Deadly Supercontinent // Pluto Cryo-Super-Volcano // Most Powerful Solar Storm
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- čas přidán 16. 06. 2024
- See the latest solar eclipse from space. A future supercontinent will wipe out the mammals. Juno makes a close flyby of Io. A planet with clouds made of sand.
😍 1 Year of JWST Special:
• Everything NASA Discov...
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00:00 Intro
00:13 Eclipse from space
www.universetoday.com/163767/...
03:30 Deadly supercontinent
www.universetoday.com/163694/...
05:57 Juno's flyby of Io
www.universetoday.com/163766/...
07:54 Planet with sand clouds
www.universetoday.com/163749/...
09:26 Vote
• JWST Galaxies Take Ano...
10:30 Possible supervolcano on Pluto
13:40 JWST looks at Kuiper Belt
www.universetoday.com/163483/...
15:57 Newsletter
16:56 Powerful solar storms
www.universetoday.com/163712/...
19:55 Cosmic rays
www.universetoday.com/163711/...
21:31 More on solar storms
Host: Fraser Cain
Producer: Anton Pozdnyakov
Editing: Artem Pozdnyakov
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
You are free to use my work for any purpose you like, just mention me as the source and link back to this video. - Věda a technologie
Fun fact, I have met one of the team members that confirmed continental drift. He is friends with my dad, Jack Holden. Way cool guy. When I was a kid my dad helped him build his bridge and observatory on the mountain he lives on in WA. Major hippy.
Two terms that get thrown around way too much:
1. Fun Fact.
2. Pro Tip.
Need alertttt 😂
@Threedog1963 pro tip:
It's the CZcams comment section. Not a dissertation. And that fact was fun for me to learn, so it was an accurate cliche.
Love you all 🎉😅😊❤🎉😂❤😊😅😮😢🎉🎉😂😂❤❤🎉😢😮
I was lucky enough to see the March 7, 1970 total solar eclipse from Virginia. We were watching on a very large grass field with a lake to our right.
When totality started, we could see the moon’s shadow, slowly traveling on the grass to the left of us then towards the right over the lake. It was an eerily slow movement with the light dimming as the shadow passed by.
It was a surreal sight that I will never forget. No film or VR of a total eclipse can hold a candle to the real thing. I’m getting goosebumps just thinking about it. No wonder ancient peoples thought that the world was ending or it was some message from god.
We went to the one in 2017 in Wyoming. Was pretty cool the way the shadows started getting diffused as the eclipse deepened. Also, was odd to see street lights come on in the middle of the day.
I'm putting the continental merger on my calendrer. 🌍
I think I’m washing my hair that day. 😂
Pangea was so hot in its interior. Probably 50-60C. There wasn't much that could live through that temperature and lack of rainfall. Another issue which isn't brought up much is that the Tethys Sea (more-or-less at the equator in the middle of Pangea) probably got so hot (don't forget the equatorial ocean currents blowing east-to-west) that no ocean life could have lived in it. There is lots of evidence of ocean life dying out at the Permian Extinction but the rather large Tethys Sea was probably too hot for life for 10-20 Million years around this time all by itself. Then the Siberian Traps volcanoes happened, enough to cover the whole US by 1 km of magma. Well, the atmosphere was probably poisoned out so bad at that time and so much SO2 went into the stratosphere blocking sunlight, that life just died out at as result because the atmosphere was so bad and temperatures fell by 6-7C.
Well, somehow, life survived.
I can’t believe it was 2015 that we got the flyby of Pluto. Almost 9 years ago? Damn where does the time go?
Fraser you make my walks interesting. Thanks for the great content!
Fascinating stuff indeed! Thanks, Fraser! 😊
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
If I could subscribe again, I would :) .. Keeping the Patreon going every month is the best I can do to help for now ..
Hah, I'm so glad for your help.
I have 2 youtube accounts somehow so I'm a overacheving subscriber lol
When are we expecting JWST observation of Pluto, love the news bits.
No amount of disaster preparedness will prepare me for losing access to your videos, Fraser! ❤️
What a great episode! I really really love it!
