necessary to get that equipment and figure out a way to get started. You'll need the practice. Do you expect others to go rockhunting, too? Drop them off at your door? It's YOUR thing. If you want to do it, you will find a way. Much luck. Many blessings.

    • @byronveilleux5376
      @byronveilleux5376 Před měsícem

      Look for used. It might take a while but they are out there

  • @AneesMuhammed-mb4qz

    Is it fuse flow?

  • @sirmcduel
    @sirmcduel Před 2 lety +2

    is it dangerous to go without wearing a mask?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +3

      As long as you have the water running on the machine you should be fine without. Just don’t grind stones without water.

  • @judygribble8506
    @judygribble8506 Před 3 lety +1

    Do you always have to do it he buffing wheel to make it shinny?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety +1

      With some stones it will look pretty good at the 3000 wheel but I always use the polishing wheel.

  • @elishadoyle8191
    @elishadoyle8191 Před 3 měsíci

    Giday 😊 With the cabking do you need to be connected into a water main or is there an option where you can put a container of water for it to use?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 24 dny

      You just need a bucket for clean water and one for dirty water. It comes with a water pump.

  • @stephenlaughton3274
    @stephenlaughton3274 Před rokem

    Hey Michael, great tutorial video. One of the best I have watched really, giving very detailed ideas. I am just about to Do some Cabachons of Prehnite that my Wife and I collected in Australia.

  • @mlranda
    @mlranda Před rokem

    Any tips for keeping the line straight?
    😊

  • @user-ls2ih3uj2z
    @user-ls2ih3uj2z Před rokem

    Do you use water on the silicone wheels or do you add cool tool or some other lub?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před rokem +1

      Hello, I only use water. Every once in a while I use a little softsoap mixed in the water when I’m cutting hard stones.

  • @beeasy850
    @beeasy850 Před 2 lety

    Can I send you some pics of some cool rocks my husband has

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      Sure. Contact me through my gotcharocks.com website. I’ll answer you back and then you can send me so photos.

  • @tiffanybknight4297
    @tiffanybknight4297 Před 2 lety +1

    How do you know when to buy a new 280 resin diamond wheel! How can you tell when it is worn out? TIA!

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +1

      A couple ways. One if it has stopped preforming properly compared to the other wheels. Such as having to spend more time on that particular wheel. Two, if it feels smooth and feels more like a 600 grit wheel. Three, if parts of the wheel are missing grit in spots. I have had the sandpaper peel off at times. Remember to always use lots of water to make your wheels last longer

    • @tiffanybknight4297
      @tiffanybknight4297 Před 2 lety

      @@GotchaRocksJewelryDIY thank you so much for responding. I would also like to thank you for your instructional videos. They have been very helpful to me. Great job! Thanks again!

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      @@tiffanybknight4297 Thank you

  • @juliedoherty1073
    @juliedoherty1073 Před rokem

    What is the cab sitting on

  • @fourwheelingforgems5940

    Thanks for the video. The cerium oxide really makes the stone shine. Are there different grits? Or is it like baby powder in that they are all the same?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +1

      Just one grit with cerium. But the are other polish’s I like as well. Rapid polish is another one I like to use. Just have a separate wheel for different polishes.

  • @1094renzo
    @1094renzo Před rokem +1

    Do you sell the cabbing machines?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před rokem

      I do. Do you have any questions I can answer? If you buy from me I will throw in some Stones to get you started. Usually it’s jaspers, agates, sometimes dinosaur bone.
      Here is my link. gotcharocks.com/cabking-lapidary-machine/

  • @discgolf2419
    @discgolf2419 Před rokem

    Do you clean the wheel with the Cerium Oxide after every use? Or can it be used over and over by adding a little each time? Great video, btw

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 11 měsíci

      I dont usually do that for jaspers. If I am polishing lets say opal I will have a different felt pad just for that type of stone.

  • @twokois7032
    @twokois7032 Před 2 lety +1

    Do you still sell these machines.? Thanks in advance...

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      Yes, I do. gotcharocks.com/cabking-lapidary-machine/
      I would love to help you out. Let me know if you have any questions

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      Also free shipping on the CabKing Machines in the U.S.

