What is Ground? Earth Ground/Earthing
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- čas přidán 30. 01. 2017
- What is ground and what does it mean to do Earthing? Here I answer what ground is, how it relates to your wall socket and the wiring in your appliances, how to get grounds for your high voltage and other experiments, and about the ground symbol in electrical schematics.
This video was made possible in part by these Patreon supporters:
Printable Science
Jonathan Rieke
James Padden
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For a detailed video on grounding according to the NEC (US National Electrical Code) see Mike Holt's excellent Grounding - Safety Fundamentals (1 hour long) • Grounding - Safety Fun... .
See also:
Does Volts or Amps Kill You? Voltage, Current and Resistance
• Do Volts or Amps Kill ...
Portable Crystal Radio using Loop Antenna and Pizza Box
• Portable Crystal Radio...
How to Read a Schematic
• How to Read a Schematic
The previous version of this video had an error in it that was too big to fix with an annotation, and so it was removed, fixed, enhanced and reuploaded. The error was a silly one on my part where I had the fault go to ground, silly because I should have realized that wasn't what happens since I knew about the ground being connected to the neutral bar in the breaker panel. A big thanks to all who brought it up in the comments to the previous version.
Thanks to Matthias Wandel ( / matthiaswandel ) for allowing me to photograph his breaker panel and thanks to Todd Harrison ( / toddrharrison ) for checking over this new version of the video before I released it.
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a lot of ground was covered here
Lmao
I hate you
What? A dad joke? That’s it - your grounded! 😂👍🏻
I'm usually neutral to dad jokes, but this one sparked some joy. Stay positive!
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Plumber here, please never connect your ground to a pipe unless its a completely dead and redundant line you wont need to work on. Grounded pipes make working on your plumbing system very dangerous if you have any electrical faults as the pipe become charged with electricity and this is the reason more plumbers die of electrocution every year than electricians. Love the video and find your way of explaining things very simple and informative but please don't tell people to connect ground to pipes it can be very dangerous.
Yikes. Usually the people doing this are hobbyists connecting to a pipe for grounding for a quick demonstration or experiment and then disconnecting again. I was once attending a convention in a conference center where they connected to a kitchen pipe for a ground for a Tesla coil demonstration (a high voltage machine that produces lightning-like discharges). Now that you mention it, that was not a good idea even though it's a quite common practice. But I hadn't thought of more permanent situations for household ground as a danger to plumbers and others. In the video I'm talking about the temporary hobbyist situation, but it is in a video about household ground so I can see someone thinking of it for a permanent installation. Yikes.
@@RimstarOrg Thanks for the reply, as someone who's worked on a large variety of houses for a large variety of people I can tell you that temporary solutions can last many years sometimes depending on the person. If its just for demonstrations or is connected and disconnected quickly then obviously its no issue, but I've met plenty of people who use videos like this to try and do things to their property that should only be done by a licensed tradesperson. In future videos if it ever arises again maybe just a quick word to let people know these connections have to be temporary for safety reasons would be nice.
The purpose of ground was not to protect people. It is a meaningless thing to even think it is so. It was to protect the grid and the infrastructure. From what? From thunder and lighenting discharge. On the contrary it became obvious that in doing so cme with it serious danger to people. And the solution has taken on many forms and most of them has little to no meaning.
All a person, an actual attentive person that is, has to do is to simply look at the whole thing, the entire picture.
My county inspector forced my electrician to ground a pipe. Then he signed off on the permit for my upgraded 200amp panel. 😬
Rim star, This is absolutely the best grounding video on CZcams! I'm recently retired Electrical Engineer and have taught electrical design for many years. It took me several years at first to finally figure out how grounding actually works! Your explanation is exactly correct. I'm pretty sure than 99% of electricians, designers, and electrical engineers do not understand what you just taught. After reading the comments, for those who think he is incorrect, think it through! If you accept this information, designing or installing electrical system grounding makes sense. Most people are taught what to do, not why to do it. Again, awesome job! Very Respectfully, Kevin
Thank you!
penandpike If you did this video, no thanks necessary. I was very pleased to see an electrical video based on knowledge!