Thank you for another outstanding science news report. This is the news that I most wanted to see on the major networks but was never able until CZcams and excellent science presenters.
yeah my yt page is absolutely desolate and dysfunctional, which I understand is just a reflection of my soul, but stuff like this channel is literally so much value added to yt as a platform
I'm subscribed to the channel! Great stuff here, thanks
Thanks Fraser, another great show. PEACE AND LOVE TO EVERYONE ❤❤.
*_Pangaea Ultima_* (not Ultimate) was a term created by geologist Christopher R. Scotese, which he later changed to "Pangaea Proxima" because the tectonic plate movement (not "continental drift" which was Alfred Wegener's inaccurate assessment, but a hypothesis which ultimately led to plate tectonics) will not end with the next coalescence. It will continue until the end of the Earth in a few billion years.
And if you like the idea of tectonic plates moving, you might be interested in *_Pangaea Sister Sites: Jurassic link to the modern world_* with maps by Dr. Christopher R. Scotese (hardcover).
😎♥✝🇺🇸💯
Do anyone like that the tectonic plates move? Isn't that a problem?
A problem we must accept of course, but there is no upside from the phenomenon?
The only one benefitting from tectonic activity is perhaps the sherpas in the himalayas securing their income from walking in a result of it?
@@doncarlodivargas5497 There are a number of problems with plate tectonics, but a number of incredible benefits.
Plate movement results in earthquakes. The subduction of a plate under another gives rise to volcanoes. The Philippines is an example of this -- a magmatic arc formed from the subduction of the Philippine Plate underneath the Sunda Plate.
Benefits include,
* The perpetuation of land above water. As weathering destroys land through erosion, new mountain ranges help to keep land above water.
* The forces which drive continents to move seems to be involved in the Earth's magnetic dynamo which protects all life from cosmic rays and toxic solar wind.
In my book, Mission: Atlantis, I explore the *_possibility_* that Atlantis, if it existed, may have been destroyed a combination of geological phenomena for which we currently have evidence.
@@doncarlodivargas5497 Without plate tectonics, erosion would eventually mean that the whole Earth was covered by a shallower sea than we have have today. So, I guess all life on land "like" plate tectonics to some extent 😉
@@Smo1k - really? Isn't it areas on continents that are billions of years old?
How are our continents renewed if tectonic activity is what does it?
I do not know anything about it, was just not aware there was any renewal
@@doncarlodivargas5497 The sedimentary rock we've come across that is the oldest is some 1.5-1.6 billion years old, but it's spent a lot of that time under immobile ice (it's from the central Greenland under-ice bedrock), and so not subject to erosion. It has been key in finding out when photosynthesis came about.
With an erosion of 2-12mm/year, if there was no tectonic updraft, the Himalayas would be gone inside 17 million years; with the updrift, they've stayed tall (but changed appearance) in the 55M or so years they've been around.
Erosion goes a bit faster than we tend to think 😉
To me pluto is always a planet.. plus theres talk of reclassifying pluto into a true planet again! ❤
Im almost 40... calling Pluto a planet still works for me😂
Good, because it *IS* a planet.
11:27 I see Slartibartfast has also been working on Pluto, you can see he put a copyright symbol in the lower left quadrant...it all makes perfect sense, he just loves working with really cold places....
Fraser Cain, pluto is still a planet!
Placing an adjective in front of the noun does not change it. A dwarf Elephant is still an elephant, A dwarf Human is still a human, and a dwarf planet is still a planet.
That’s right! The dwarf planets are far more similar to the terrestrial planets than they are to comets or Kuiper Belt asteroids. They share be deemed as equally important and scientifically significant.
Have you considered releasing an audio version of your newsletter and/or Univers Today? That would be awesome, just need someone with a good voice like you or Moiya 🙂
Like, just reading out the newsletter?
@@frasercain yes, please!
Like it. By the way, I have difficulty communicating because I had a stroke in Broca’s area, the part of the brain that controls speech. 2/8/2021 but I lived again. (My wife helped me compose this.)
Hi Fraser. At high enough temperatures SiO2 can be reduced to SiO which is gaseous. This happens inside refractories where the Quartz decomposes. Firstly however Quartz converts to Cristobalite, the high temperature phase of SiO2.
