Europe's Largest Cities Throughout History: Every Year
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- čas přidán 5. 06. 2024
- An animated map of Europe's largest cities over time, from 1600 BCE to modern times.
0:00 Intro
0:44 Ancient era
1:12 Greco-Roman World
1:59 Middle Ages
3:54 Early Modern
5:01 Modern
6:46 Outro
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Notes
• You can view the data and source for this video here:
docs.google.com/spreadsheets/...
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Music
• Marten Moses - The Searchers
• Marten Moses - Public Tragedy
• Marten Moses - Hitchhike Homicide
For those who missed the community post, the HRE video is still in production, and I will be continuing with it over the coming months.
A quick Q&A for this video:
Q: "Didn't Rome have 1 million people?"
A: Not within the area eventually bound by the Aurelian Walls, no, as this requires an implausible population density. It may have had suburbs beyond the walls, which take its population close to 1 million according to some sources. You can read more about this in the notes page of this projects spreadsheet, linked in the description.
Q: "Why are some estimates in this video different to the 2021 video about world cities?"
A: I used a different dataset for part of this video, which is more up to date and detailed, but only covers Europe. In most cases the variances are small, but in some cases (such as medieval Paris and Granada) they are more significant.
Q: "Why do the modern estimates in this video vary from what Google says?"
If you search for a modern city's population out-of-context on a search engine, you'll probably be given the population within the official city limits. This video's data is entirely based on urban area, which in some cases goes significantly beyond the city limits.
you include cyprus but not türkiye and rest of caucasus how weak from you... this is not all of europe only 90%
@@adnan_honest_jihadist5775 make your own vid then
One small mistake: in 2022 and 2023 all Ukrainian cities, including Kyiv and Odesa, were in population decline due to the outflow of refugees from the country.
@@gwynedd4023 if i could i would
@@user-uf2df6zf5w hard to track currently
I find it funny how Constantinople dissapears in the 1800s and then makes a sudden resurgence mid-late 20th century quickly becoming the largest city again
Location, location, location.
By the 1800s colonization had brought incredible prosperity to north western europe, but as the effects of colonization die down things stabilize back to natural levels
Call it Istanbul. You don’t see people calling London Londonia now do you?
@@kb-gj9lf the city was literally called constantinople until the end of WW1 when the new turkish state renamed it Istanbul
@@kb-gj9lf it was still called constantinople back then
most impressive thing is that the first city to ever reach 1.000.000 people was Rome, and it was only surpassed by London more than 1000 years later...
And for a good while inbetween, there were only some 30.000 people living in various villages around the area that used to be Rome and later became Rome again.
Also Baghdad reached 1m
@@Yora21 they were not villages it was actually a huge city for medieval standards. That's why it's on the top tho. You can see lots of medieval architecture in Rome still. Rome is called the Eternal City because it never stopped being one of the biggest and it never stopped being the first or still in the top 3 most important cities of the continent for 1800 years straight, until the middle of the 1500s circa.
@Melvil DE CASTRO we're talking about Europe here.
It is worth noting that many of those living in Rome were slaves, so population doesn't nessecarily equate to native population.
Facinating to see how the core of european population shifts from south to north over the centuries
The population booms in islamic cities are even more interesting
It’s because places like Italy, Greece, Persia, Egypt, etc. were geographically positioned in a way that resulted in numerous invasions from all sides, making it very difficult for their cities to experience growth post antiquity.
@@universetraveler5826 that's true for much of the middle ages, but during the early modern period the population of northwestern europe boomed thanks to the prosperity from colonization
@@jonathanpilcher337
Ya most trade and transport was done in and among the Mediterranean as that was what technology allowed and it led to a lot of prosperity, but as the Atlantic became accessible due to ship technology the population centres shifted north and west to the Atlantic coast which now had access to the entire world, not just the Mediterranean sea.
@@croisaor2308 granted in recent years the population has pulled back towards the mediterranean, probably due to the effects of colonization dying down
Rome was the first city in Europe to reach 1m residents and it didn’t happen again until the 19th century. People don’t realize how advanced Rome was
And it blinded them at the same time
The numbers for Rome definitely feel too low, same with some other cities. Rome never surpasses 1m in the video.
It was in no way "advanced", simply the centre of a great colonising, destructive and sterilising empire that sucked up all the resources produced by its peripheries.