A question for both or either. The energy the electric company sends is termed "skin effect". It is teslas plasma energy. It can be made by taking man made ac sine wave and running it thru a spark gap to turn it into ac direct. Then you can run that thru a hps sodium bulb which would be a vacuum tube spark gap, and you have plasma energy. If you take a digital thermometer and take a reading of the plasma energy in the hps bulb it'll read in the negative -900 degree range. I assume it's because the heat is used by the plasma energy that's created for powering itself. The skin effect runs down the transmission line on the outside of the highly vibrational blend of metal that's used. When it reaches the pole the transformer is on, it has a short thin jump wire wired to it. The jump wire is tied to the ground wire on one end, and the other end to the transformer. The return line is also tied to the ground wire that is considered the guide wire. Teslas tower wasn't used to send wireless electricity, it was used to draw up the earths rf energy. So it seems to me, the electric company uses the skin effect plasma energy to suck the earths rf energy out of the ground to run to the transformer and that is dumped in to the liquid via tiny wires and turned into ac sine wave and that's what we being charged for. I have zero electronic schooling, but a year of watching videos of how electronics work it seems to be the case. I've tried asking multiple electronic channels, particle and quantum physics channels and have only gotten blocked and my comments removed. Asteronx tried saying i was wrong on my information when i explained how faster than light travel works, until i proved them wrong then they blocked me and came out with a video on their "possible new theories" and so did Sean Carroll from Stanford university when i took it further and explained my theory on gravity. When i tried explaining that all that together explains how particle entanglement works, my comments got removed and i can't even post them anymore. It's all from top Dr's in neuroscience and biochemistry that explain it, quantum cooper pairs electromagnetism ect but the two i mentioned, Jordan Peterson, Bruce Lipton, Neil Tyson and others wont even discuss what their combined work adds up to. So im trying to get honest answers fro electronic experts. I posted my 3 minute video on face book, with two sermons explaining how electricity is in the Bible today and they shut my account down. Can you tell me if im right? And not from a knee jerk emotional perspective, but from a knowledgeable scientific point of view. No disrespect, but the that's crazy answer from a non knowledgeable perspective is getting old. Especially when the guy's saying that remove my comments, then later come out with videos on their new theories. If you don't know thats fine, if im wrong that's fine. But im getting tired of being called crazy when im just trying to learn the truth. If i was wrong about gravity and particle entanglement, i wouldn't be getting my comments suppressed when i explain it, I'd get explanations on how i am wrong. It seems nobody has a problem telling you when your wrong and how, but no one has done that except Asteronx, which stopped when i proved faster than light travel. Thanks for any explanation either way, right or wrong.
@@checkingoutgypsymike2075 Mike, A question, if I am reading correctly, you are saying that the transformer on the pole is collecting the energy from the earth, not from a power plant somewhere else. If this is the case, knowing that the earths magnetic field is 8 hertz and our electrical system is 60 hertz, where or how is that change in sine wave frequency made?
Since you have this all figured out, I am assuming that you have made your own working system and do not need the utility company for electricity. Please make a short video of it and put it on your channel that you signed up for on February 6, 2021. Just 6 days ago.