Thanks 👍
It seems we are learning that Dwarf planets, comets, even asteroids and probably the whole cosmos is much more chemically active & "alive" than the old notion of cold dead rocks.
Cosmic rays are pretty amazing when you think about it. Electrons act as both particles and waves and because of their negligible mass, can move at the speed of light, or near enough to it to make no difference. Protons, on the other hand, are MASSIVELY larger than electrons. They are firmly in the camp of particles (as opposed to waves) and because of their mass, would take an ENORMOUS amount of energy to accelerate a proton to near the speed of light. And yet, cosmic rays are an uncountably large volume of protons, all accelerated to near the speed of light. The energy that must have taken... It's phenomenal!
I love you Fraser. :) You are such a funn to listen. :)
Thanks a lot!
Silly question, what camera do you shoot your videos with? Quality is just perfect.
It's a Sony a7-c. But lighting is a big part of it.
There was an eclipse on last October 14 2023. I missed it as it was dark and wet on the west coast of the Island. Apparently it became pretty dark in Vancouver and caught many people off guard.
Lunar eclipse on 28-29th coming up I believe...
Lucky you. I went to Cornwall to see one of the few total eclipses visible in UK. 10000m cloud thickness put paid to that. What was worse was that the following summer was torrentially wet but the anniversary itself was a beautiful sunny day 😡
I sometimes have to prepare and and check on spectrographs which includes the taking of bias (zero-time) test exposures. In most of the exposures, there's at least one (but usually more) cosmic ray trails through the CCDs. Some are dead straight, probably higher energy while others look like they were deflected.
Hopefully they'll set up some kind of data pipeline so you can hand them off to the cosmic ray researchers.
Actually, that's a really good idea, @@frasercain! I would think the observers' biases would be even more valuable since they routinely gather about 8-10 of them (from each camera) in order to run averages. Also, apart from the time-stamping the precise position and orientation of the cameras are also known as they adjust them according to diffraction grating blaze angles, etc.
😂😂 1:30 im not even sure if you were trying to be funny, but when you poked fun at flat earthers I had to come and comment!
I'm just saying that the thing they say should exist does exist.
If we get actual video footage of a volcano erupting on Io that will be just mind blowing!!! ><
Let's see, quadruple checked, yep, fully subscribed, fully notified Thank you, sir! :p
There will be footage of splitting plates on uranus.
I'm subscribed 🎉
Question: Is there a directory on your website where we can see a list of all the questions you've answered on the show along with links to the episodes where you answered them?
Not yet, but we're building something.
The JWST - Kuiper Belt Exploration didn't get to the community vote list, and its my favorite.
Thanks for the news, Fraser! I'm also following and inspired every week by Kevin M Gill's work... An interview with him would be amazing! You can show some random images from his flickr account and maybe he can comment some details of the process to get those incredible canvases... iDK how he gets that from the flavorless pics nasa puts in their archives..
Oh yeah, I think it's time to talk to Kevin again. Here's a link to the last time I interviewed him: czcams.com/video/uKkXOO4M_NY/video.html
Mid Island, the clouds opened about 2 minutes at the peak time, so saw the eclipse!
There will be one massive mountain chain running north to south on the middle of the supercontinent helping deserts form east and west cutting off air flow except on the coasts
I thought you were Canadian… you are too nice and polite. A “Hello neighbour” from Vancouver.
How's it going, eh?
Where did you find that eclipse track visual @3:08 ?
Who ever in their right mind would believe still to this day that the earth is flat?
Im so excited for the '24 eclipse. I'm in the track in illinois and havent seen one since '94, I think.
3:46 s/Continental Drift/Plate Tectonics/ - they may appear to be the same, but the former suggested that continents just moved over the oceanic crust, the latter that whole areas of the crust (plates) moved. I studied Geology in the '70s and Continental Drift was not a thing taught even then
Thinking about solar storms, I've wondered if it would be possible for technicians to install fusible links which would burn out at power stations and sensitive places along the grid and reduce damage to the grid and be easy to repair after an event.
Question for the question show. How did the solar system form?