Naples is so underrated
It was representing Italy for most of recent history
The boom after the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople and in the 20th century is so cool to see, history is so much refelcted in demigraphics
The boom in the 20th century was a bad one which was resulted by mass immigration from other Turkish regions plus after 1453 Constantinople was in stable position because before that it was plundered and sacked by crusaders
@@cazwalt9013 no it wasnt, turkeys overall population bommed there, you can see it in every single city at that time and even today
@@ArdaSReal adam hakli knk kırsal kesimden istanbul gibi şehirlere fazla göç oldu
@@ArdaSReal How much of that from rural-urban migration? Whatever the amount you’d figure they got a disproportionate amount in the capital and already largest city.
I really appreciate the effort you put in these videos, and I love the city series.
Those modern country markers aren't something I'm a fan of, but for the rest awesome video.
The population of Palermo during the Norman era is far, far too low. Donald Matthew in his overview of of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily estimates it’s size at more than 100,000. This easily stands to reason since it was the hub of the Mediterranean.
incredible job Ollie. I love how you show the population bubbles, the numbers and the different colours at different times.
Thank you for your nice video:)
One thing to note though. You sometimes use metropolitan areas and sometimes the city proper. E.g., for Berlin or Paris, as Berlin had a population of around 2.08 million in 1910, and not 2.9 million. Similarly, Paris nowadays has a population of 2.2 million, but the metro area is huge (and densly connected)
you came back!
The moment where the Black Death hit and everything shrunk gave me chills
I have no beef with Turkish but the spam Nationalist comment are obnoxious
Very, like we get it the ottoman empire was successful for a time, so were a hundred other large empires throughout history
@@jonathanpilcher337Bro, %90 of the comments are nothing but celebrating Ollie's work. What are you two even talking about? Even scrolling down you can bately see any!
@@UEFAfan785 comment sections load different for everyone. I suppose I just got unlucky with a dozen turkish nationalists in a row lol
@@jonathanpilcher337 True, these Turkish "nationalists" vote for the worst parties in existence and still think they're feared.
Turks are Europe's Brazilians
It's amazing how (relatively) quickly the population levels fluctuate. I wonder if the people just all die when a city halves over a hundred years or if they're migrating somewhere else.
Nice
Istanbul❤
Except for obviously mixing urban areas with city limit figures at will ...
Crazy how Ghent was once the third biggest city of Europe ...
where did you find population data for nowaday ?
UN Urbanisation Prospects (2018 revision):
population.un.org/wup/Download/
You can view it in a more human-friendly format in my Google Sheets spreadsheet, linked in the description.
@@OllieBye Thank you. Ah, I see
@@OllieBye how dyk you can trust UN?
Hi from Rio, Brazil. If 350 CE - 1000 CE was displayed slowly too, the importance of Constantinople (Istanbul) would be EVEN greater!! Just WOW... Istanbul is the Eternal City in history, the only phoenix of world History, it never dies, and it's back again.. I don't get why this fact isn't recognized? Why people desperately try to hype Paris, Rome, London?
Constantinople/istanbul is well known as a major city in Europe. But it doesn’t mean other European cities like Rome are less important it’s all subjective
🔹Rome - the capital of the Roman Empire, and the capital of the Catholic Church being the seat of the pope, and probably the first city to reach 1 million inhabitants, even though in the 11th century after Rome fell the pope in Rome orchestrated the crusade and in a way indirectly reestablished romes rule in the levant.
🔹Paris. Is was the center of the European enlightenment which was one of the most important event in history. And was a major city as seen in the video as Paris consistently remain amongst the largest Europeans cites for the past 800 years.
🔹London is the capital of the largest empire in history. And is the first major industrial city. The first truly mega city as it was the first to reach 2, 3, 4 , 5 , million inhabitants. The first city to built a modern sewage system, first metro system, the first power grid system, etc etc etc making London the first truly modern city
Roma Caput Mundi
sometimes quality is more important than raw numbers.
China is cosistantly the largest country in the world. What did it acheive other than being invaded and the world's factory though?
Same thing with Istanbul.
@@arberor4597Constantinople is better and richer historically than the two rubbish French and British
@@frankhungchToday China is at the top and Europe is in a practically irreversible decline
The best mapper
Without doubt
Yes
We're lucky to have him.
debatable
@@Gorboduc luck doesnt exist
I love how this map illustrates not only population but also lots of other details, like the color of the circle always represents the most relevant thing in that era. This map is probably one of the best imo.