@@KevinCoop1 no sir, i got the information from Gerard Morins channel, he has a bunch of videos going over how tesla made his plasma energy. He actually had a working system before his posting stopped a few years ago. His thoughts were that the ground was a siphon for the feed and return lines. But from the keshe foundations magrav (magnetic gravity) power pack unit it makes me question if it is just a siphon. Their nanotechnology is taking particles from nuclear waste and combining them in to a safe paste. They use the paste to coat teslas coils like used in an induction stove top, and when you run a trickle charge thru the power pack it makes energy from the vibration of the coils. There's a channel invert gravity (i believe the name is correct of the top of my head) that is making a tesla steam generator, he posted an article a few days ago that was from tesla, explaining how the energy we are bombarded with can be harnessed if you haven't read it. So besides drawing out the rf energy, the skin effect running on the outside of the power lines could also be using that, like i stated im not an electrical engineer by any means. Taking into account the us patent for faster than light travel, is a double hulled craft of highly vibrational metal, which they fill the chamber with mercury at -15,000 degrees so it is detached from the solar radiation all around us, so it has no friction as it moves it implies that the energy we exist in is key to understanding how the universe works. Thru neurology and biochemistry, the understanding of quantum locked cooper pairs helps to explain it further. The wicking effect in water damage restoration, how the dehumidifier dries the air, charging it, so that when the fans blow it across the wrt surfaces it magnetically pulls out the moisture due to the energy in water. Or like ground to sky lightening, the highly charged air from the thermal energy build up in the storm clouds and when it gets strong enough it actually pulls massive volts from the earth to create the lightening. Their are many examples of what im proposing all around us, as tesla said" once you understand the energy you can see God's work all around us. Planks book the spiritual universe also leads credence to it. The 3.5 trillion volts of God's spiritual, intelligent, conscious, evolving energy working in a symbiotic exchange grounding us explains gravity. There's a channel i asked about the quantum locking and it being the explanation of gravity, i believe if you search for double quantum locking you'll find his experiment from my inquiries. I asked about the suns energy being the key to gravity and the moon being dielectric, it being stuck in the magnetic energy that has the sun and planets locked together. I watch a lot of science channels so i could be wrong on the channel name, but i believe that experiment was done by the thought emporium. I can look and if im wrong make a correction. There was a video on the keshe foundations work on green energy jubilation, i haven't looked in a while so i don't know if it's been removed. You can search the internet for magrav power pack and in images you can see how the build them and see an explanation of how they work. Do yes im saying that it seems possible to draw out the earths energy. The tower tesla had made and had to destroy was for pulling the rf energy out of the earth, buy the 3 6 9 emp like pulsation it produced was hitting the Teutonic plates and caused an earth quake. Even a common generator pulls the energy from two directions, the ground and the sky. The magnet when spun over 3,000 rpm's collect the energy and forces it across the metal to generate electricity. The readon a vertical axis generator is more efficient is because it doesn't pull the energy in and make it do a 90° turn as it's collected. Like in wiring, you don't want sharp bends in wires because a power surge can make it exit the wire, and aldo causes more heat build up do to friction. Something like that, it's been thirty years since i worked with microwave cable but that was stressed in safety meetings.
This is one of the best ground explanations I've seen.
I'm a journeyman electrician.
*Yes the subject of grounding does get a lot deeper, and more technical, but this is sufficient for any non-electrician or first year apprentice. It's simple, easy to understand and follow, and it tells you everything you need to know to understand it on a basic level. Great vid, I'll send it to apprentices.
"To understand this hole, we first have to understand the other two holes." Ah, the secret to life...
I'd expect this from anybody with the last name Corbin
the secret of life? the secret of life is knowing which hole will get you in trouble and how to properly plug it to silence, you can't catch a case if youre not a case catcher.
😂
Lol
incredible comment holy christ
This 9 minute video was more helpful then my 4 years of university
Oh, I believe you!! All universities do these days is indoctrinate young people into being socialist anti-white hate mongers. When I was in school, we were there to learn real things like science.
@@pauls0416 ok boomer
Christmas Eve ok boomer
@@turolretar You manually typed "Christmas Eve" before your comment because who don't know how to reply to someone on CZcams... who's old??
Christmas Eve ok boomer
I just wanna say, your use of animation to clearly explain concepts is nothing short of stellar. Great video man. Cheers!
Other people might understand other videos on this topic, but this is the one that I understood best.
one of the few people on CZcams who actually teaching us something beneficial ,thank you sir.
Another fun fact...the ground prong is always the longest, so that it is always the first and last to enter the plug, ensuring a constant connection
The more you know...
Wow.... I never thought of it that way! Nice job for paying attention:)
It actually makes sense when you think about it!
Thank you for that fun fact!
so when one part of the capacitor is grounded(one plate), the potential and the charge are both equal to 0?
I've studied electricity and electronics for more than twenty years. This is the best explanation of ground I have ever seen. I'm finding that that's a common occurrence on this channel. Fantastic video.
Holy crap, I recognized your voice, and it randomly hit me that I have watched your channel before, like 3 years ago, when I built a crystal radio. Now I'm back, working as a technicians apprentice, trying to get a full understanding of electricity.
I have a friend who built his own recording studio. When it was all finished, he was getting some really bad noise from the house. If you tuned on a blender you could hear it on his recordings or occasionally you could pick up radio stations. So we called in an electrician and he isolated the ground for the studio only, so it was by itself. The problem went away. He drove a copper rod 10 feet into the ground and used it for the ground. Quiet as a mouse now.