I'm familiar with the traditional theory of the rocky planets forming inside the frost line and gas giants forming outside the frost line. But that was formulated back when we only had one data point to work with, right? In the past decade, there's been a boon of exoplanet discovery, and not all systems seem to be what we expected from that theory, with hot Jupiters, mini-Neptunes, hycean worlds, etc. With so much more data now, has our theory on star system formation changed? What is the current theory?
An early solar system will (almost always) have its Jupiters hoovering up the inner planets and debris. The impacts reduce its orbital speed so it falls inward. When it’s finished cleaning the final orbit will be around where our Mercury sits.
The question is why has our Jupiter not worked itself all the way in?
to be alive and have the ability to know when this planet will no longer support life. feels surreal when you deeply think about that. we have an expiration date.
Pluto is pulling all kinds of stunts trying to show us what we're missing out on demoting it from a planet.
That’s because it’s a planet, regardless if people vote to say otherwise.
After the Psyche spacecraft finishes its mission at the Psyche asteroid would it be possible for it to land on it and give it a nudge to make it come closer to earth in its orbit so we can study and use the materials before it goes onto its next target for observation?
It's a tiny spacecraft and doesn't have the fuel to move an asteroid the size of a mountain range.
@@frasercain ahh ...thanks
WRT solar storms and UPS... would they work? I'm not current (pun unintended, but since it's there....) on the kind of pulse that would come from them, but IIRC, square-ish spikes mess with UPS-es, too. The wave's through before the UPS can filter it
not to worried, 250 mil years from now, we mostlikely will spread out in the milkyway galaxy :)
Would my 12V lifepo4 backup battery survive a mega solar flair or other emp? If disconnected from a circuit?
C14 concentration is 10E-12
please explain how do you measure the 10E-14 deviations of the isotope concentration in a few miligrams sample?
Oz
250 million years away, yeah I'm quite certain we will be like Slartibartfast by then, designing whole continents and global continental features, he did Norway's coast, didn't he do a great job ?
how close will the Io flyby in december be?
Look at Pluto. Do you see that ginormous heart? ❤ Pluto loves you! #PlanetPluto
11:20
Aww, poor Pluto.
Pluto is a planet! 💫
I used to live in Nanaimo, but I escaped, to the Okanagan 😝 don’t miss the rain. I Enjoy your show.
I don't blame you, although the cold is no picnic either. Or the fires. :-(
Are you suggesting that mammals... migrate?
There is another video i just watched stating pluto isnt a planet, and i absolutely refuse to go with that idea...
Pluto can always be found because it holds an orbit, and it also has an orbiting moon...
Then they say its in a classification known as dwarf planet....yea....dwarf "planet". They kinda shot their idea down by themselves....
Now its got a mega volcano?....yea thats a planet.
Of course it’s a planet! Experts call it a planet and ignore the Irrelevant Astronomical Union’s vote. The other dwarf planets like Eris and Sedna and Makemake and Haumea and Ceres and Gonggong and Quaoar and many more are also planets: m.czcams.com/video/nItBncb8ORM/video.html&pp=ygULU3Rlcm4gcGx1dG8%3D
Imagining Ice Shell Worlds having massive Cryovolcanic Eruptions of water filled with life.
I was worried there…I thought you said 25 million years. 😆😆😆
"I am not going to the hot jupiter."
(Anakin Skywalker)
JWST looking at the Kuiper Belt: Space cows
Time to buy my suitcase before Pangea Ultima arrives
The powerful solar storm discovery ~15,000 years ago reminds me of the TV Series by journalist Graham Hancock, looking at hypothesised solar events leading to global climate issues, societal collapse and hominid near extinction events.
It's streaming on N.F.; Ancient Apocalypse.
I watched it as a skeptic, very interesting, and I think that further investigation is warranted.
isaac arthur once mentioned that we could mine the outer atmosphere of the sun by using mirrors - could this be used to reduce the mass of the sun, that would reduce the future illumination increase, enough to keep the earth habitable ?
The fact that the last massive solar storm caught telegraph poles on fire yet still wasn’t strong enough to be recorded in tree rings is terrifying. Would would happen today if we had a massive storm strong enough to effect future tree rings 😳
What kind of protective measures could we take to prevent such a disaster? Do we just hit the kill switch and shut down the grid temporarily? There should definitely be a national emergency plan of sorts.