  • @kermann-bv8um
    @kermann-bv8um Před rokem

    I tumble and don't have a cabbing machine. I have several saws buffers, Dremel, right angle grinder and several grit of sand paper. Been doing it for few months. But the new cabbing Machine are expensive and the used ones on places like Ebay are totally overpriced rusty peices of junk. Is there a suggestion that you have for me?

  • @marlis74611
    @marlis74611 Před 2 lety +1

    i want a cabochon machine.. how much is it

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      Hello, I sell them on my website for $1399.00.
      I truly think these machines a superior to other lapidary machines. Here is my link gotcharocks.com/cabking-lapidary-machine/
      Thanks for your interest and let me know if you have any questions.
      Michael

  • @klimhuis
    @klimhuis Před 6 měsíci +1

    Hi, do you sell gemstones?

  • @RR-ez9zs
    @RR-ez9zs Před 2 lety

    Great video. What is that green substance used to glue the wooden stick onto the gemstone?

  • @cinthiagarrido8116
    @cinthiagarrido8116 Před 2 lety

    Hy! Great vídeo! are the same grifts for quartz as amethyst? and is cerium oxide also used?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +2

      Yes. You can use cerium oxide or rapid polish powder. It was very good for gemmy type stones. Thanks for the question. :)

  • @Katutubo28
    @Katutubo28 Před 11 měsíci

    If I have that cut king I can make hundreds per day cabochon

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 11 měsíci +1

      They are fun 🤩

    • @Katutubo28
      @Katutubo28 Před 11 měsíci

      @@GotchaRocksJewelryDIY yes sir I'm happy with that..I can give you awesome collection.and I will find good stones for you..sir,,

  • @tims7963
    @tims7963 Před 3 lety +1

    do you worry about getting dop wax on your wheel? does it hurt anything?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety +1

      I don’t worry to much about it. I do make sure I don’t have a great deal of excess wax on the stone.

    • @tims7963
      @tims7963 Před 3 lety +1

      @@GotchaRocksJewelryDIY thank you, i've worked some stone and made a few cabs manually but first time dopping. i like it. thanks for the videos

  • @doreenpeterson5654
    @doreenpeterson5654 Před 2 lety

    What do you do with the grinding water? Can it be used for anything? Or do you just pour it out on the ground?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      I normally dump it on my gravel driveway or somewhere away from my lawn or favored plants. There are a lot of minerals in the water so I’m not sure how it would affect vegetable plants and ornamental plants. They may love it or they might not. I have found a gravel road has served me well.
      Michael

    • @fakiirification
      @fakiirification Před 2 lety

      @@GotchaRocksJewelryDIY thank god you have a brain. not one of those who thinks everything is hazmat just because it was used in a machine process. LOL

  • @magusomega
    @magusomega Před 3 lety

    How thick was the rough slabbed for a cab that size

  • @doreenpeterson5654
    @doreenpeterson5654 Před 2 lety

    Is there a certain wax that you use to hold the stone?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety

      This is the wax that I use. amzn.to/3mCVWac
      This is my affiliate link for the wax. By following this link you help support this channels content at no extra cost to you. Thank you for your support. 😀

  • @doreenpeterson5654
    @doreenpeterson5654 Před 2 lety

    What is the softest MOHS scale that you can grind?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +1

      Hello, you can grind anything. If you are trying to shape a stone that is very soft I would recommend starting with a 600 grit wheel instead of a 80 grit. For stones such as turquise I sometimes just use a sanding stick instead of the CabKing machine. Hope that helps. All the best, Michael

  • @silviovega7874
    @silviovega7874 Před 3 lety

    Great job! Thank you! How do you remove the wax from the stone? Why do you use wax instead of glue?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety +1

      Hello check out this video. czcams.com/video/QxyKUsZ3Uu8/video.html.
      I use dop wax because it’s reusable and less toxic. I have a video on how to dop a stone as well. The thumb nail picture looks similar to the video link I sent you.
      All the best, Michael

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety +1

      Here’s the other video
      czcams.com/video/aekPcGp5e5Y/video.html
      😀

    • @davisjaden2376
      @davisjaden2376 Před 3 lety

      you all probably dont care at all but does anybody know a method to log back into an instagram account?
      I was stupid lost my account password. I love any assistance you can give me!