College would be better if videos like these were around years back. Very educational!
As german electrician your whole system with the breakers, the transformers and stuff looks very.. hm adventurous :'D
Aber gut zum lernen für die nicht-Elektriker
dude thank you for making this video... most explanations suck, SERIOUSLY! YOU HELPED SO MANY PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THIS. people over complicate this so much.
Very good explanation of the ground wire. This video Should be part of the standard learning package on Electrical Engineering.
Best way to summarize this video is by saying that ground gets rid of any unwanted potential differences
Ground breaking, but not Earth shattering content. Perfect.
This is the best video on CZcams covering the "ground " topic. Animations are absolutely amazing.
Excellent video. You can always tell when an instructor deeply understands their subject, because they can explain it in simple terms to a lay person. You've done that here. Well done! Thanks!
Best description of ground I've seen yet! Thanks!
Thanks for simply/clearly explaining the ground with the microwave example. Clicked immediately.
Absolutely the BEST vid explaining GND!!!
I am continually surprised by the quality of content on CZcams. This was not the case when I was in school. I mean, the net was there, but today's content is simply better than it was.
Yep - the Internet connections, computer hardware, software, cameras and especially the Internet platforms and services are all in place nowadays.
Therefore enthusiast content creators have found it worth their while to place masses of useful content online in palatable formats, such as well produced CZcams videos. That we're able to pay them tips and subscriptions, as well as them earning ad revenue, is the icing on the cake, as it can create a virtuous cycle of content creation across and within a subject.
A lot of creators are even looking back at their early work from a decade or more ago, and remaking it at a high quality, with updated content. It's better than a lot of broadcast TV from the 2000s - there was a lot of trash on TV back then, and I've no idea what's on cable TV these days, as CZcams has replaced all but live TV and sports events for me.
This is one of the best if not THE best explanations, I have ever heard, watched or read . Thank you for sharing and your time.
Bruh how am I 25 with a engineering degree with honors and I am now just learning this lol
What a great clear video
Sam 52 Probably because electrical engineers are taught electronics, not electrical construction.
@@KevinCoop1 yes indeed and the fact that profs in many elec engineering depts probably don't know these concept themselves.
Here in Malaysia we commonly use TN-S standard since Earth and Neutral are isolated. And because of that, the household is only grounded by the planted ground rod, and that means the Earth wire is not connected to Neutral wire. So that, we use three types of breakers; Main Switch, RCCB and MCB. Main switch controls the input voltage from the main into the RCCB. The newer ones can trigger by itself during short circuit or overcurrent. RCCB protects user by tripping (or trigger) when it detects current imbalance between Live (known as HOT or Line in some countries) an Neutral (or NUL in some countries), which occurs when some current got leak to Earth. MCB on the other hand, functions just like the Main Switch but the main purpose is to distribute the mains voltage supply to the entire home. MCB has its own maximum current like 6, 10, 16, 20 and 32 amps. So, unlike main switch that trips at high current like 32 and 63 amps, MCB will trigger itself at its maximum current without depending on the main switch that trips at much higher current.
Clear and straight to the point! Lectures should be like this
Best explanation ive seen. Nice visuals, examples, animations, and articulate explanations. Ill be seeking you out for my electric questions from now on. Thank you
Damn boi this is the most straightforward and foolproof explanation of ground I've ever seen! I wish I found your channel back when I was a freshman. Thanks buddy.
I have become your fan now after watching this video... Simplest explanation ever...❤️❤️❤️
This is well-grounded info.
Awesome !!!! Answered every nagging question I've ever had about ground since I was 10, 48 years ago. Beautiful.
Excellent video. A nice clear description of the how ground and earth work in practice.
Great video. It's amazing how even professors in tertiary education cannot properly explain concepts like this but you've managed to make it simple and easy. Thanks for putting this up
I appreciate the work gone into this short film
Well done that man.
It's one of the best time spent 9 minutes ever! Thank you sir, you have another subscriber!
Im a senior in ME right now, this video was a huge help at explaining some stuff we cover in class. Thanks a ton, I know these vids take a long time to make. You seem like a super cool guy, I'll check out some of your other videos
Great video. This should be presented in every electrical apprenticeship program.
Thank you so much.