I was lucky enough to get to see the total eclipse in 2018. To all the usual advice re protecting your eyes etc I'll add: if you're watching it somewhere warm take a sweater because it gets surprisingly cold in the shadow :)
Very interesting, thanks. A question: Could another big bang happen within our universe and if so, what would it look like? Cheers
According to the usual Big Bang theory, the Big Bang was the creation of space and time, both didn't exist "before". So no, a Big Bang can not happen _inside_ an already existing universe.
It's actually quite conceivable that we might be able to change the orbit of the earth itself to compensate the heating sun. But there is no science fiction technology that I can think of that would stop the continents from moving.
Over 250 million years its easy to evolve and adapt to the new conditions.
Hi Fraser. How come James Webb can give us a very detailed deep-field picture, but only a pixelated picture of much nearer objects?
Because galaxies are huge, filled with objects putting out radiation. Kuiper Belt objects are tiny, seen in faint reflected light.
@@frasercain Thank you Fraser.
when i was a kid we had 9 planets
Question: Have astronomers attempted to make a telescope that can see cosmic rays, like a higher energy version of an x-ray telescope? If not, why not?
Yes, there are many cosmic ray instruments. There's even one attached to the ISS.
A telescope detecting cosmic rays would _not_ be a "higher energy version of an x-ray telescope". X-rays are electromagnetic radiation, where in contrast, cosmic rays consist of charged particles like electrons and protons.
@@frasercain If we do have such instruments, then I'd like to learn more about why astronomers aren't entirely clear on where cosmic rays are coming from (@20:17).
@@spaceinfrastructure3238 Because they are deflected by magnetic fields in space, and those magnetic fields aren't known precisely.
I watch on TV. Subscribed and notice but never see vote! Can you throw a QR code on the screen?
Oh, no. We're all mammal jerky. Unless, by some strange chance, someone invents a way to walk from the tropics to the arctic in under 250,000,000 years.
Pluto will always be a planet IDGAF.
I agree. It should be the only dwarf planet that should be considered a planet for many reasons!
Dwarf planet. It's right there in the name... I'll translate it for you- small planet -😅
@@BFjordsmanI’m guessing it’s lost on you that it is semantically pathetic to feel the need to create a category called “dwarf planets” just to eradicate Pluto from the 9 planets that make our solar system? How come “gas giants” are still planets when they could also clearly occupy a category of their own and be removed from the 9 planets? Oh yeah, that’s right, it’s not scientifically convenient for some brainiacs at an institution to make their name off of. Yet, they conveniently got to ignore all of Pluto’s geophysical activity and attributes in their short-sighted and needless reclassification. It’s just pathetic and really did a good job of discrediting the IAU as a serious organization for astronomy. Then people like you have been back-pedaling and rationalizing it ever since, despite the facts that we have learned about Pluto. Placing Pluto next to Eros, Ceres, and Haumea is comically dumb. The only reason they did that is so they didn’t have to add Makemake to the list of planets even though it wouldn’t have hurt anything to do so.
It is a planet. The iau misdefintion is simply wrong. It will be corrected in time. Go read it if you don’t believe me, ask yourself if you think the clearing of orbit section is valid or sound.
@@Sora._Cloud : I'd actually say that all dwarf planets deserve to be "simple" planets... _including Mercury,_ Charon, and Ceres.
Yes, I just called Mercury a dwarf, for any rational definition it should be considered such.
10:15 voting: I'm only using desktop browser and getting only new video uploads and thread reply notifications in the YT screen drop-down, for all channels I'm subscribed to. I don't receive notifications for the community tab posts tho. Maybe I haven't ticked the option on. Will comb through the notification options once more. Just wanted to share that _only_ subscribing and selecting "All notifications" bell icon may not be enough.
I'm still a fan of Neil Adams' Expanding Earth Theory(hypothesis?) - which matches continents on all sides, and all oceans disappear since those are the boundaries that expanded. Even so might as well merge Americas to the Asian coast instead of the European coast for a Pangea like continent. I would then doubt we'll return back to a super continent.
So you conveniently ignore that there is lots of evidence for continental drift, but essentially no evidence at all that Earth is expanding?