Super
Your visualizations never fail to impress, amazing job Ollie Bye :)
Really appreciate your work, I love how you put each city as a circle that grows and declines depending on population and putting them into categories
this number are crazy
Russia moment author mistaken by putting Veliky Novgorog (Great new city in russian 220 000 peoples) instead Nizhniy Novgorod (Lower new city in russian 1 200 000 peoples)
What an awesome and informative video. Thanks!!
Indeed, this is a true brain-starter, in particular when you change the perspective.
Thank you Ollie!
I've been watching you for years, and you cintinue getting better every video! Your productions are a quick overveiw that ties together many historical events.
This tutorial before proper content i amazing idea
There is no Volga Bulgar on the map. City of Bilyar. The total area of the Bilyarsky settlement, along with fortifications, is 6,202,000 m ². (without fortifications - 4,901,000 m ².).
Taking into account the posad, the area of the complex is about 8,000,000 m ², which makes it possible to classify it as the largest cities in the medieval world.
There are various estimates of the number of inhabitants of the settlement, up to 100 thousand people... Monument to the UNESCO civilization of nomads..
czcams.com/video/IZ1lS2m-o24/video.html
In the XIII-XIV centuries, Kazan experienced growth, became an important trade and political center within the Golden Horde.
6:09 The Spanish Miracle
You forgot adding Nizhny Novgorod with population 1,2m (2023)
If anyone wants to learn what Europe is, they have to start with Istanbul and Rome.
I gasped when the black death came lol
Love Istanbul and turkey from Bangladesh ❤
holy cow thats nice
His manners are immaculate
Sarai on its way to beating venice:
The black death:
3:23 you can see how black death influenced so many countries and their population.
Great work
3:42 but wasn't in your older video, Prague in 15th century 3th biggest city in europe, with 90 thousands population?
Yes, this isn't very accurate. In the 9th-10th century OHRID was the centre of Slavic literacy and religion and was one of the largest cities of the time yet it doesn't get a mention.
Amazing work. Your content just keeps getting better and better, and I love it!
I like the visuals as well. Keep up the great work man!
I dont get it. Where is Agartha, the ancient aryans and hyperborea
London’s population is 8.9 million as of 2023. 9 million at most.
Do someone know what happened to Cordoba during the years 1000-1030 ?
@@alpayakay5454 Crusades in 1000 ? And Cordoba was pretty far from the "frontline"
@@bryaninvictus9530 Reconquista (718-1492), which I know as crusade, for 800 years, Europe had a work to kill in Europe Muslims. Divide and rule policy is used in accordance with the complete Christianization strategy of Europe, they cause a civil war in Cordoba and cause division in an event known as the The Fitna of al-Andalus (1009-1031).
@@alpayakay5454but the reconquista had not reach Cordoba at all in 1000 AD
@@alpayakay5454 You obviously don't know what you are talking about
The fitna of Al-Andalus, basically a civil war that ended the Caliphate of Cordoba and started the kingdoms of Taifas until the Almoravid invasion from North Africa.
From most of the biggest cities of Al Andalus the governors declared themselves caliphs and Cordoba was sacked at some moments
Oh boy that Black Death population collapse at 3:21, terrifying.
Constantinople is again in first place. Everything is like 1000 years ago! )))
The modern flags in this vid are a pain in the ass for every history nerd.....
lol
St. Petersburg was only called "Leningrad" in 1924, not 1917.
Petrograd from 1914 to 1924
Leningrad from 1924 to 1991 or 1993
And it reverted to St. Petersburg since then
Why changing names?
@@scarymonster5541 politics, of course
@@scarymonster5541 In 1914 it was changed from Sankt Petersburg (meaning Saint Peter's City in German/Dutch) to Petrograd (City of Peter in Russian) because Russia was in war with Germany.
In 1924, Soviets wanted to deal with everything associated with ,,old ways" so they changed it to Leningrad, in honor of Soviet leader Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (a.k.a. Lenin)
[There were plans to rename Moscow to Stalinodar (meaning gift of Stalin), but thank God, that failed, even Stalin himself rejected the proposal.]