    • @rodneyty4361
      @rodneyty4361 Před 3 lety

      @Davis Jaden Instablaster =)

    • @davisjaden2376
      @davisjaden2376 Před 3 lety

      @Rodney Ty i really appreciate your reply. I found the site through google and Im trying it out atm.
      I see it takes a while so I will reply here later with my results.

  • @StoneAge03
    @StoneAge03 Před rokem

    What cutting machines are used to cut and shape stones?

  • @makkyd123
    @makkyd123 Před 3 lety

    how do you rough out the cab blank first? cab king doesn't include a cab rest I think?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety +1

      Hello Colin, that would make a good video. Are you starting with a piece of slabbed stone aka slice or are you starting with a roundish stone?
      If it’s a slabbed piece I just draw a shape like an oval and use the trim saw to remove it from the stone and then begin grinding everything I don’t want off the blank. Let me know what you are working with and I will make the video.
      All the best and happy holidays to you,
      Michael

    • @makkyd123
      @makkyd123 Před 3 lety

      @@GotchaRocksJewelryDIY sure, you could do that. i have an old combo machine that has a cab rest that allows me to grind to the line while keeping the exact angle i want on the edge. thinking of getting an 8" cabking though, and i dont see them selling an attachment that allows me to do the same (the genie comes with one though..). seems pretty essential to me.

    • @bettamom7593
      @bettamom7593 Před 3 lety

      You can buy them preform but I am cutting wild New Mexico stones its stones so I have to start from the beginning.

  • @bettamom7593
    @bettamom7593 Před 3 lety

    I am looking to invest in a cabbing machine as well as a slab saw and 6" saw.. If I buy through you what kind of shipping in my looking at?

  • @bhaskardvkl9443
    @bhaskardvkl9443 Před 2 lety

    Hi

  • @davidfarrar3666
    @davidfarrar3666 Před 3 lety

    I'm very interested...is there money to be made and if so - how?

    • @canadiangemstones7636
      @canadiangemstones7636 Před 3 lety

      There are hundreds of thousands of overseas cutters who work for about two dollars a day. Do this for fun, not profit.

    • @fakiirification
      @fakiirification Před 2 lety

      Id say no. like Canadian Gemstones said. Only way you could make money off it is if you were doing something unique that's not on the market. or you were already in the jewelry business and have the time to invest in making your stones instead of buying from the 3rd world. but again, unless you are cutting something extremely unique that cant be had on the market, your time is probably worth more than you would be saving by cutting your own.

  • @GiveMeBackMyNameNow
    @GiveMeBackMyNameNow Před měsícem

    what is the rpm ?

  • @bjorndronner6523
    @bjorndronner6523 Před 3 lety

    Can I have this machin with 220 v motor

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 3 lety +1

      Yes, you can. I'll be happy to help you with the order. You can contact me through gotcharocks.com and we can work out the details.

  • @peteroliveira3040
    @peteroliveira3040 Před 2 lety +1

    👍🏻🇨🇦

  • @toneerosedelacruz-bautista5769

    Hi Sir, May I seek permission in posting some clips of this video in the lapidary online store that we are currently building? :)

  • @kalliemoore5153
    @kalliemoore5153 Před 2 lety

    This doesn't tell me anything. Your polishing them. How do you make the stones and color them before you polish?

    • @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY
      @GotchaRocksJewelryDIY  Před 2 lety +1

      Hello Kallie, I don’t make the stones or color them. There are many beautiful stones with amazing patterns found in nature. You can find them all over the world. Here is a great book to check out to learn more about stones
      www.amazon.com/Rock-Gem-Definitive-Minerals-Gemstones/dp/0756633427/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?crid=3EBZP0T31X2TU&keywords=gemstones+and+rocks+books&qid=1650868257&sprefix=gemstones+and+rocks+books%2Caps%2C188&sr=8-1