Ice volcanos are trippy.
But have you see glowing liquid rock volcanos? Bananas.
I haven't actually seen the lava flow with my eyes, but I agree... bonkers.
In 250 million years, current mountain ranges will be rolling hills. Civilization has 250 million years to level those mountain ranges that block the precipitation.
So you’re saying Pangaea Ultimate will not come out on PlayStation?
A cheap and easy way to take a photo of a partial solar eclipse: walk under the shade of a tree with a piece of paper and a camera. The dots of light in the shade of the tree are pinhole images of the sun. Position the paper with one of the dots in the center and take a picture. In post processing bump up the contrast to show the partial eclipse against a dark background. 🌙
This will also work with the camera in your cell phone.
So, there will be a supersized Australia in the future...
Ok, going to listen to Johnny Cash's Ring of Fire now 🙂
When the earth crust plate tectonics shifts the continents back together again in the future, the weight of the continental crust being great mass than abysmal plane crust will have the Ultima-Pangea under-go yet another ECD (Earth Crust Displacement). The continents will not be in the same geographical orientation as they are today (and the past 12,800 years). The heaviest part of the Ultima-Pangea will be on wheresoever the equator and crust shift have settled.
0:29 Always😒 Really, either i am underground or it is cloudy. The eclipest thing i ever got, was the reflection of a bitten sun in my mobiles screen, but even that day it was overcast.
17:30 by shifting the orbit of an asteroid… is that a guarantee that it won’t have a cascade effect on its new trajectory and make things significantly worse later?
It was so foggy here in Calgary, we couldn't see anything.
Can we start a campaign to get all these exoplanets cool names, at least some kind of cool temporary working names, instead of these hard-to-remember codes?
How long after the new super continent till it breaks apart again?
In the event some mammalian life survives how long until we have intelligent life again on earth?
Bloody hell... So you mean I'm going to have to move again in 250 million years? Yeah, it SEEMS like a long way away, but when you have to move house again...
Hi Fraser! I have a question. Based on a shape of Earth's magnetic field, is there more solar and cosmic radiation in the poles, or more precisely beneath the auroras?
"The flux of incoming cosmic rays at the upper atmosphere is dependent on the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field, and the energy of the cosmic rays." - Wikipedia entry "Cosmic ray"
So: Yes 😉
This has the modifier that since the aurora borealis (North pole) conducts positive particles and the australis negative, and positive particles tend to be heavier because of the large proportion of protons, the radiation under the AB is greater than that under the AA. And cosmic radiation is less affected by the magnetic field than solar due to its much higher speed, but the atmosphere is thinner over the poles than around the equator, so there's more cosmic radiation on the poles in general, aurorae or no.
@@Smo1kThank you! 😊
250 million years is plenty of time for life to evolve. I suspect a lot of critters will still be kicking around.
Juno could get taken out by an Io volcanic plume. They probably get far out there.
Do you think a space mission to Sedna, perhaps to orbit or even land, is a possibility in this century?
I hope it is. Sedna is one of the most interesting planets in the Solar System. With it approaching perihelion, there’s no better time to send a spacecraft to it.
Speaking of threats from Space, what about rogue planets? These don't even have to collide to cause havoc. Ignoring the probabilities of such an encounter, what sort of disruption of the solar system would a Neptune-sized rogue planet cause if it passed through? Of course it would depend on where it intersected the orbital plane.
Based on the orbits of the planets, we know that a rogue planet didn't come through in 4.5 billion years, so that should make you feel pretty safe.
@@frasercain bah, where's my disaster porn? lol. But yeah, not at all likely.
12:10 😀😆 You are forgiven. Many people don't understand the difference, or have never even heard of dwarf planets.
As it should be 😂
Planets which snow sand, and other planets where molten water erupts and lays down thousands of cubic kilometers of rock hard, sub-cryogenic, ice
This is a different story, I was wondering if another universe could be colliding with ours. I consider the dark matter has changed the directions of some universes to collide with one another considering that Andromeda is will collide with the milky way?
250 million years till the great filter takes out Earthlings... its amazing how small the window for life is and not wonder we don't hear much about real aliens.