In 1991 or 1993, I'm not sure which year it was, it reverted to it's original name, Sankt Petersburg, or Sankt Peterburg, I'm not exactly sure how Russians spell it nowdays. When USSR and communism fell, there was absolutely no reason to keep Soviet name of the city.
@@professionaldriver77878 oh alright
1.5 thousand-year-old Kyiv was not even marked with a small dot. The capital of the largest medieval state in Europe.
It was shown though
Cyprus is Middle East not Europe tho. Other than that very good video, will have to like.
Istanbul
Very good-looking Video! But i have one question: in the modern era, which City is the one in eastern France/southwestern Germany or northern Switzerland?
Could be Strasbourg. Also could be Geneva or Lyon.
@@TheZestyCar It's Zurich .
@@TheZestyCar it cant be Geneva. Geneva is a bit more south. From what it looks like, i would assume that it is Bern, Basel, Freiburg, Zürich or Strasbourg. Zürich seems the most likely, but than i dont know why Stuttgart (which has more inhabitans than Zürich) is not shown.
It's Strasbourg (France).
Oh, that black death hit hard
3:23 Black Plague enters the Chat
Edirne was more populated 500 years ago than it is now, what happened?
Османская империя пала)
İt was otoman empire's capital before conquest of istanbul so after we took control of istanbul we made it our capital so edirne lost its importance
This was an interesting video. Loved it!
Just realized Ollie came back after 4 months
Yeah, I spent a lot of that time working on the yet-to-be-released HRE video. This video was more of a side-project.
@@OllieBye hope the HRE project goes well, and have a nice day
03:22 plauge go hard
Modern nation flags in older periods, are the stupidest failure an experienced maper could make.👎👎👎
Nope
Give the guy a break. Look at all the work here. Adding the accurate flag for each moment would be a pain in the a**
@@ramirosotto Population data is harder to collect.
@@camponotusinflatus9920atleast its not impossible, unlike historical flags because they literally dont exist for half the video
The Battle of Manzikert paved way for the Turkification of Anatolia which laid the seeds of the Ottoman empire which conquered Constantinople ending Rome and triggering the Age of Discovery which shaped much of the modern world,... A battle can only be this impactful
Manzikert itself didn't cause that. If the Byzantines didn't have civil wars every 2 weeks then the Komenians would've restored the empire's rule.
The Crusaders conquered byzantiniun before t*rks.
@@Letnistonwandif why dont you like turks
We will come once again wait and see and this time the Balkans will also want us to come again. Just as their ancestors wanted our ancestors to come instead of the Cardinals...
@@berkantelgin cringe
the post.. the post is real!
Europe as a Petri dish used by microbiologists.
4:53 Lwów should be catholic not orthodox
+1
Lviv is the only correct name
It was catholic at that time, but it has always been Lviv since the foundation
So Istanbul has grown by almost 6 million residents in just twenty years? That´s crazy. And highly problematic, I´m sure. For example if another earthquake strikes. Don´t want to think about it.
you are so right 😢
Combo high demographic growth + very strong rural exode
If there is an earthquake and there will be, be sure there will be no more Türkiye for long years due to earthquake bringing a lot of economical issues. İstanbul is the heart of Türkiye. I am not even talking about people dying not because I don't care because I don't even wanna think about how many deaths there will be...
And not only "if" Experts says that there will be a big earthquake in Istanbul in the next 10 years for sure. We are just waiting for the doom day.
Türkiye is in the world's second most active earthquake belt. Turkey's largest fault line passes through Istanbul. In 1999, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake occurred in the city of Izmit, only 50-100 km away from Istanbul. Three months after this earthquake, another 7.2 magnitude earthquake occurred in the city of Düzce, 300 km away from Istanbul. In these earthquakes, which took place 3 months apart, there were not many problems in the buildings in Istanbul. There was great destruction in the cities of Izmit, Adapazarı and Düzce. I experienced these 2 great earthquakes in the city of Bolu. Since I live in the village, our house was not damaged. But I felt the earthquake very strongly.
The population of Istanbul is now more than 16 million. There are approximately 1.2 million buildings and around 5 million flats (independent sections). 300 thousand of 5 million independent sections are very risky structures. It is planned to build new independent sections instead of 300 thousand independent sections within 5 years.