For the first time in my life. I finally understand "ground".
I stumbled into this video, thinking, what the heck, I always take the subject of ground for granted. It's simple, nothing new here. Boy was I wrong. I learned several new things. Also, I've been trying to make sense of potential difference for weeks now. None of the videos I watched helped much. In one fell swoop, it now makes sense. Thanks!
I’ve been researching tons of videos on why it’s important to ground my 3 prong outlet and this was this clearest explanation. Thank you.
thank you. this explanation with demonstrations was extremely easy to understand
Every Time I watch it ... I am amazed !!! VERY WELL DONE
It helps to think of the history. Originally, there were only hot and neutral wires, no ground. In a perfect circuit, that is all you need to run the microwave. Suppose in this case there is a break in the hot conductor's insulation and it shorts to the microwave cover. That cover isn't connected to anything, so nothing happens. The microwave still runs. If you touch the cover in this situation, and if you are in bare feet or touching the sink, current will flow from the hot, through the case, and through you. You get shocked. So, if all you have is hot and neutral, you can make things work, but for many kinds of faults, the system will still appear to work, but will be dangerous. You don't know there is a problem until you touch it. When you add the grounding circuit, as he described, things get much better. Now, if the hot shorts against the case, current immediately flows and trips the breaker, giving you a clue something is wrong.
The difference between an electrician and someone who isn't trained in electrical work is that electricians are constantly thinking about making things safe even when they are broken or something goes wrong. It's not enough to just make things work. The EGC (electrical grounding circuit) is all about helping to handle situations when things go wrong.
@Freddy Krueger If it's not the textbook definition, it ought to be. It goes along with the definition of the National Electrical Code being the list of all the ways humans have surprised themselves by killing themselves with electricity when they thought they were safe. But, there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in the NEC; for example, having a neutral arc even when your probe showed zero voltage before and after turning off the the circuit at the load center.
Very well explained. Nice graphics. Thank you for sharing this very important concept.
Thank you for the video. There are many videos on YT about this and similar topics, that simply touch the surface and when you really want to understand, you are just wasting your time. Every time I find a video like this which tells about the topic from multiple different perspectives, I feel like I've found a golden nugget. Subscribed :)
One of the best explanations for the term ground that I've every seen. Thanks! :)
yes this was great stuff
This video reminded me of a scary night I had over a decade ago:
I was awakened by a loud cracking from a wall AC unit, then I hears a smoke alarm go off in my shop. I unpluged the AC, and the smoke was coming from a fault protection strip which had three MOV's connected between E, N, and G. The MOV's had shorted (maybe exposing a flaw overlooked in these circuit/surge protectors)...pouring out smoke. I found that only -certain outlets would work, but had not discovered the problem yet. At daybreak, I took a hand telescope and looked along the power line--then I saw it! The BARE wire in the bundle of three wires was snapped! This is not simply a support cable or earth ground as many people think, but it is the Neutral line. What I had was an "OPEN NEUTRAL". When it broke some of my circuits had to complete through the actual ground in the earth, which was a high resistance to the "pole pig" or pole transformer. Thus some outlets would only dimly illuminate an incandescent 120VAC bulb. Interesting...the power company called it an "OPEN NEUTRAL"
It prompted me to design an "open neutral" detector.
After much research and frustration of not knowing why the ground and neutral wires are connected, I finally understand. There are many people on the internet who know how it works but the key here is, the teacher knows how to pass that information along. Cheers for the simple explanation.
Such a great introduction. Very clear and easy to listen to.
Probably the best explanation I’ve seen thanks.
I UNDERSTAND IT. I FULLY UNDERSTAND IT!! Thank you for explaining this phenomenon thats been baffling me for long and i got quite a few answers from this video.
A good summary on the subject of electrical grounding & earthing. Thank you !
i'm translating an integrated drive controller user's manual to spanish and this was very ilustrative and helpful. Thank you so much for sharing
You are an excellent teacher, a very rare species.
Once started I had to watch it all. Thank you.
best explanation i have found on the internet, and thats after days of researching about this topic
Once again, a yootubz video has explained things far more clearly than my official tertiary electronic repair course. Thank you
Best explanation of ground/neutral. Thanks
The best explanation on ground wiring!
I really appreciate youtube videos like these. Thank you. It was very informative and straight forward.