While Turkey was waiting for a big earthquake in Istanbul for years, the biggest earthquake happened in another region. On the same day, there were 2 earthquakes of 7.8 and 7.7 in a row. I think there has never been an earthquake of this magnitude in succession in the world. More than 50,000 people died. There was great destruction in 5 big cities with a population of more than 500 thousand. The population affected by this earthquake is as much as the total population of the city of Istanbul.
In a possible earthquake in Istanbul, similar results may occur as in the Maraş-centered earthquakes in 2023. Tens of thousands of people may lose their lives in an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 and above.
The reason for the high number of deaths in earthquakes in Turkey is the high number of buildings before 2000. Most of the buildings before 2000 are not resistant to severe earthquakes above 7. The quality of the buildings is insufficient.
After 2000, earthquake regulations related to buildings were issued 3 times. Most of the buildings that are built properly with the current regulation can withstand an 8-magnitude earthquake.
In the two major earthquakes in 2023, none of the approximately 300 thousand buildings built under the leadership of the state's Mass Housing Administration (TOKİ) institution, according to the new regulations, were destroyed or even damaged. More than 95% of the buildings destroyed in these earthquakes were buildings built before 2000. Unfortunately, 5% of it was destroyed due to human error and material problems. Those responsible for the buildings were arrested.
Especially for the last 10 years, Turkey has been trying to make very large earthquake regulations and neighborhood-based urban transformation. However, some people in the neighborhoods and some non-governmental organizations opposed this urban transformation, that is, the demolition of old buildings and the construction of new ones, either financially or for political and other reasons. After this last earthquake, it became clear that the first priority of people is not money, but human life. The state decided to provide 50% contribution to those who want to replace their old buildings with new ones. That also had an effect. The demand for urban transformation is very high.
Within a year, approximately 300 thousand new buildings will be built in the cities where the earthquake took place. 3-4 months after the earthquake, some buildings were built and started to be delivered.
In 5 years, approximately 300 thousand old buildings in Istanbul will be renewed with urban transformation.
If there is no earthquake in Istanbul in 5-10 years, most of the buildings in Istanbul will become resistant to an earthquake of magnitude 8 in accordance with the new regulations.
I
Everyone gangsta until he makes an Asian version
Constantinopla osea Istambul no se bajaba del top 6 hasta casi el 1900, 1600 añoa siendo una de las 6 ciudades europeas mas pobladas... i.presionante
Surprisingly, in Christian Europe, Muslim cities were in the lead so many times.
so...Muslim Europe?
Same is true in the modern era, looking at the state of London and Paris...
Only Constantinople
@@Pawn2e4 Oh no, a few million immigrants in a country with tens of millions. Whatever are the French and Brits gonna do...
@@MW_Asura No, more Cordova
The size of Naples was a shock for me
The most underrated city ever
Even in Italy people don't realize how big Naples has been for centuries...
And it has been also the biggest city of the Spanish empire
Oooohh hell yes!
I live near knossos palace
Respect to Constantinople/Istanbul
4:12 as a Lithuanian, I was not aware Vilnius was ever majority protestant. Could you perhaps share your sources? I'm intrigued.
Yeah, I know the city has a notable jewish population. Not sure about Protestant though
I don`t think he displayed a majority religion here, just the official religion of the government or something like that. Constantinople was mostly greek and orthodox for a significant amount of time after conquest for example
There are more issues, like in 17th century, Riga (not marked) was bigger than Stockholm (marked), or Novgorod shown as one of the largest cities in the USSR (perhaps, messed with Gorkiy/Nizni Novgorod). So, I wouldn't take that as granted...
@@compatriot852 cry catholic
Вільня❤
how is granada not shown here? it was a massive city due to refugees from other parts of iberia
That issue is discussed in the research notes, which can be found in the description.
Go on Manchester and Birmingham!!! Aw shit. Even London went down to 4th.
I never realized how big Edirne became under the Ottomans!
It was their capital before conquest of Constantinopole
@@professionaldriver77878 I knew that, but I always assumed it was smaller.
As a Turkish I still think Edirne is a very impressive city. It has good cultural&historical aura.
@@legendaryboxer9769 Indeed, Adrianopole is beautiful city.
@@legendaryboxer9769 Selimiye Camii is breathtaking, along with the rest of the city!
3:45 Mehmed the Conqueror has joined the chat
I like the fact that you separated Location with Culture (Color).
Great work 👍👍👍
It seams so strange to see Constantinople with a Turkish flag
Even after 600 years omg what they teaching you guys very well propoganda
So it is also strange to see Cordoba in Spainish flag before 1240 AD
Great work on the video, but in my opinion putting modern states instead of the contemporary ones is a bit weird.
?
Yeah I agree, historical flags would be much more useful in providing historical context. For instance its a bit confusing when you see that Cordoba is the largest city when its got the Spanish flag to it, rather it would be more clear it being shown under the caliphate.
I agree, it's simply not historically accurate.
Music is difficult to support
03:22 Big oof when black death kicks in...
Turkish nationalists in the comments incoming!
Yeah I noticed a bit of a theme lol.
Yeah I noticed it too. They are annoying as fk. They have been ruled by Chinese/mongols/Slavs/iranics during 2000 years and they cope with that.
wdym nationalist?
They have nothing to be proud of except for spreading their own Turkic bs theory lol
Turks indeed had a decisive role in triggering historical major events like the Migration Period, Crusades, shaping the history of Balkans, Islamization of Northern India, Age of Discovery as well as ending the Middle Ages with the conquest of Constantinople, fall of the Roman Empire.
Essentially the whole reason the Europeans discovered the new world and began colonizing was because of the Ottomans taxing everything that comes through Asia. The Ottomans had a direct impact on pretty much the most important events in recent history
@@vagabond57097 It's not due to Ottomans, but due to Venice. Venice was the major center for trade from the east and Portugal was looking for another route.
@@stsk1061 the Ottomans made deals with the venetians
@@stsk1061 No it was mainly the Ottomans taxing everything coming through the Silk Road from Asia. Constantinople was the most important city to control if you wanted to tax Europe and get rich basically. The Europeans (Portuguese) found a way to cut out the middlemen, the Ottomans, and establish trade routes themselves by sailing around Africa which kicked off the age of discovery by Europeans sailing further west
@@vagabond57097 The Portuguese had already started sailing to West Africa before the Ottomans took Constantinople.
1ce Rome just won the custody case against greece
Growth: Kyiv, Odessa
Decline: Kharkiv
Is the history of the HRE still a project?
In 1993 Ukraine had 5 cities with population over 1m - kiyv, harkiv, donetsk, dnepropetrovsk, odessa. In your map it's only 3. So how can I trust about all the other information?
What the fuck happened to Istanbul in the 1970's to the 1990's
demographic transition and migration
Something happened in Istanbul after the 70s 😂
There are some mistakes with aglomerations. In last list(2023) population of some cities with aglomeration and some without. 11,2m of Paris is with aglomeration, without is less then 3m. 12,6 - is Moscow without aglomeration, with aglomeration is 17,3m. Same thing with Saint Petersburg. Moscow for now larger in population than Istanbul.
U r wrong. Istanbul is larger Moscow.
@@brixtonfc he was talking about agglomeration.
Europe has to be the most interesting continent out there. Small yet rich with history.
Nah, just overrated by the western people who are ignorant about Eastern history. Asian history is even more fascinating. The most interesting part of European history only came after Renaissance. And some part of Greek and Roman history probably. Pre modern India & China have more rich history than than pre modern Europe. Just the world is so eurocentric that they overglorify it.
@@mahfuzannan8270 It is a matter of opinion.
@@mahfuzannan8270 Europe is the most interesting continent and has the best history for me. And yes, I'm biased because I'm European, just like you're biased towards Asia because you're Asian. Ancient and Medieval European history are one of the best parts of European history
@@MW_Asura there is nothing "best" in history. You can't say this region has better history than that region. History is just "collection of stories and events." Yes, interest is a subjective thing. But when you say it's "best" it just shows that your perspective on history is just wrong. History can be "rich" not "best." Someone who says that Europe's history is richer than the Middle East, India and China (ignoring other regions of Asia) combined is either delusional or outright ignorant.
@@mahfuzannan8270World is eurocentric. Deal with it.
The population drop of Berlin in 1945 was scary
Interesting video.
Interesting to see Hamburg appear so much later than Bremen and Lübeck, but then quickly completely dwarfing the other two.
90 % of comments come from Turks hating on everybody ! Still they ask for help !
They either have superiority complex or inferiorety complex which just shows how insecure they are. One commentator just wrote that istanbul has more population than Greece for no reason which just shows their obsession
Uf, 1348 and the Black Plague...
buen video hermano