Superb, fantastic, simple and clear instructions. Thank you.
Very thorough and easy to understand. Well done!
In my house nothing is grounded. The 3-prong outlets are fed by only 2-wire romex. That really screws with the oscilloscope since there are so many ungrounded electric fields. If I want good grounds I have to go out to the garage.
I have only one wall socket which has a good ground. I stretch an extension cord out to it whenever I'm doing high voltage stuff.
A very well-grounded explanation, and from none other than Al Bundy himself.
Thank you so much for the details and dedication in your videos!
I taught Electrical Theory for years, but it can always be made clearer, thanks.
That is very well made. I liked the graphics used for the explanation. Learned something new. Greetings from germany.
Thank you very much, this was a clear and concise explanation with little to no bs and was very entertaining and informative
This is one of the best videos I've watched about this subject. Thanks!
Finally someone who knows what Earth grounding is realy for. Great job on the explanation. Super easy to understand.
This one of best videos on explaining ever.
Best video explaining this concept so far！
THANK YOU. I always knew ground were very important, but I couldn't figure out how they worked. This is very clear and helped me finally understand it!
Someone who knows their stuff can explain it like this. Masterful teaching.
very informative.
Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Wow....super explanation about ground and neutral electron electricity Theory I really really like this thanks for vedio ...
I don't understand why there are any negative comments to this beautiful video. This is the best explanation i have ever come across of this very confusing subject. Notice how he seemlesssly integrates that ground with the transformer, and now it makes sense because you see complete current paths. That's what has been missing in all these other videos.
this was a really great explanation are really helped me understand these concepts better. Thanks for making this.
Nicely done. Very informative.
What a great lesson, i better understand my efforts here in our shops electricity. Sand we live in a desert no water lacks moisture (great point you shared) so we have 5 of these long copper coated poles with grounds for each and nearest each junction box. Now we see why we have many of these poles, city water no metal piping.
Lance & Patrick.
Aspects of electricity have always been a mystery to me. This video was very enlightening. Thank you.
Brilliant, great animations. a lot of people explain stuff but don't show it. even seeing the shots of the transformer and the zooming into shit made everything way easier to understand and more fun to watch
There is another reason why we should literally connect the ground wire to the ground at breaker panel: if the neutral wire somewhere between the breakers panel and the transformer get disconnected, and there is a connection between hot and natural, the natural line and ground line will be charged to same potential as the hot line. You will get shocked every time you touch a metal surface that is connected to the ground line. To avoid this, you need to make sure that the ground line is literally connected to ground. So it's a good idea if you connect your breaker panel case and therefore the ground line to a literally ground.
Very informative video. Thank you
Great video, informative and easy to follow
This video solves part of my long-time question about how the earth can be served as a "good" conducting ground. The answer to that seems to be increasing the soil moisture to reduce the contact resistance.
I absolutely love this explanation!!!!
i had read a lot about ground but was always confused....
this explanation just nailed it for me ;)
THANK YOU. I'm trying to learn more about this kind of stuff (just bought my first house) and this was simple and easy to understand!
Great explanation with very basics. Great video.
This video puts the concept into a clear perspective. Thank you.
love this, thank you so much. year after year, no one explain this clearly
You explain this very well!
very clear and informative. i never understood why the earth cable connected to neutral at the DB. now i understand. thanks.
Super-Excellent Informative Video.
Thanks.
two types of Grounding you need to know in house wiring
1. equipment ground is the return for fault current
typically when a short occurs lets say a bad wire in a washer the current returns to the breaker box where it is bonded with the neutral to complete the path so the over current device (breaker) will trip protecting the upstream equipment
2. Earth ground is used to drain off high Current and voltages to earth (IE) Lightning it is also bonded to neutral in the breaker box
house receptacles are equipment ground that are also bonded with Earth Ground
Earth ground is achieved with a ground rod,grid,plate or ufer type grounding (IE) rebar or copper wire encased in concrete
this is why the ground and neutral shair the same busbar
hope this helps just my humble opnion
What is Ground?
Baby don't shock me
Don't shock me
No more
lol xD Underrated comment!!
Omg, thank you for explaining this so simply and thoroughly.
This is the best video I've seen on the topic. It's like you dumped pure wikipedia right into my brain.